Etiología de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) diagnosticadas por la técnica de PCR múltiple-hibridación en población colombiana de la ciudad de Medellín atendida en el Laboratorio Clínico VID / Etiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed by multiplex PCR-hibridization assay technique in a Colombian population attending the VID Clinical Laboratory in Medellin

Introducción. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) son y seguirán siendo un serio problema de salud pública en todo el mundo según los datos de la OMS, con el agravante que la mayoría de los casos son asintomáticos y, además, no existe otro reservorio distinto al humano. El diagnóstico se puede realizar con pruebas tradicionales y moleculares, estas últimas incluyen la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), de las cuales existen varios tipos, entre ellas, la PCR múltiple que tiene la capacidad de detectar ITS polimicrobianas a partir de una sola muestra. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer cuáles fueron las infecciones de transmisión sexual más frecuentes en diferentes grupos de pacientes, así como determinar la utilidad del uso de la técnica de PCR múltiple en el diagnóstico de las ITS. Metodología. Se trata de un estudio observacional de corte transversal realizado entre los años 2021 y 2022 con pacientes que acudieron al servicio de diagnóstico del Laboratorio Clínico VID por sospecha de ITS. Las muestras recolectadas fueron evaluadas utilizando una prueba comercial basada en la técnica de PCR múltiple e hibridación. Las muestras procesadas fueron: orina e hisopados de endocérvix, uretra, recto, faringe y úlceras. Resultados. Se estudiaron 1.027 pacientes, de estos, 228 (22,2 %) fueron positivos para diferentes agentes de trasmisión sexual, distribuidos así: 50 (21,9 %) mujeres, 129 (56,6 %) hombres heterosexuales y 49 (21,5 %) hombres que tenían sexo con hombres (HSH). La edad promedio de las mujeres fue 30 años, y la de ambos grupos de hombres fue 36 años. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente identificados en mujeres fueron: C. trachomatis (A-K) en 28,6 %, seguido de virus herpes simplex tipo 2 (VHS-2) en 26,8 % y N. gonorrhoeae en 17,9 %. En hombres heterosexuales fueron C. trachomatis (A-K) en 37,5 %, N. gonorrhoeae en 21,5 % y VHS-2 en 18,7 %. En HSH fueron C. trachomatis (L1-L3) en 32,7 %, seguido de N. gonorrhoeae en 27,6 %, y de C. trachomatis (A-K) y VHS-2, ambos en 13,8 %. En 11 hombres heterosexuales, 8 HSH y en 6 mujeres, se identificó infección polimicrobiana. Conclusiones. C. trachomatis (A-K) fue el microorganismo más prevalente causante de ITS, seguido de N. gonorrhoeae en ambos grupos de hombres, y de VHS-2 en las mujeres, muy similar a lo reportado a nivel mundial. La prueba de PCR múltiple permite la detección de infecciones polimicrobianas comúnmente asociadas a ITS y el diagnóstico es preciso y confiable, incluso en pacientes asintomáticos

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are and will continue to be a serious public health problem throughout the world according to WHO data, with the aggravating factor that most cases are asymptomatic and, furthermore, there is no other reservoir other than humans. The diagnosis can be made with traditional and molecular tests, the latter include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), of which there are several types, among them, multiplex PCR that has the capacity to detect polymicrobial STIs from a single sample. The objective of this study was to establish which were the most frequent sexually transmitted infections in different groups of patients, as well as to determine the usefulness of the multiplex PCR technique in the diagnosis of STIs. Methodology. This is an observational, cross-sectional study carried out between 2021 and 2022 with patients who attended the VID Clinical Laboratory for suspected STIs. The collected samples were evaluated using a commercial test based on the multiplex PCR technique and hybridization. The samples processed were: urine and swabs from endocervix, urethra, rectum, pharynx, and ulcers. Results. The study included 1,027 patients, of these, 228 (22.2%) were positive for different sexually transmitted agents, distributed as follows: 50 (21.9%) women, 129 (56.6%) heterosexual men and 49 (21.5%) men who had sex with men (MSM). The average age of the women was 30 years, and that of both groups of men was 36 years. The microorganisms most frequently identified in women were: C. trachomatis (A-K) in 28.6%, followed by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in 26.8% and N. gonorrhoeae in 17.9%. In heterosexual men they were C. trachomatis (A-K) in 37.5%, N. gonorrhoeae in 21.5% and HSV-2 in 18.7%. In MSM they were C. trachomatis (L1-L3) in 32.7%, followed by N. gonorrhoeae in 27.6%, and C. trachomatis (A-K) and HSV-2, both in 13.8%. Polymicrobial infection was identified in 11 heterosexual men, 8 MSM, and 6 women. Conclusions. C. trachomatis (A-K) was the most prevalent STI-causing microorganism, followed by N. gonorrhoeae in both groups of men, and HSV-2 in women, very similar to that reported worldwide. The multiplex PCR test allows the detection of polymicrobial infections commonly associated with STIs and the diagnosis is accurate and reliable, even in asymptomatic patients

Síndrome de reacción a drogas con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos asociado a herpesvirus humano 6. Caso pediátrico tratado con ciclosporina y corticoides / Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome associated with human herpesvirus 6. A pediatric case treated with cyclosporine and corticosteroids

La reacción a drogas con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos es una reacción adversa cutánea rara, potencialmente grave. Puede presentar fiebre, erupción cutánea polimorfa, edema facial y/o linfoadenopatías. La reactivación del virus herpes humano tipo 6 se asocia a un curso más grave y/o prolongado.Un lactante de 22 meses en tratamiento con fenobarbital presentó lesiones eritematopapulares, fiebre, leucocitosis, proteína C reactiva elevada y alteración de pruebas hepáticas. Se realizó biopsia de piel compatible con reacción adversa a drogas. Se trató con corticoides sistémicos e inmunoglobulina intravenosa sin respuesta. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para virus herpes humano tipo 6 resultó positiva. Se inició ciclosporina más prednisona, con buena respuesta. Existe poca evidencia del uso de ciclosporina en adultos, cuando los corticoides sistémicos son inefectivos. Este es el primer reporte pediátrico Podría ser una alternativa efectiva o un complemento de los corticosteroides sistémicos cuando no responde a tratamientos convencionales.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms is a rare and potentially serious skin adverse reaction, with fever, polymorphous skin rash, facial edema, and/or lymphadenopathy. Reactivation of human herpes virus type 6 has been associated with a more severe and/or prolonged course. A 22-month-old infant under phenobarbital treatment developed erythematous-papular lesions, fever, leukocytosis, elevated C-reactive protein, and abnormal liver tests. The skin biopsy was compatible with an adverse drug reaction. Treatment with systemic corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin had no response. Polymerase chain reaction for human herpesvirus type 6 was positive, and cyclosporine plus prednisone was started with a good response. There is little evidence for the use of cyclosporine in adults when systemic corticosteroids are ineffective. This is the first report of pediatric drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms treated with cyclosporine, which could be an effective alternative or an adjunct to systemic corticosteroid therapy unresponsive to conventional treatments.

Sarcoma de Kaposi oral en paciente seropositivo, fase sintomática avanzada. Presentación de caso / Oral Kaposi Sarcoma, advanced symptomatic phase, in a seropositive patient. Case presentation

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso clínico de un paciente seropositivo, en fase sintomática avanzada. Fue atendido en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "León Cuervo Rubio", de la ciudad de Pinar del Río, por presentar disnea, astenia, anorexia y pérdida de peso. Al examen oral se constató lesión tumoral de la lengua que dificultaba la masticación y deglución. La biopsia mostró sarcoma de Kaposi asociado al VIH/sida. La evolución tórpida y el estadio tan avanzado de la enfermedad, propiciaron el deceso del paciente (AU).

ABSTRACT The authors presented the clinical case of a seropositive patient, in advanced symptomatic phase. The patient attended the Internal Medicine Service of the Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital Leon Cuervo Rubio of Pinar del Rio, presenting dyspnea, asthenia, anorexia and weight loss. On the oral examination, a tumor lesion was found making difficult to chew and swallow. A biopsy showed Kaposi sarcoma associated to HIV/AIDS. The torpid evolution and disease's advanced stage propitiated the patient's death (AU).

Infección por Herpes virus Humano tipo 6 relacionado con manifestaciones dermatológicas y fatiga crónica: serie de casos / Human Herpesvirus type 6 infection related to dermatological manifestations and chronic fatigue: case series

Resumen Introducción: Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes causadas por el Herpes Virus Humano Tipo 6 (HHV-6) ocurren en niños menores de 2 años, presentan lesiones en piel tipo roséola o exantema súbito. En adultos, las manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas a HHV-6 son muy variables, y pueden sobreponerse con otras afecciones. Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos de pacientes diagnosticados con infección activa por HHV-6, quienes mostraban manifestaciones neurológicas, dermatológicas y de fatiga crónica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó análisis de historias clínicas de 6 pacientes que fueron diagnosticados con infección activa por HHV-6, a través de métodos moleculares. Resultados: Se reportan 6 pacientes que fueron diagnosticados con infección activa por HHV-6 mediante métodos moleculares, quienes presentaron manifestaciones clínicas comunes tales como: fiebre, cefalea, depresión, decaimiento, pérdida de memoria y concentración, dolor fibromuscular, dolor poliarticular, sueño no reparador, exantema, nevus rubí, liquen plano y parestesias. Conclusiones: A través de esta serie de casos se espera resaltar la importancia de identificar la infección activa por HHV-6 a través de métodos moleculares, y sensibilizar a la comunidad médica sobre el papel que juega el virus en la evolución de diversas patologías.

Abstract Introduction: The most frequent clinical manifestations of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in children under 2 years of age are roseola-like skin lesions and sudden rash. In adults, the clinical manifestations associated with HHV-6 are highly variable and can overlap with other conditions. Objective: To present a case series of patients diagnosed with active HHV-6 infection, who showed neurological, dermatological and chronic fatigue manifestations. Materials and methods: An analysis of medical records of 6 patients who were diagnosed with active HHV-6 infection through molecular methods was performed. Results: 6 patients were diagnosed with active HHV-6 infection using molecular methods, who had common clinical manifestations such as fever, headache, depression, tiredness, loss of memory and concentration, fibromuscular pain, polyarticular pain, nonrestorative sleep, rash, ruby nevus, lichen planus and paresthesia. Conclusions: This case series highlights the importance of identifying active HHV-6 infection through molecular methods and creating awareness in the medical community of the role that the virus plays on the development of diverse pathologies.

Sarcoma de Kaposi ganglionar postrasplante renal: reporte de dos casos en un centro de trasplante colombiano Kaposi sarcoma in lymph nodes after kidney transplantation: report of two cases in a Colombian transplant center / Sarcoma de Kaposi ganglionar postrasplante renal: reporte de dos casos en un centro de trasplante colombiano Kaposi sarcoma in lymph nodes after kidney transplantation: report of two cases in a Colombian transplant center

El cáncer es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en los receptores de trasplante. La combinación de infecciones virales, terapia de inmunosupresión y la alteración en el sistema inmune en los pacientes trasplantados, contribuyen al desarrollo de cáncer. El sarcoma de Kaposi es causado por el virus herpes humano 8 (VHH-8), y aunque es raro en la población general, puede ser hasta 300 veces más frecuente en los pacientes con trasplante renal. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realiza a menudo con base en las características de las lesiones, pero debe ser confirmado por histología. En años recientes, los inhibidores de mTOR han mostrado ser efectivos para el control del sarcoma de Kaposi en los pacientes trasplantados, ya que se interrumpe el efecto antiapoptótico y la angiogénesis dependientes de la proteína mTOR, los cuales son esenciales para el desarrollo y la propagación de células malignas. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con sarcoma de Kaposi ganglionar, sin lesiones en piel, en nuestro centro de trasplante, quienes respondieron de manera positiva al cambio del esquema inmunosupresor con inhibidores de mTOR

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. The combination of viral infections, immunosuppression therapy and immune system dysfunction in transplant patients contribute to the development of cancer. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and although rare in the general population, it is reported to be up to 300 times more common in kidney transplant patients. Diagnosis of the disease is often made on the basis of the characteristic appearance of lesions, but must be confirmed by histology. In recent years, mTOR inhibitors have been shown to be effective in controlling Kaposi sarcoma in transplant patients, due to disruption of the antiapoptotic effect and angiogenesis dependent on the mTOR protein, which are essential for development and propagation of malignant cells. We present two case reports of patients with Kaposi sarcoma in lymph nodes and no skin lesions, who responded well to the immunosuppressive therapy switch with mTOR inhibitors

Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9, and vitamin D in patients with multiple sclerosis with or without herpesvirus-6 seropositivity

ABSTRACT In recent years, extreme attention has been focused on the role of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. However, the pathogenesis of MS associated with HHV-6 infection remains unknown. In this study, we measured the serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vitamin D levels in MS patients with HHV-6 infection and MS patients without HHV-6 infection. Five hundred sixty (including 300 females and 260 males) MS patients along with 560 healthy subjects were analyzed for HHV-6 seropositivity using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, we measured the serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and vitamin D levels in MS patients with HHV-6 infection and MS patients without HHV-6 infection by ELISA. About 90.7% of MS patients (508/560) were seropositive for HHV-6, while 82.3% (461/560) of healthy subjects were seropositive for this virus (p = 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant increase in the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and lower vitamin D in the serum samples of MS patients when compared with healthy subjects. Additionally, we demonstrated that the MMP-9 levels in seropositive MS patients were significantly higher than seronegative MS patients (p = 0.001). Finally, our results demonstrated that the mean of expanded disability status scale (EDSS) in seropositive MS patients was significantly higher in comparison to seronegative MS patients (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that the HHV-6 infection may play a role in MS pathogenesis.

Research progress on human herpesvirus 6 infection after liver transplantation / 器官移植

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) may establish lifetime latency after initial invasion of the host, and liver transplant recipients may experience reactivation of latent infection during immunosuppression. HHV-6 infection in liver transplant recipients could lead to fever, hepatitis, encephalitis and graft dysfunction, and indirectly increases the risk of progression of liver fibrosis due to cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. At present, the pathogenesis of HHV-6 infection after liver transplantation has not been systematically elucidated, and effective prevention and treatment strategies are still lacking. This article provided a review for the research progress on the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of HHV-6 infection after liver transplantation.

Analysis of Drug Therapy for a Case of Child with Human Herpesvirus 7 Infection in Central Nervous System by Clinical Pharmacist / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the r ole of clinical pharmacists on the therapy for human herpesvirus 7（HHV-7） infection in central nervous system. METHODS ：The clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment process of the hospitalized patient who was a 15-year-old patient with central nervous system infection. The doctor initially gave Levetiracetam tablets （500 mg，bid，po）to control epilepsy symptoms ，and Acyclovir for injection （500 mg，q8 h，ivgtt）for antiviral treatment. According to the large red wheal scattered rubella on the limbs and back of the patient ，clinical pharmacists recommended to give Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection （10 mg，qd，iv）and Loratadine tablets （10 mg，qd，po）for anti-allergy treatment ；in view of involuntary shaking of limbs in the patient ，clinical pharmacists recommended to continue to give Dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection intravenously to control inflammation and Xingnaojing injection （20 mL，qd，ivgtt） to improve the convulsion. For HHV- 7 infection，based on consulting the relevant guidelines and existing treatment experience ，the clinical pharmacists recommended discontinuation of acyclovir ， dexamethasone combined with Human immunoglobulin （pH 0278）（17.5 g，qd，ivgtt）for impact therapy should be used and adverse drug reactions and therapeutic effects should be monitored at the same time. RESULTS ： The physiciansaccepted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists. The patient was improved and discharged from the hospital after 18 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS ： During the treatment of ineffective case of clinic rare central nervous system infectious diseases with routine a ntiviral drugs ，clinical pharmacists assisted physicians to improve their treatment plan and ensure the effectiveness and safety of patient ’s medication.

Human herpesvirus 6A active infection in patients with autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis

ABSTRACT Background: Hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the commonest autoimmune endocrine illness in which antibodies against thyroid organ result in inflammation. The disease has a complex etiology that involves genetic and environmental influences. Viral infections may be involved in triggering of the disease as their molecular mimicry enhance autoimmune responses. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is recognized for its contribution to some autoimmune diseases. Objective: In the current study, the prevalence of HHV-6 active infection in patients with HT and with non-autoimmune thyroid disorders were compared with patients with euthyroidism. In addition, a correlation between presence of HHV-6 infections and HT was investigated. Methods: A total of 151 patients with clinically and laboratory confirmed HT, 59 patients with non-autoimmune thyroid disorders, and 32 patients with normal thyroid function were included in the study. For further confirmation of HT disease, all the precipitants were tested for anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin (TG) antibodies. For detection of both HHV-6 types A and B, nested PCR and restriction enzyme digestion were used. HHV-6 DNA positive samples were further investigated by DNA sequencing analysis. Results: HHV-6A DNA was found in serum sample of 57 out of 151 patients (38%) with HT, which was significantly more often than in patients with non-autoimmune thyroid disorders (p = 0.001). However, HHV-6 DNA was not detected in serum samples of euthyroid subjects. Conclusions: The results support a possible role for active HHV-6A infection, demonstrated by the presence of HHV-6 DNA in sera, in the development of HT.

Sarcoma de Kaposi epidémico en África Subsahariana / Epidemic Kaposi sarcoma in Sub-Saharan Africa

El sarcoma de Kaposi se ha convertido en uno de los tumores más prevalentes en África tras la epidemia de VIH, que afecta de una manera similar a hombres y mujeres. El retraso diagnóstico y el limitado acceso a tratamiento antirretroviral o quimioterapia condicionan el pronóstico de los pacientes que lo padecen. En este artículo se realiza una revisión sobre la referida enfermedad, con el objetivo de describir sus aspectos más relevantes en los últimos años en África, como son su epidemiología, caractéristicas clínicas y opciones terapéuticas existentes. Este tumor es provocado por la infección por virus herpes humano tipo 8, que resulta más prevalente en las zonas rurales del continente africano. Se postula la transmisión a través de la saliva como la vía más importante de contagio en África. La inmunodepresión que causa el VIH favorece el efecto oncogénico del virus. La forma epidémica de SK se manifiesta inicialmente como lesiones hiperpigmentadas o violáceas en la piel, que pueden extenderse a linfáticos o mucosas y a nivel sistémico, principalmente a pulmón o aparato digestivo. El síndrome de reconstitución inmune sistémica puede complicar la evolución del paciente. El inicio temprano de la terapia antirretroviral resulta imprescindible. Además, el pronóstico de los pacientes mejora con la suma de tratamiento quimioterápico con doxorrubicina, vincristina, etopóxido o bleomicina principalmente(AU)

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) has become one of the most prevalent tumors in Africa after the HIV epidemic. KS affects both men and women. Diagnostic delay and limited access to antiretroviral treatment or chemotherapy have an impact on the prognosis of KS patients. A review was conducted about KS with the purpose of describing its most outstanding characteristics in recent years in Africa, such as its epidemiology, clinical features, and existing therapeutic options. This tumor is caused by infection with human herpesvirus 8, which is more prevalent in rural areas of the African continent. Transmission via saliva was found to be the most important transmission route in Africa. HIV-related immunosuppression fosters the oncogenic effect of the virus. The epidemic form of KS initially presents as hyperpigmented or violet-colored skin lesions which may extend to lymph nodes or mucosae, or systemically, mainly to the lungs or the digestive tract. Systemic immune reconstitution syndrome may complicate the patient's evolution. Early start of antiretroviral therapy is indispensable. Additionally, prognosis improves with chemotherapy with doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide or bleomycin, mainly(AU)

HIV-associated lymphoma: A 5-year clinicopathologic study from India

Context: Relative risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in people living with HIV is 60–200 times that of normal population. This is the largest series from India on lymphomas arising in HIV-infected individuals including workup for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). Aims: This study aims to ascertain the distribution and detailed clinicopathologic features of lymphoma arising in HIV-infected persons in India. Settings and Design: The study was done during the period of 2007–2011 in the pathology department of a tertiary care center in South India. Subjects and Methods: All cases diagnosed as lymphoma in the department of pathology during the study period were identified, and patients with HIV positive by serology were included in the study. Clinical details were obtained from electronic records, slides were reviewed and tissue blocks retrieved, and immunohistochemistry for HHV-8 and in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA was done. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics were done using SPSS software. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to do survival analysis. Results: Of 3346 patients diagnosed with lymphoma, 73 (2%) were diagnosed to be positive for HIV. About 87.6% of the cases were NHL, of which diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common and plasmablastic lymphoma was the second common subtype. Survival was uniformly poor in 36% of the cases where follow-up was available. Conclusions: The striking differences from world literature included higher frequency of plasmablastic lymphomas, lack of primary central nervous system lymphomas, and low association with HHV8.

Body Cavity–Based Lymphoma in a Country with Low Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevalence: A Series of 17 Cases from the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a type of body cavity–based lymphoma (BCBL). Most patients with PEL are severely immunocompromised and seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigated the distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics of BCBL in a country with low HIV burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on the clinicopathologic characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of 17 consecutive patients with BCBL at nine institutions in Korea. RESULTS: Latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA1) immunostaining indicated that six patients had PEL, six patients had human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-unrelated BCBL, and five patients had HHV8-unknown BCBL. The patients with PEL exhibited no evidence of immunodeficiency except for one who was HIV positive. One (20%) and four (80%) patients with PEL and six (100%) and zero (0%) patients with HHV8-unrelated BCBL were positive for CD20 and CD30 expression, respectively. The two patients with PEL (one HIV-positive and one HIV-negative patient) with the lowest proliferation activity as assessed by the Ki-67 labeling index survived for > 1 and > 4 years without chemotherapy, respectively, in contrast to the PEL cases in the literature, which mostly showed a high proliferation index and poor survival. CONCLUSION: PEL mostly occurred in ostensibly immunocompetent individuals and had a favorable outcome in Korea. A watchful waiting approach may be applicable for managing HIV-seronegative patients with PEL with a low Ki-67 labeling index. A possible trend was detected among LANA1, CD20, and CD30 expression in BCBL.

Next generation sequencing screening for human parvovirus B19 infection after liver transplantation and the analysis of related risk factors / 器官移植

Objective To summarize the screening Methods for human parvovirus (HPV) B19 infection after liver transplantation and analyze the related risk factors. Methods Clinical data of 86 recipients were retrospectively analyzed. According to the Results of next generation sequencing (NGS), all recipients were divided into the HPV B19 infection group and control group. Clinical characteristics, treatment regime and clinical prognosis of patients infected with HPV B19 were analyzed. The risk factors of HPV B19 infection were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Logistic regression model by forward LR step method. Results Nine of the 86 recipients developed fever and progressive anemia with unexplained reasons at approximately 2 weeks after liver transplantation. NGS detection demonstrated that HPV B19 was positive and they were diagnosed with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) caused by HPV B19 infection. After intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) was given and the immunosuppressant therapy was adjusted, the hemoglobin levels in all patients were significantly increased. The Results of multivariate analysis revealed that low serum globulin level in peripheral blood at postoperative 7 d [odds ratio (OR) =0.749, P=0.040] and young age (OR=0.937, P=0.038) were the independent risk factors of HPV B19 infection after liver transplantation. Conclusions HPV B19 infection should be considered in relatively young patients with unexplained hemoglobin decline early after liver transplantation. NGS screening is an effective method for early diagnosis of HPV B19 infection. Low serum globulin level in peripheral blood at postoperative 7 d and young age may be independent risk factors of the incidence of HPV B19 infection.

Kaposi's sarcoma in persons living with HIV/AIDS: a case series in a tertiary referral hospital

Abstract: Background: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare neoplasm with indolent progression. Since 1981, the Kaposi's sarcoma epidemic has increased as co-infection with HIV. Objectives: The study aimed to identify the clinical and demographic characteristics and therapeutic approaches in HIV/AIDS patients in a regional referral hospital. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of 51 patients with histopathological diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma hospitalized at Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB) from 2004 to 2015. Results: The study sample consisted of individuals 15 to 44 years of age (80.4%), male (80.4%), single (86.3%), and residing in Greater Metropolitan Belém, Pará State, Brazil. The primary skin lesions identified at diagnosis were violaceous macules (45%) and violaceous papules (25%). Visceral involvement was seen in 62.7%, mainly affecting the stomach (75%). The most frequent treatment regimen was 2 NRTI + NNRTI, and 60.8% were referred to chemotherapy. Study limitations: We assumed that more patients had been admitted to hospital without histopathological confirmation or with pathology reports from other services, so that the current study probably underestimated the number of KS cases. Conclusion: Although the cutaneous manifestations in most of these patients were non-exuberant skin lesions like macules and papules, many already showed visceral involvement. Meticulous screening of these patients is thus mandatory, even if the skin lesions are subtle and localized.

Encephalitis associated with Zika virus infection and reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus in a Brazilian child

Abstract We report a case of encephalitis associated with Zika virus infection and reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in the central nervous system of a Brazilian child. This case raises the possibility that reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus may be a mechanism of neurological impairment induced by acquired Zika virus infection.

Encefalopatía por virus herpes 6 como complicación de exantema súbito / Encephalopathy due to human herpesvirus 6 infection as exanthema subitum complication

La principal manifestación clínica del herpesvirus 6 es el exantema súbito (también conocido como roséola o sexta enfermedad) y el síndrome febril. Las manifestaciones en el sistema nervioso central no son infrecuentes en la infección por herpesvirus 6, y su fisiopatología no está esclarecida, pero precisan diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano para evitar secuelas potencialmente graves. Se presenta el caso de una niña inmunocompetente de 2 años con cuadro de encefalitis como complicación de infección por herpesvirus 6. Se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico oportuno a fin de instaurar un adecuado tratamiento y seguimiento para evitar complicaciones secundarias a la afectación del sistema nervioso central.

The main clinical manifestation of human herpesvirus 6 is exanthema subitum (also known as roseola infantum) and febrile syndrome. Central nervous system manifestations are not unusual in herpesvirus 6 infection, and even though the pathophysiology is not clear, they need to be early diagnosed and treated in order to avoid potentially serious damage. We present the case of an immunocompetent 2-year-old girl with encephalitis as a complication of herpesvirus 6 infection. We want to emphasize the significance of an early diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent further complications due to the central nervous system extension.

Association of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene and infection with human herpesvirus 6 and cytomegalovirus / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential association between occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene( OMDT) and past infection,reactivation and recent infection of human herpesvirus 6( HHV6) and human cytomegalovirus( HCMV). METHODS: Twenty OMDT patients were recruited as case group by using judgment sampling method. Twenty healthy workers occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene for more than half a year were randomly selected as exposure group. Twenty healthy people with no exposure history to trichloroethylene were randomly selected as control group. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to qualitatively determine the titer of HHV6 and HCMV immunoglobulin( Ig) G,Ig M antibodies from serum samples of these subjects. The polymerase chain reaction was used to qualitatively detect HHV6 and HCMV DNA from whole blood DNA samples of these subjects. The differences of previous infection rate,reactivation rate and recent infection rate of HHV6 and HCMV among these three groups of patients with different clinical types of OMDT were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of HHV6 and HCMV infection in the case group was higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant( 65. 5% vs 20. 0%,75. 0% vs15. 0%,P < 0. 017). The reactivation rate of HHV6 and HCMV in the case group was higher than that in the control group,but the difference was not statistically significant( P > 0. 017). The recent infection rate of HHV6 and HCMV in the case group was not significantly different from that in the control group( P > 0. 017). There was no significant difference in the past infection rate,reactivation rate and recent infection rate of HHV6 and HCMV between the exposure group and the control group( P > 0. 05),meanwhile in different clinical types of OMDT patients( P > 0. 05). CONCLUSION: OMDT may be associated with past infection of HHV6 and HCMV.

Human Herpesvirus 8–Unrelated Primary Effusion Lymphoma–Like Lymphoma in an Elderly Korean Patient with a Good Response to Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisolone / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma arising from a B-cell lineage characterized by the formation of malignant effusion in body cavities without evidence of a detectable tumor. The effusion contains tumor cells universally infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), which is the critical factor differentiating PEL from HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma (PEL-LL). This report describes a 77-year-old male patient with pleural effusion and ascites, containing lymphoma cells expressing a B-cell phenotype, but without markers of HHV8 in immunocytochemical analysis. The patient was diagnosed with PEL-LL and treated with six cycles of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP), which resulted in a complete remission. The patient is currently disease-free 15 months post-treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on administration of R-CHOP in a PEL-LL patient in South Korea.

Identification of Epstein-Barr Virus in the Human Placenta and Its Pathologic Characteristics

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common pathogen in humans, is suspected as the cause of multiple pregnancy-related pathologies including depression, preeclampsia, and stillbirth. Moreover, transmission of EBV through the placenta has been reported. However, the focus of EBV infection within the placenta has remained unknown to date. In this study, we proved the expression of latent EBV genes in the endometrial glandular epithelial cells of the placenta and investigated the cytological characteristics of these cells. Sixty-eight placentas were obtained from pregnant women. Tissue microarray was constructed. EBV latent genes including EBV-encoding RNA-1 (EBER1), Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), late membrane antigen (LMP1), and RPMS1 were detected with silver in situ hybridization and/or mRNA in situ hybridization. Nuclear features of EBV-positive cells in EBV-infected placenta were compared with those of EBV-negative cells via image analysis. Sixteen placentas (23.5%) showed positive expression of all 4 EBV latent genes; only the glandular epithelial cells of the decidua showed EBV gene expression. EBV infection status was not significantly correlated with maternal, fetal, or placental factors. The nuclei of EBV-positive cells were significantly larger, longer, and round-shaped than those of EBV-negative cells regardless of EBV-infection status of the placenta. For the first time, evidence of EBV gene expression has been shown in placental tissues. Furthermore, we have characterized its cytological features, allowing screening of EBV infection through microscopic examination.

Clinicopathological Features of Low-Grade Thyroid-like Nasopharyngeal Papillary Adenocarcinoma / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Primary low-grade thyroid-like papillary adenocarcinomas are extremely rare neoplasms that generally originate in the nasopharynx. Here, we describe a novel case of a 15-year-old Chinese girl who was diagnosed with low-grade thyroid-like papillary adenocarcinoma, including a brief review of the literature to reveal the clinicopathological features of low-grade thyroid-like nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of pan-cytokeratin (CKpan), cytokeratin (CK) 7, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), thyroglobulin, CD15, S100, P40, CK20, CDX-2, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Ki-67. Additionally, in situ hybridization investigation was utilized to identify the presence of small Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–encoded RNA. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis revealed florid proliferation of papillary structures lined by columnar epithelial cells with fibrovascular cores. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for CKpan, CK7, TTF-1, vimentin, and EMA, but negative for thyroglobulin, CD15, S100, P40, CK20, CDX-2, and GFAP. The Ki-67–labeling index reached 5% in the most concentrated spot. In situ hybridization for EBV was negative. CONCLUSION: Due to the distinct rarity of low-grade thyroid-like papillary adenocarcinomaswith a favorable clinical outcome, a nationwide effort to raise public awareness of this neoplasm is required.