Research advances in the diagnosis and treatment of food protein-induced enterocolitis / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Food protein-induced enterocolitis (FPIES) is a non-IgE mediated food allergy that occurs primarily in infants and children.Although the hypotension or even shock occurs and might need to go to emergency department in severe patient with FPIES,there is an overall lack of knowledge about FPIES.Misdiagnosed or delayed diagnosis might be due to the absence of non-invasive diagnostic biomarker or diagnostic program specifically for FPIES,an overall lack of understanding of FPIES,and a combination of nonspecific symptoms.A clinical history and oral food challenges are the main diagnostic tools.Take care to exclude other potential causes before diagnosis established in the case of the history unclear.Avoidance of trigger food is the main treatment.During a acute episode,intravenous fluids may be required,and the complications need to be treated as well.

Regulation of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy by IL-9 Producing Mucosal Mast Cells and Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells

Due to the increasing prevalence and number of life-threatening cases, food allergy has emerged as a major health concern. The classic immune response seen during food allergy is allergen-specific IgE sensitization and hypersensitivity reactions to foods occur in the effector phase with often severe and deleterious outcomes. Recent research has advanced understanding of the immunological mechanisms occurring during the effector phase of allergic reactions to ingested food. Therefore, this review will not only cover the mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract and the immunological mechanisms underlying IgE-mediated food allergy, but will also introduce cells recently identified to have a role in the hypersensitivity reaction to food allergens. These include IL-9 producing mucosal mast cells (MMC9s) and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The involvement of these cell types in potentiating the type 2 immune response and developing the anaphylactic response to food allergens will be discussed. In addition, it has become apparent that there is a collaboration between these cells that contributes to an individual's susceptibility to IgE-mediated food allergy.