Descripción de características demográficas y clínicas de una cohorte pacientes fallecidos por infección respiratoria aguda en Colombia durante los años 2009 a 2013 / Description of demographic and clinical characteristics of a cohort of patients with mortality due to acute respiratory infection in Colombia during the years 2009 to 2013

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, demográficas, aislamientos virales y hallazgos de histopatología de individuos que fallecieron por Infección Respiratoria Aguda (IRA) y que fueron notificados al Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) entre los años 2009 y 2013. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, basado en la revisión de fichas epidemiológicas y reportes de estudios de virología e histopatología de muestras respiratorias de individuos fallecidos con diagnóstico de IRA. Resultados: De 1604 personas fallecidas se encontró que, 55% fueron hombres, 46,5% de los individuos tenía entre 20 y 59 años. La RT-PCR fue positiva en 18,3% de los casos, los virus más frecuentes fueron: influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 13,9%, A(H3N3) 1,9% e influenza B 0,5%. La letalidad de IRA fue mayor en los individuos que recibieron antiviral o antibiótico OR 2,80 (IC 95% 2,29 - 3,43) y 3,19 (IC 95% 2,63 - 3,86), respectivamente. Conclusión: El virus influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 fue el principal agente identificado en los casos fatales de IRA confirmada por laboratorio durante los años 2009 a 2013, con mayor letalidad en individuos entre 20 y 59 años; 64,7% de los casos fatales presentaron neumonitis. Se debe aclarar si el inicio de antivirales afecta el pronóstico en los casos graves de IRA.

Objective: To describe the clinical, demographic, viral isolates and histopathology findings of individuals who died of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and were reported to the National Institute of Health during the years 2009-2013. Methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study based on the review of epidemiological records and virology and histopathology reports of respiratory samples from deceased individuals diagnosed with ARI, that were received at the Colombian National Institute Health's Virology Group. Results: 1604 deaths, 55% were men, 46.5% of subjects were between 20 and 59 years, 13,5% received oseltamivir. RT-PCR was positive in 18,3% of cases, the most common viruses were: influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 13,9%, A(H3N3) 1.9% and influenza B 0,5 %. The lethality of ARI was higher in individuals who received antiviral or antibiotic OR 2,80 (95% CI 2,29 - 3,43) and 3.19 (95% CI 2,63 - 3,86), respectively. Conclusion: Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus was the main agent identified in fatal cases of laboratory-confirmed ARI during the years 2009 to 2013, with the highest lethality in individuals between 20 and 59 years; 64.7% of fatal cases had pneumonitis. It must be clarified if the initiation of antivirals affects the prognosis in severe cases of ARI.

Das hepatopatias e icterícias às hepatites virais: configuração de um caleidoscópio / From hepatic diseases and jaundice to viral hepatitis: the configuration of a kaleidoscope / De las hepatopatías e ictericias a las hepatitis virales: configuración de un caleidoscopio

As hepatites virais A, B, C, D e E - viroses sistêmicas hepatotrópicas - produzem quadros de hepatite aguda. Dependendo do agente etiológico, da carga viral e de condições do hospedeiro, podem evoluir para hepatite crônica, cirrose, câncer de fígado e formas agudas fulminantes. A versatilidade ecológica desses vírus configura uma natureza espectral e cambiante de transmissão no tempo e no espaço; potencializada pelo curso subclínico por vezes prolongado de grande parte das infecções, constitui-se em desafio epidemiológico. Com base no curso histórico dessas infecções foram descritos cenários e tendências relativas ao seu comportamento socioepidemiológico, apontando para a necessidade de superar modelos, padrões, protocolos e retornar à investigação de cada situação de saúde/doença. Ou seja, assinala para a imprescindível exploração das singularidades no sentido de desenvolver ações gerais modeladas pelas especificidades locais.

Viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E - systemic hepatotropic viral infections - present as acute hepatitis that, depending on the etiological agent, viral load and host conditions, may evolve into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and acute fulminant disease. The ecological versatility of these viruses, their spectrum of transmission in time and space, potentialized by the sub-clinical course of a large proportion of infections, comprise an epidemiological challenge. This essay describes scenarios and tendencies in the socioepidemiologic profile, based on the history of these infections, and indicates the need to overcome patterns, models, and protocols and instead investigate each particular situation. In other words, it highlights the need to explore singularities in order to be able to develop new proposals for general actions tailored to local specificities.

Las hepatitis virales A, B, C, D y E - virosis sistémicas hepatotrópicas - producen cuadros de hepatitis aguda. Dependiendo del agente etiológico, de la carga viral y de las condiciones del hospedador, pueden evolucionar hacia hepatitis crónica, cirrosis, cáncer del hígado y formas agudas fulminantes. La versatilidad ecológica de estos virus, configura una naturaleza espectral y cambiante de transmisión en el tiempo y espacio; potencializada por el curso subclínico, a veces prolongado, constituye un desafío epidemiológico en gran parte de las infecciones. Con base en el curso histórico de estas infecciones se han descrito escenarios y tendencias relativas a su comportamiento socioepidemiológico, apuntando hacia la necesidad de superar modelos, patrones, protocolos, y retornar a la investigación de cada situación de salud/enfermedad. Es decir, señala la imprescindible exploración de las singularidades en el sentido de desarrollar acciones generales modeladas por las especificidades locales.

H1N1 Deaths Reported at SMS Hospital.

Background: The influenza virus has unique ability to cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. Very few information is available regarding death pattern and associated factors till now so this study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the profile of H1N1 deaths reported at SMS hospital, Jaipur and it’s associated factors. Methods: The present study was conducted at SMS hospital, Jaipur during 22nd August 2009 to 13th January 2010. The secondary data related to case reports of death due to H1N1 2009 was collected. Data on following variables were collected age, sex, urban / rural, presenting clinical symptoms, associated illness if any, investigation done, time lag between admission and death, time lag of sample taken and reporting. The data so collected were analyzed with appropriate statistical procedures. Observation: There were total 34 deaths reported due to H1N1 related cause. Almost one fourth (8 /34) of deaths occurred in the age group of 21 to 25 years. Majority of the patients reported with high grade fever (88.2%), cough and breathlessness (79.4%) each, sore throat was present in 23.5%, 11.7% had some associating complications when admitted to the hospital. In 71.8% deaths were due to problems related to respiratory system. There were five H1N1 positive pregnant women who were admitted at SMS hospital and all five died.