Synthesis and In Vivo Hypolipidemic Effect of Some N-(Benzoylphenyl)-Carboxamide Derivatives in Triton WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

A series of N-(benzoylphenyl)-carboxamide derivatives (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b) was prepared with good yields by reacting the corresponding carbonyl chlorides with aminobenzophenones at room temperature. This was followed by evaluating the hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of 3b, 5a and 5b. Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to overnight-fasted rats to induce hyperlipidemia. Rats were divided into six groups: control, hyperlipidemic, hyperlipidemic plus compounds 3b, 5a and 5b and hyperlipidemic plus bezafibrate. Results showed that after 18 h of treatment at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of each of the test compounds, the elevated plasma levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lowered by compounds 5b and 3b (p < 0.001) and by 5a (p < 0.0001), compared to the hyperlipidemic control group. Compounds 3b and 5a significantly increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 58 and 71%, respectively. In addition, compounds 3b and 5a caused significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels compared to the control group. These results suggest a promising potential for compounds 3b, 5a and 5b as lipid-lowering agents, which may contribute to reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

Fatty acids profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic health lipid indices in the meat of lambs that received canola grain / Perfil de ácidos graxos, índices de lipídios aterogênicos e trombogênicos em carne de cordeiros alimentados com grãos de canola

This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and qualitative characteristics of meat from lambs feed in feedlot with increasing levels of canola grain. Meat obtained from 27 lambs fed 0, 8 and 16% inclusion of canola grain were analyzed. There was a reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA): lauric, heptadecanoic, and stearic; and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA): palmitoleic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic, with the increasing levels of canola grain. There was a linear reduction for the ω3 acid and the ω3: ω6 ratio, while the ω6: ω3 ratio increased. But the values observed for this ratio (ω6: ω3) were lower than 4, which is considered a satisfactory value. There was a slight increase (~2%) for the thrombogenicity index and atherogenicity index with the inclusion of canola grain. There was a reduction in the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio, with mean values of 2.09 for the diet with 0% inclusion, and 2.06 for 8 and 16% inclusion of canola. Although the inclusion of canola grain for lambs decreased the content of some UFA, reflecting alterations in the correlated nutritional properties, there is a reduction of SFA. The results for instrumental analysis, proximate composition, and sensory acceptance of the lamb meat were similar among the treatments.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição dos ácidos graxos e as características qualitativas da carne de cordeiros terminados com níveis crescentes de canola grão na dieta. Foram estudadas amostras de carne provenientes de 27 cordeiros, confinados por 45 dias e alimentados com 00, 08 e 16% de inclusão de canola grão. Houve efeito para os ácidos graxos saturados (AGS): laurico, heptadecanoico e esteárico; ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI): palmitoleico e oleico; e ácidos graxos polinsaturados (AGPI): eicosatrienoico. Estes ácidos reduziram à medida que os níveis da canola grão aumentaram. Para os AGMI, houve efeito com maior concentração no músculo dos cordeiros alimentados sem a canola grão (49,80%). Houve uma redução linear para o ácido ω3 e para a relação ω3:ω6, enquanto que a relação ω6:ω3 aumentou. A canola grão influenciou o índice de aterogenicidade, com média de 0,57 para o tratamento com 0% de inclusão e 0,58 para os tratamentos com 8% e 16% de inclusão. Observou-se aumento linear para o índice de trombogenicidade com a inclusão da canola grão, cujas médias foram, respectivamente, 0,16, 0,17 e 0,18 para os tratamentos 0%, 8% e 16% de inclusão. Houve redução para a relação hipocolesterolêmicos-hipercolesterolêmicos, com médias de 2,09 para a dieta com 0% de inclusão, e 2,06 para 8% e 16% de inclusão da canola em grão na dieta. A canola grão não influenciou a análise instrumental, composição centesimal e atributos sensoriais da carne.(AU)

Hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerogenic effects of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas leaves in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. is a food plant used in African traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. We assessed the hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerogenic properties of the aqueous extract of I. batatas leaves in a rat model of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.@*METHODS@#Hypercholesterolemia was induced in male Wistar rats by exclusive feeding with a cholesterol-enriched (1%) standard diet for four weeks. Then, rats were treated once daily (per os) with I. batatas extract at doses of 400, 500 and 600 mg/kg or with atorvastatin (2 mg/kg), for four weeks. Following treatment, animals were observed for another four weeks and then sacrificed. Aortas were excised and processed for histopathological studies, and blood glucose level and lipid profile were measured.@*RESULTS@#Hypercholesterolemic animals experienced a 21.5% faster increase in body weight, significant increases in blood glucose and blood lipids (148.94% triglycerides, 196.97% high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 773.04% low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 148.93% very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 210.42% total cholesterol), and increases in aorta thickness and atherosclerotic plaque sizes compared to rats fed standard diet. Treatment of hypercholesterolemic rats with the extract mitigated these alterations and restored blood glucose and blood lipid levels to normocholesterolemic values.@*CONCLUSION@#Our findings suggest that I. batatas leaves have hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerogenic properties and justify their use in traditional medicine.

Protective Effects of Defatted Dabai Peel Extracts in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Based on Histopathological Methods

Defatted dabai peel contains a high amount of anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are known to prevent several types of disease, including cardiovascular-related complications. This study aimed to describe the effects of different doses of defatted dabai peel extract by histopathological analyses on lesions in the liver, kidney, heart and aorta. Histopathology methods were applied to determine the protective effects of defatted dabai peel extracts against hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative damages to animal organs. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was applied for histopathology examination for liver, kidney, heart and aorta. Data showed that a high dose of defatted dabai extract (3000 mg per day) applied to hypercholesterolemic rabbits for eight weeks had mild protective effect, especially reducing the severity of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis of the renal medulla. The high dose of extract supplementation also reduced inflammation of aorta and formation of atherosclerosis plaque in the cell wall of right ventricle of the heart. The high dose of defatted dabai peel extract could be a protective agent against oxidative stress.

Hypercholesterolemic diet induces hepatic steatosis and alterations in mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase in rat livers / Dieta hipercolesterolemiante induz esteatose hepática e alterações na expressão de mRNA da NADPH oxidase em fígados de ratos

Objective : This study aimed to determine whether a hypercholesterolemic diet induces hepatic steatosis, alterations in mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, and antioxidant defenses.Materials and methods : Fischer rats were divided into two groups of eight animals according to the treatment, control (C) and hypercholesterolemic diet (H). Those in group C were fed a standard diet (AIN-93M), and those of the group H were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (25% soybean oil and 1% cholesterol).Results : The hypercholesterolemic diet did not affect body weight, but resulted in the accumulation of lipids in the liver, increased serum activities of aminotransferases and cholesterol levels. Biomarker of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox and p47phox were increased in the liver of animals in group H. Besides, the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes were altered.Conclusion : The results show increased mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities in diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):251-9.

Objetivo Determinar se uma dieta hipercolesterolemiante induz esteatose hepática, alterações na expressão de mRNA da NADPH oxidase e nas defesas antioxidantes.Materiais e métodos : Ratas Fischer foram divididas em dois grupos de oito animais de acordo com o tratamento recebido, controle (C) e hipercolesterolêmico (H). Aquelas do grupo C foram alimentadas com dieta padrão (AIN-93M) e as do grupo H foram alimentadas com dieta hipercolesterolemiante (25% de óleo de soja e 1% de colesterol). As dietas foram oferecidas por oito semanas.Resultados : O grupo H apresentou acúmulo de lipídios no fígado, aumento das atividades de ALT e AST e da concentração de colesterol no soro comparado ao grupo C. O marcador da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) e os níveis de mRNA das subunidades p47phox da NADPH-oxidase e p22phox foram aumentados no fígado de animais do grupo H, além de alteração da atividade e expressão de enzimas antioxidantes.Conclusão : Os resultados mostram um aumento na expressão de subunidades da NADPH oxidase e alterações na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes na esteatose hepática induzida por dieta hipercolesterolemiante. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(3):251-9.

Effect of garlic extract on some serum biochemical parameters and expression of npc1l1, abca1, abcg5 and abcg8 genes in the intestine of hypercholesterolemic mice.

Some compounds in the garlic inhibit cholesterol synthesis, resulting in lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and increase in HDL level. However, the mechanism of this specific effect is not fully understood. In the small intestine, ATP-binding cassette transporters G5, G8 and A1 (ABCG5, ABCG8 and ABCA1), as well as Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) protein have important roles in cholesterol metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effect of aqueous extract of garlic on lipid profile and also expression of npc1l1, abca1, abcg5 and abcg8 genes in the intestine of N-Marry mice fed a high cholesterol diet as a possible mechanism of garlic effect. Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1: hypercholesterolmic (received chow + 2% cholesterol + 0.5% cholic acid); Group 2: garlic (received chow + 4% (w/w) garlic extract + 2% cholesterol + 0.5% cholic acid); and Group 3: received chow only. After one month, mice were anesthetized and blood was collected from their heart. The jejunum was removed, washed with PBS and entrocytes were scraped and used for the experiments. Serum lipids were measured enzymatically and expression of mRNA levels for the above-mentioned proteins was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Garlic extract significantly reduced serum lipids (p<0.05), compared with the hypercholesterolemic group. Expression of the intestinal npc1l1 was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in the garlic group, compared with the chow group, while abcg5 (p<0.01), abcg8 (p<0.01) and abca1 (p<0.05) expressions were significantly increased. In conclusion, this study reveals a possible mechanism for the beneficial effects of the garlic in lowering serum lipids by decreasing the intestinal lipid absorption and increasing excretion of cholesterol back into the intestinal lumen.

Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) as a Lipid Lowering Agent on Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

Background: Dyslipidemia is one of the important causes of cardiovascular disease related mortality and morbidity. Recently it has become a significant issue in public health problem of developing countries. The purpose of the study was to find a suitable solution for reducing blood lipid in dyslipidemic patients by conducting a research on the effect of cinnamon in hypercholesterolemic rats. Objective: To study the lipid lowering effect of Cinnamomum cassia on experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 30 male Long Evans rats weighing about 200--210 gram. For convenience, the study was divided into two experiments --- Experiment I and Experiment II. In experiment I, 12 animals were divided into two groups. One was Group A (n = 6, control group) fed on laboratory diet and the other was Group B (n = 6) fed on laboratory diet and cinnamon for 35 days. In experiment II, the remaining 18 rats were fed fatty mixture diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.25% cholic acid. The hypercholesterolemic rats were then divided into 3 groups, Group C, D, and E (n=6 in each group). Group D and Group E were additionally fed on cinnamon powder and tablet atorvastatin for 35 days respectively. Serum TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C were measured after 35 days. Results: Fatty mixture diet increased TG, TC and LDL-C significantly. Cinnamon treated fatty mixture diet group showed that Cinnamomum cassia decreased plasma TC, TG and LDL-C. Atorvastatin therapy decreased TC, TG and LDL-C levels significantly compared with the lowering effect of cinnamon. Conclusion: The results of this experimental study indicate that Cinnamomum cassia can act as a hypocholesterolemic agent and thereby can improve cardiovascular functions.

Efecto del consumo de dietas con frijol blanco (Vigna unguiculata) con y sin cáscara sobre los lípidos plasmáticos en ratas hipercolesterolémicas / Effect of consumption of diets with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with and without hull on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats

Las leguminosas constituyen un componente importante de la dieta regular del venezolano. Algunos estudios han demostrado que los granos de varias leguminosas tienen un efecto hipocolesterolémico. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del consumo de frijol blanco Vigna unguiculata con y sin cáscara sobre los lípidos plasmáticas en ratas hipercolesterolémicas. Treinta ratas machos adultas, cepa Sprague Dawley, fueron estudiadas en dos etapas. Una primera de tres semanas en la que mediante manipulación dietética, se transformaron ratas normales en hipercolesterolémicas. En la segunda etapa se diseñaron 4 grupos, un control normocolesterolémico sin dieta experimental, un hipercolesterolémico sin dieta experimental, un hipercolesterolémico alimentado con frijol con cáscara y uno hipercolesterolémico alimentado con frijol sin cáscara durante tres semanas. Las dietas con frijol blanco Vigna unguiculata produjeron una disminución significativa de colesterol total y triglicéridos de un 35.01% y 39.48% respectivamente, en comparación con el grupo hipercolesterolémico sin frijol. Para la fracción del colesterol-LDL la disminución fue de 59%, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas entre los grupos alimentados con frijol con y sin cáscara. Un hallazgo interesante fue el incremento significativo del colesterol-HDL de 29.66% en el grupo alimentado con frijol con cáscara, lo cual es un factor de prevención para la aparición de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares. Los resultados de este estudio señalan que el consumo de frijol blanco con o sin cáscara tuvo efecto beneficioso en el perfil lipídico, en este modelo experimental. En estudios futuros podría considerarse su uso en la dietoterapia de las hiperlipidemias.

Legumes are important components of Venezuelan diet. Several studies have shown that grains of legumes have a hypocholesterolemic effect. This study evaluated the effect of consumption of white beans Vigna unguiculata with and without hull on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, were studied in two stages. The first of three weeks, by means of dietary manipulation, normal rats became hypercholesterolemic. In the second stage, 4 groups were designed, one normocholesterolemic control without experimental diet, one hypercholesterolemic without experimental diet, one hypercholesterolemic fed with bean with hull and one hypercholesterolemic fed with bean without hull for three weeks. Diets with white beans Vigna unguiculata produced a significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides of 35.01% and 39.48% respectively, compared with the hypercholesterolemic group without beans. The fraction of LDL-cholesterol showed a reduction of 59%, without significant differences between the groups fed with beans with and without hull. An interesting finding was the significant increase of HDL-cholesterol of 29.66% in the group fed with bean with hull, which is a preventive factor for cardiovascular diseases. The results of this study indicate that consumption of white beans with or without hull had beneficial effect on lipid profile, in this experimental model. In future studies it could be considered for using in diet therapy of human hyperlipidemia.

Polimorfismo PRO12ALA del gen PPARy2, ALA54THR del gen FABP2 y polimorfismos del gen de alipoproteina E en habitantes del sector los eucaliptos de la parroquia san juan, munisipio libertador / PRO12ALA polymorhism of the PPARy2 gene, ALA54THR polymorphism of the FABP2 gene and polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E gene in the population of Eucapliptos of the parroquia san jua, municipio libertador

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el síndrome metabólico son patologías que afectan a gran parte de la población mundial, de etiología poligénica y multifactorial, resultado de la interacción entre factores genéticos, ambientales, sociales y culturales. Los principales genes candidatos a estudiar son aquellos relacionados con la regulación de la homeostasis de la glucosa, del metabolismo lipídico y/o de la secreción y acción de la insulina, como son el gen de los Receptores de los Proliferadores Perixosomales Activados gamma 2 (PPARγ2), la Proteína Enlazante de Ácidos Grasos Intestinal (FABP2) y la Apolipoproteína E (ApoE). Evaluar la relación entre los polimorfismos Pro12Ala del gen PPARγ2, Ala54Thr del gen FABP2 y del gen de ApoE en habitantes del Sector “Los Eucaliptos” de la Parroquia San Juan. 308 individuos de dicha comunidad, 98 hombres y 210 mujeres, clasificados en hipercolesterolémicos, hipertrigliceridémicos, resistentes a la insulina y controles de acuerdo a sus niveles de colesterol total, triglicéridos e índice HOMA. Extracción de 10 mL de sangre venosa para la determinación de química sanguínea y extracción de ADN, amplificación mediante PCR de un fragmento de 102pb del gen de PPARγ2, uno de 180pb del gen de FABP2 y otro de 244pb del gen de ApoE, y posterior RFLP. Se encontró una frecuencia alélica de 0,91 para el alelo Pro y 0,09 para el Ala del gen de PPARγ2; 0,70 para el alelo Ala del gen FABP2 y 0,30 para el Thr, mientras que para los alelos del gen de ApoE la frecuencia fue de ε2=0,05, ε3=0,80 y ε4=0,15. Se encontró relación entre el alelo ε4 de ApoE y la hipercolesterolemia, además del alelo ε2 como factor protector ante el desarrollo de hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia y resistencia a la insulina, no encontrándose asociación alguna entre los polimorfismos de los restantes genes y las patologías mencionadas.

Cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome are diseases that affect worldwide, with multiple genetic and environmental components contributing to susceptibility. The main candidate genes to study are those related to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, insulin secretion and action and obesity, these include the genes for Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2), fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) and Apolipoprotein E (Apo E). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of Pro12Ala PPARγ2 gene, Ala54Thr FABP2 gene and the ApoE gene in residents from the “The Eucaliptus” of the “Parroquia San Juan”. 308 subjects, 98 men and 210 women, classified as hypercholesterolemic, hypertriglyceridemic, insulin resistant and controls according to their levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and HOMA index. Extraction of 10 mL whole blood for determination of chemistry and DNA extraction, PCR amplification of a 102 bp fragment PPARγ2 gene, a 180 bp FABP2 gene and a 244 bp of ApoE gene, and subsequent RFLP. An allele frequency for allele Pro 0.91 and 0.09 for gene PPARγ2 Ala and 0.70 for the allele of the gene FABP2 Ala and 0.30 for Thr, while for the different alleles of ApoE gene frequency was ε2=0.05, ε3=0.80 and ε4=0.15. We found a relationship between the ApoE ε4 allele and hypercholesterolemia, in the other hand, Apo E ε2 allele was found as a protective factor against the development of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, we did not found association between polymorphisms of the other genes and the pathologies mentioned above.

Avaliação preliminar in vivo do efeito hipocolesterolêmico do polvilho da fruta-de-lobo (Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. ) / Preliminary evaluation of in vivo hypocholesterolemic effect of the flour of fruit-of-wolf (Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. )

O polvilho da fruta-de-lobo é um produto extraído da polpa da fruta-de-lobo verde (Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil.), popularmente utilizado. Pouco se conhece a respeito desse polvilho, mas são atribuídos a ele vários efeitos terapêuticos, dentre eles a redução do colesterol. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar a ação da administração do polvilho da fruta-de-lobo sobre animais hipercolesterolêmico. Utilizou-se 24 ratos Wistar fêmeas distribuídas em delineamento ao acaso, em três grupos contendo 8 animais em cada grupo. Estes grupos foram definidos como: controle normal (CN), controle hipocolesterolêmico (CH) e hipocolesterolêmico tratado (HT). O grupo CN recebeu dieta comercial, os grupo CH e HT receberam a dieta comercial enriquecida de colesterol e ácido cólico e o grupo HT recebeu também, 100 mg de polvilho da fruta-lobo, diariamente, por sonda orogástrica. O experimento teve uma duração de 6 semanas onde se avaliou o colesterol total sérico semanalmente, peso dos animais semanalmente e o consumo diário de ração. Ao término do experimento, foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: frações séricas de colesterol HDL, LDL+VLDL, peso do fígado, colesterol total hepático, lipídeos totais hepático e lâminas de microscopia foram feitas para avaliação dos hepatócitos. Não houve diferença significativa em relação ao peso corporal dos animais, ao consumo da dieta e nas análises de colesterol total sérico entre os grupos estudados. Avaliando-se a relação VLDL +LDL/HDL, os níveis encontrados no grupo HT foram significativamente menores que o grupo CH. Já em relação ao colesterol hepático, o grupo HT mostrou níveis menores de colesterol que o CH. Observou-se nos lipídeos hepáticos que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupo CH e HT, e no peso do fígado houve diferença significativa entre os grupos avaliados. Em relação à microscopia, os grupos hipercolesterolêmicos apresentaram discreta vacuolização no citoplasma dos hepatócitos. Concluiu-se, que o polvilho da fruta-de-lobo não influenciou o colesterol sérico dos animais, entretanto, reduziu os níveis de colesterol hepático.

The fruit-of-wolf flour is a product extracted from the pulp of green fruit-of-wolf (Solanum lycocarpum A. St .- Hil.) and is commonly used. Little is known about this flour, but several therapeutic effects, including cholesterol reduction, are attributed to it. This study aimed to verify the action of the administration of fruit-of-wolf flour to hypercholesterolemic animals. We used 24 female Wistar rats allocated in randomized design to three groups containing 8 animals each. These groups were defined as normal control (CN), hypocholesterolemic control (CH) and hypocholesterolemic treated rats (HT). The CN group received a commercial diet, while the CH and the HT group received the commercial diet enriched with cholesterol and cholic acid; the HT group also received 100 mg of fruit-of-wolf flour, daily, by orogastric tube. The experiment lasted for six weeks and the following characteristics were evaluated: weekly total serum cholesterol, weekly weight of animals and daily food intake. At the end of the experiment, we assessed the following parameters: serum cholesterol fractions HDL, LDL + VLDL, liver weight, liver total cholesterol, liver total lipids and microscopic slides were prepared for the evaluation of hepatocytes. There was no significant difference in body weight of animals, diet consumption and analysis of serum total cholesterol among the studied groups. Assessing the relationship VLDL + LDL / HDL, the levels found for the HT group were significantly lower than those for the CH group. As regards liver cholesterol, the HT group showed lower cholesterol levels than the CH group. For liver lipids there was no significant difference between the CH and the HT group, and for liver weight there was no significant difference among the studied groups. As to microscopy, the hypercholesterolemic groups showed slight vacuolization in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. It was concluded that fruit-of-wolf flour did not influence the serum cholesterol of animals but reduced the levels of liver cholesterol.

Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Dietary Lentinus edodes on Plasma, Feces and Hepatic Tissues in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

We investigated diet supplementation with shiitake mushroom fruiting bodies on biochemical and histological changes in hypercholesterolemic rats. Six-wk old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. A diet containing 5% Lentinus edodes fruiting bodies given to hypercholesterolemic rats reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total lipid, phospholipids, and the LDL/high-density lipoprotein ratio by 34.33, 53.21, 75.00, 34.66, 25.73, and 71.43%, respectively. Feeding mushroom also significantly reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, it had no detrimental effects on plasma albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, or enzyme profiles. Feeding mushroom increased total lipid and cholesterol excretion in feces. The plasma lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, indicated that L. edodes significantly reduced plasma beta and pre-beta-lipoprotein but increased alpha-lipoprotein. A histological study of hepatic cells by conventional hematoxylin-eosin and oil red-O staining showed normal findings for mushroom-fed hypercholesterolemic rats. These results suggest that shiitake mushrooms could be recommended as a natural cholesterol lowering substance in the diet.

Hypolipidemic Activities of Dietary Pleurotus ostreatus in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

This work was conducted to investigate dietary supplementation of oyster mushroom fruiting bodies on biochemical and histological changes in hyper and normocholesterolemic rats. Six-week old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Feeding a diet containing a 5% powder of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies to hypercholesterolemic rats reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total lipid, phospholipids, and LDL/high-density lipoprotein ratio by 30.18, 52.75, 59.62, 34.15, 23.89, and 50%, respectively. Feeding oyster mushrooms also significantly reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, it had no adverse effects on plasma albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, creatinin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, or enzyme profiles. Feeding mushroom increased total lipid and cholesterol excretion in feces. The plasma lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, indicated that P. ostreatus significantly reduced plasma beta and pre-beta-lipoprotein but increased alpha-lipoprotein. A histological study of hepatic cells by conventional hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining revealed normal findings for mushroom-fed hypercholesterolemic rats. These results suggest that a 5% P. ostreatus diet supplement provided health benefits by acting on the atherogenic lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Appraisal of Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Lentinus lepideus in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

The wild edible mushroom, Lentinus lepideus has recently been cultivated for commercial use in Korea. While the mushroom has been widely used for nutritional and medicinal purposes, the possible anti-hyperlipidemic action is unclear. The effects of dietary L. lepideus on plasma and feces biochemical and on the liver histological status were investigated in hypercholesterolemic rats. Six-wk-old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Biochemical and histological examinations were performed. A diet containing 5% L. lepideus fruiting bodies reduced plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, total lipid, phospholipids, and the ratio of low-density to high-density lipoprotein. Body weight was reduced. The diet did not adversely affect plasma biochemical and enzyme profiles. L. lepideus reduced significantly plasma beta- and pre-beta-lipoprotein, while alpha-lipoprotein content was increased. A histological study of hepatic cells by conventional hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining revealed normal findings for mushroom-fed hypercholesterolemic rats. The present study suggests that a diet supplemented with L. lepideus can provide health benefits by acting on the atherogenic lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Comparative effect of Ocimum sanctum, Commiphora mukul, folic acid and ramipril on lipid peroxidation in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia.

Treatment with C. mukul and O. sanctum, showed a significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels respectively. O. sanctum also significantly increased serum HDL-cholesterol compared to control. Serum MDA levels were significantly reduced in all the treated groups compared to control suggesting that each of the drugs under study were effective in their free radical scavenging action. Erythrocyte SOD activity was increased in all the treatment groups with C. mukul showing the maximum effect followed by O. sanctum, folic acid and ramipril. The erythrocyte CAT activity was significantly increased in all the drug treated groups with maximum increase seen in O. sanctum and ramipril treated groups, whereas lesser effects were observed with C. mukul and folic acid groups. Thus, the indigenous drugs, C. mukul and O. sanctum had beneficial effect on hypercholesterolemic rabbit model, both in terms of lipid profile as well as antioxidant potential. Ocimum sanctum was found to be the most promising of all the drugs. Moreover, it could be hypothesized that these plant products along with folic acid and ramipril can be explored for synergistic effect for treatment for hypercholesterolemic conditions.

Estrías grasas en la aorta de conejos machos tratados con etanol y dieta hipercolesterolémica / Fatty streaks in-ethanol and hypercholesterolemic diet- treated male rabbit´s aorta

Se determinaron los efectos del etanol sobre las características histológicas de las aortas de conejos tratados con dieta hipercolesterolémica y etanol para evaluar el posible efecto protector de este último en la aterosclerosis. Se utilizaron 20 conejos machos de 100 días y se conformaron 4 grupos de animales: tratados con etanol, con dieta hipercolesterolémica, con etanol y dieta hipercolesterolémica y un grupo control. El experimento se extendió por 16 semanas. Se utilizaron las técnicas histológicas: Sudán IV, Hematoxilina y Eosina, Orceína, Picro-Ponceau y Tricrómica de Mallory. Los animales con dieta hipercolesterolémica mostraron denudación del endotelio con tumefacción moderada de las células endoteliales, células espumosas en el subendtelio y agregados extracelulares de lípidos e infiltrado linfocitario moderado. Los animales con dieta y alcohol presentaron alteraciones más extensas, grandes áreas de denudación endotelial, células endoteliales con tumefacción intensa, subendotelio muy engrosado con células espumosas de gran tamaño, extensas áreas de lípido extracelular e infiltrado linfocitario, abundantes fibras colágenas y láminas elásticas internas con evidencias de estar fragmentadas. Estos resultados revelaron que el etanol no posee efecto protector eficiente, al menos a las dosis y condiciones utilizadas.

ects of ethanol on the histological characteristics of ethanol- and hypercholesterolemic diet-treated rabbits´ aorta were determined to evaluate the possible protective effect of this element on atherosclerosis. Twenty male rabbits were used for 100 days, divided into 4 groups: the first treated with ethanol, the second with hypercholesterolemic diet, the third with both ethanol and hypercholesterolemic diet, and a control group. The experiment lasted 16 weeks. The histological techniques were Sudan IV, Hematoxillin, Eosin, Orcein, Picro-Ponceau and Mallory´s Tricrómica. The animals under hypercholesterolemic diet showed denudation of the endothelium with moderate tumefaction in endothelial cells, foaming cells in the subendothelium and extracellular aggregates of lipids and moderate lymphocytic infiltrate. The rabbits subjected to ethanol and diet presented with more extensive alterations, larger endothelial denudation areas, endothelial cells with intense tumefaction, very thickened subendothelium with big foaming cells, extensive extracellular lipid areas and lymphocytic infiltrate, abundant collagen fibers, and internal elastic plates with signs of fragmentation. These results revealed that ethanol does not have any protective effect, at least at the doses and under the conditions used in this study.

Comparative Effects of Oyster Mushrooms on Lipid Profile, Liver and Kidney Function in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Comparative effects of oyster mushrooms on plasma and fecal lipid profiles and on liver and kidney function were evaluated in hyper and normocholesterolemic rats. Feeding of hypercholesterolemic rats a 5% powder of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and P. florida) reduced the plasma total cholesterol level by 37%, 21% and 16%, respectively and reduced the triglyceride level by 45%, 24% and 14%, respectively. LDL/HDL ratio decreased by 64%, 45% and 41% for P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus and P. florida fed rats, respectively. Mushroom feeding also reduced body weight in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, it had no adverse effect on plasma bilirubin, creatinin and urea nitrogen level. Mushroom feeding also increased the total lipid and cholesterol excretion in the feces. The present study reveals that feeding of 5% oyster mushroom powder does not have detrimental effects on the liver and kidneys rather may provide health benefits for the cardiovascular-related complication by decreasing the atherogenic lipid profiles.

Excreção de gordura fecal de ratos (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar), submetidos a dietas hiperlipídicas e hipercolesterolêmicas suplementadas com quitosana / Faecal fat excretion of mice (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar), submitted to hypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidic diets supplemented with chitosan

Investigou-se o efeito de duas marcas comerciais de quitosana na excreção de gordura fecal, em ratos submetidos a dietas hipercolesterolêmicas e hiperlipídicas. Utilizou-se 32 ratos Wistar, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=8): grupo controle (GC), recebeu dieta AIN-93G, grupo hiperlipídico (GH):dieta AIN-93G modificada no teor de lipídios (12%) e suplementada com colesterol (1%), e os grupos hiperlipídico quitosana 1 (GHQ1) e hiperlipídico quitosana 2 (GHQ2), quereceberam a mesma dieta do GH, suplementados com suas respectivas quitosanas (5%). Realizou-se coleta de fezes nos dias 0, 14o e 28o do experimento. A determinação da gordura fecal (g) foi realizada através do método de Soxhlet. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (p>0,05) entre os 4 grupos quanto ao teor de gordura fecal no início do experimento. No 14o dia, o grupo GHQ1 teve aumento significativo na excreção de gordura fecal quando comparado aos outros três grupos (p<0,05). No 28º dia, no grupo GHQ1, a excreção de gordura fecal foi maiorque nos demais grupos (p<0,05), enquanto que o grupo GHQ2 não diferiu estatisticamente do grupo GH. Os resultados sugerem que as diferenças entre estes dois grupos podem ser devidas ao grau de pureza, viscosidade e grau de desacetilação das quitosanas.

The effect of two comercial brands of chitosan in the faecal fat excretion was investigated in mice submitted tohypercholesterolemic and hyperlipidic diets. 32 rats Wistar, recently weaned, distributed randomly in four groups (n=8): control group (CG), received diet of AIN- 93G; hyperlipidic group (HG): diet of AIN-93G modified in the lipids content (12%) and supplemented withcholesterol (1%); and the chitosan hyperlipidic groups 1 (QHG1) and chitosan hyperlipidic 2 (QHG2), thatreceived the same diet of the HG, supplemented with their respective chitosan (5%). The faecal collection wasconducted on the days 0, 14th and 28th of the experiment. The faecal fat determination (g) was conducted through the Soxhlet method. No significant statistical differences (p>0.05) were observed among the 4 groups as to the fat content in the beginning of the experiment. On the 14th day, the GHQ1 group had a significant increase of faecal fatwhen compared to the other three groups (p<0.05). On the 28th day, in the GHQ1 group, the faecal fat excretion was larger than in the other groups (p<0.05), while the group GHQ2 had not statistically differed from the group GH. The results suggest that the differences between these two groups can be caused by the purity degree, viscosity and deacetylation degree of the chitosans.

Effect of onion and beet on plasma and liver lipids, platelet aggregation, and erythrocyte Na efflux in simvastatin treated hypercholesterolmic rats

This study was purposed to investigate the effect of onion or beet on plasma and liver lipids, erythrocyte Na efflux channels and platelet aggregation in simvastatin (SIM) treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Forty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed 0.5% cholesterol based diets containing 2 mg/kg BW simvastatin or simvastatin with 5% onion or beet powder. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly increased in SIM group compared with the control (p<0.01), and the elevated plasma total cholesterol of SIM group was significantly decreased in SIM-onion and SIM-beet groups (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol in SIM-beet group was significantly increased compared with other groups (p<0.05). Platelet aggregation in both the maximum and initial slope was significantly decreased in SIM group compared with SIM-onion group (p<0.05). Na-K ATPase was significantly decreased in SIM group compared with the control, SIM-onion and SIM-beet groups (p<0.05). Na passive leak was significantly increased in all groups treated with SIM compared with the control (p<0.05). The total Na efflux was decreased in SIM group and increased in SIM-onion group and the difference between these two groups was significant (p<0.05). There was no difference in intracellular Na among groups. In present study, simvastatin, a HMG CoA reductase inhibitor at dose of 2mg/kg BW/day rather increased plasma total cholesterol in rats, inferring that the action mechanism of simvastatin on cholesterol metabolism differ between rat and human. Onion and beet play favorable roles in cardiovascular system by restoring the reduced Na efflux through Na-K ATPase and Na-K cotransport in SIM treated rats.

The hypocholesterolemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum in rats

Background: According to traditional medicine, Ganodermataceae has many good effects on such as anti-oxidant, liver protection, sedation, anti-tumor, treatment of dyslipidemia,... Hong chi DaLat \ufffd?[Ganoderma lucidum (HC)] is a species of Ganodermataceae. This species has two strains DL1 and DL2, was grown and used mainly in Da Lat but they had not been fully studied. Objectives: To evaluate the cholesterol lowering effect of HC in cholesterol induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Subjects and method: Rats were given orally the cholesterol 10% with 0.5g/kg body weight/day during 6 consecutive weeks in order to induce hypercholesterolemic rats. The hypocholesterolemic effect of extract of (HC) was investigated at the dose of 4g/kg administered orally in hyperlipidaemic rats after 6 weeks. Results: HC with the dose of 4g/kg significantly decreased plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL \ufffd?C levels by 24.82%, 27.41% and 54.32% respectively, but increased HDL \ufffd?C by 53.34%. The effect of HC on plasma cholesterol levels with the oral dose of 4g/kg, 12g/kg was equal to each other and to that of cholestyramin at the dose of 1.6g/kg. Conclusion: HC has hypocholesterolemic effect in rats.

The Change of Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function Caused by Antioxidant Material in the Hypercholesterolemic Elderly Women in Korea

This study was performed to examine the change of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by antioxidant material in hypercholesterolemic elderly women (serum total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dl). The subjects were 51 elderly women aged over 60 yrs. They were divided into antioxidant nutrients complex group (n = 25) and spirulina group (n = 26). Antioxidant nutrients complex (1 capsule/day) and spirulina (7.5 mg/day) were used for intervention for 8 weeks. All the subjects were fully informed the purpose of study and gave written consents to participate in this study. Dietary intakes, anthropometric indices and blood assessment for lipid, immune function and antioxidant status were measured before and after supplementation. Either antioxidant nutrients complex or spirulina supplementation for 8 weeks resulted in improved antioxidant status evidence by increased TAS (total antioxidant status) and decreased TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance). This intervention led to decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, LDLcholesterol, oxLDL, apolipoprotein B, IL-6 and IL-6 production by peripheral blood lymphocyte. In conclusion, the lipid profiles, immune function and antioxidant capacity were improved after either antioxidant nutrient complex or spirulina supplementation for hypercholesterolemic women. Therefore, improving antioxidant status using supplementation could provide means of controlling cardiovascular disease in Korean elderly people.