La dinámica del comercio ilegal de armas de fuego en Lima, Perú / The dynamics of the illegal firearms trade in Lima, Peru / A dinâmica do comércio ilegal de armas de fogo em Lima, Peru

El comercio ilegal de armas de fuego representa un problema significativo para mantener el orden y la seguridad del país, pues conlleva la adquisición de armas y municiones sin cumplir la normatividad y las regulaciones proporcionadas por el Estado, desviando la utilización de dichos equipos hacia la delincuencia. La investigación tiene como propósito analizar la dinámica del comercio ilegal de armas de fuego en Lima, Perú, mediante una metodología cualitativa y de diseño fenomenológico hermenéutico. La muestra incluye veinte funcionarios de la Policía Nacional del Perú (PNP) y la Superintendencia Nacional de Control de Servicios de Seguridad, Armas, Municiones y Explosivos de Uso Civil (Sucamec). La información se recolectó por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El estudio concluye que el comercio ilegal de armas de fuego se estructura en tres fases clave: la primera fase determinada por la filtración o desvío de armas del mercado legal al ilegal, debido a la falta de control y fiscalización por las autoridades pertinentes. La segunda fase implica la creación de un mercado ilegal en espacios itinerantes, donde participan diversos actores, como intermediarios y compradores. La tercera y última fase comprende la consumación del delito, incluye la entrega del arma y el pago bajo estrictas medidas de seguridad para asegurar la impunidad de los involucrados.

The illegal trade in firearms represents a significant problem for the maintenance of order and security in the country, as it leads to the acquisition of arms and ammunition without complying with the norms and regulations provided by the State, diverting the use of such equipment towards crime. The purpose of this research is to analyse the dynamics of the illegal firearms trade in Lima, Peru, using a qualitative methodology and a hermeneutic phenomenological design. The sample includes twenty officers from the Peruvian National Police (PNP) and the National Superintendence for the Control of Security Services, firearms, Ammunition and Explosives for Civilian Use (Sucamec). The information was collected through semi-structured interviews. The study concludes that the illegal firearms trade is structured in three key phases: the first phase determined by the leakage or diversion of arms from the legal to the illegal market, due to the lack of control and oversight by the relevant authorities. The second phase involves the creation of an illegal market in itinerant spaces, where various actors, such as intermediaries and buyers, participate. The third and final phase involves the consummation of the crime, including the delivery of the weapon and payment under strict security measures to ensure the impunity of those involved.

O comércio ilegal de armas de fogo representa um problema significativo para a manutenção da ordem e da segurança no país, pois leva à aquisição de armas e munições sem o cumprimento das normas e regulamentos fornecidos pelo Estado, desviando o uso desses equipamentos para o crime. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a dinâmica do comércio ilegal de armas de fogo em Lima, Peru, usando uma metodologia qualitativa e um desenho fenomenológico hermenêutico. A amostra inclui vinte policiais da Polícia Nacional do Peru (PNP) e da Superintendência Nacional de Controle de Serviços de Segurança, Armas, Munições e Explosivos para Uso Civil (Sucamec). As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. O estudo conclui que o comércio ilegal de armas de fogo está estruturado em três fases principais: a primeira fase é determinada pelo vazamento ou desvio de armas do mercado legal para o ilegal, devido à falta de controle e fiscalização por parte das autoridades competentes. A segunda fase envolve a criação de um mercado ilegal em espaços itinerantes, onde vários atores, como intermediários e compradores, participam. A terceira e última fase envolve a consumação do crime, incluindo a entrega da arma e o pagamento sob rigorosas medidas de segurança para garantir a impunidade dos envolvidos.

Herramientas de corte para optimizar parámetros de clasificación de especies maderables con redes neuronales convolucionales / Cutting tools to optimize classification parameters of timber species with convolutional neural networks

Introducción: La gran diversidad de especies maderables tropicales demanda el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de identificación con base en sus patrones o características anatómicas. La aplicación de redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN) para el reconocimiento de especies maderables tropicales se ha incrementado en los últimos años por sus resultados prometedores. Objetivo: Evaluamos la calidad de las imágenes macroscópicas con tres herramientas de corte para mejorar la visualización y distinción de las características anatómicas en el entrenamiento del modelo CNN. Métodos: Recolectamos las muestras entre el 2020 y 2021 en áreas de explotación forestal y aserraderos de Selva Central, Perú. Luego, las dimensionamos y, previo a la identificación botánica y anatómica, las cortamos en secciones transversales. Generamos una base de datos de imágenes macroscópicas de la sección transversal de la madera, a través del corte, con tres herramientas para ver su rendimiento en el laboratorio, campo y puesto de control. Resultados: Usamos tres herramientas de corte para obtener una alta calidad de imágenes transversales de la madera; obtuvimos 3 750 imágenes macroscópicas con un microscopio portátil que corresponden a 25 especies maderables. El cuchillo ''Tramontina'' es duradero, pero pierde el filo con facilidad y se necesita una herramienta para afilar, el cúter retráctil ''Pretul'' es adecuado para madera suave y dura en muestras pequeñas de laboratorio; el cuchillo ''Ubermann'' es apropiado para el campo, laboratorio y puesto de control, porque tiene una envoltura duradera y láminas intercambiables en caso de pérdida de filo. Conclusiones: La calidad de las imágenes es decisiva en la clasificación de especies maderables, porque permite una mejor visualización y distinción de las características anatómicas en el entrenamiento con los modelos de red neuronal convolucional EfficientNet B0 y Custom Vision, lo cual se evidenció en las métricas de precisión.

Introduction: The great diversity of tropical timber species demands the development of new technologies capable of identifying them based on their patterns or anatomical characteristics. The application of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the recognition of tropical timber species has increased in recent years due to the promising results of CNNs. Objective: To evaluate the quality of macroscopic images with three cutting tools to improve the visualization and distinction of anatomical features in the CNN model training. Methods: Samples were collected from 2020 to 2021 in areas of logging and sawmills in the Central Jungle, Peru. They were later sized and, after botanical and anatomical identification, cut in cross sections. A database of macroscopic images of the cross-section of wood was generated through cutting with three different tools and observing its performance in the laboratory, field, and checkpoint. Results: Using three cutting tools, we obtained high quality images of the cross section of wood; 3 750 macroscopic images were obtained with a portable microscope and correspond to 25 timber species. We found the ''Tramontina'' knife to be durable, however, it loses its edge easily and requires a sharpening tool, the ''Pretul'' retractable cutter is suitable for cutting soft and hard wood in small laboratory samples and finally the ''Ubermann'' knife is suitable for use in the field, laboratory, and checkpoint, because it has a durable sheath and interchangeable blades in case of dullness. Conclusion: The quality of the images is decisive in the classification of timber species, because it allows a better visualization and distinction of the anatomical characteristics in training with the EfficientNet B0 and Custom Vision convolutional neural network models, which was evidenced in the precision metrics.

Occupational health and safety challenges among artisanal and small-scale diamond miners in Kimberley, South Africa

Background: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a laborious process often executed with rudimentary low-technology mining equipment. It exposes miners to a myriad of occupational hazards, which may increase health and safety disparities between them and formally employed mine workers. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify workplace hazards and the associated risks; and to assess the effects of mining activities on the health and environment of artisanal diamond miners in Kimberley, Northern Cape province. Methods: This was an interdisciplinary observational ethnographic study. A workplace assessment was undertaken at seven sites in Kimberley. Participants were conveniently selected; snowballing was used to recruit additional participants. Field notes were recorded from observations. Interview questions included those about the duration of artisanal mining, and the risks faced in the workplace. Data collection included photographic documentation. An inductive and deductive process was used to analyse the data and thematic analysis was conducted. Results: The observed occupational hazards included physical (ultraviolet radiation exposure, injuries due to trauma), respiratory (silica dust exposure), biomechanical (heavy lifting, repetitive movement), and psychological (work-related stress, anxiety) hazards. There was a paucity of access to, and use of, personal protective equipment (PPE). Workers improvised ways to protect themselves, e.g. by using cloths as masks. There was no recourse to formal occupational health services and social safety networks. Conclusion: Occupational health and safety challenges included physical, biomechanical, respiratory, and psychosocial hazards. The mining activities had a detrimental impact on the environment.

Qualitative screening of 52 illegally adulterated weight-losing compounds in foods by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveAn analytical method was developed for the qualitative screening of 52 illegally adulterated weight-losing compounds in foods by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MethodsThe samples were extracted by methanol. Waters CORTECS T3 column （100 mm×2.1 mm， 2.7 μm） was used with acetonitrile -0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as mobile phases by gradient elution. The compounds were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and Q-TOF-MS detector in positive and negative ion mode. A standard spectrum library was established by reference standards， and the qualitative analysis was finished by the comparison of the retention time， parent ion and fragment ion accurate molecular mass of each compound in the sample and the library. ResultsThe method was specific without interference of blank matrix， and repeatable in sextuplicate. The detection limits of 52 compounds in 5 matrix were 1‒100 mg‧kg-1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of actual samples，and 16 compounds were checked out in 246 samples. ConclusionThe method is accurate， specific and sensitive， which can be used to combat the illegal adulteration behavior effectively.

Vivências de agentes comunitários de saúde no cuidado da pessoa consumidora de drogas / Experiencias de agentes comunitarios de salud en el cuidado de personas consumidoras de drogas / Experiences of community health agents in the care of drug users

Objetivo: desvelar vivências de agentes comunitários de saúde no cuidado da pessoa consumidora de drogas. Materiais e métodos: estudo fundamentado na fenomenologia merleau-pontyana, realizado no primeiro semestre de 2018, em um município de médio porte no interior da Bahia, Brasil. Participaram do estudo sete agentes comunitários de saúde, a partir de três encontros de grupo focal. As descrições vivenciais foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à técnica analítica da ambiguidade. Resultados: os participantes vivenciam uma condição conflituosa, na qual, ao mesmo tempo que reconhecem a necessidade de assistir as pessoas que fazem o consumo de drogas, são tomados por um sentimento de impotência que dificulta a prática do cuidado. A impotencialidade parece ser motivada por questões amplas e complexas, a exemplo do preconceito ante os consumidores de drogas e a convivência com o "sucateamento" da atenção básica. Conclusões: evidenciou-se que os agentes comunitários de saúde vivenciam desmotivações para o cuidado das pessoas consumidoras de drogas, motivadas por diferentes e complexas questões, que vão desde a associação do consumo à imoralidade, à violência e ao narcotráfico, até a convivência com o "sucateamento" da estratégia saúde da família e a precarização da categoria desses agentes.

Objetivo: dar a conocer las experiencias de los agentes comunitarios de salud en el cuidado de personas consumidoras de drogas. Materiales y métodos: estudio basado en la fenomenología de Merleau-Ponty, realizado en el primer semestre de 2018 en un municipio intermedio al interior del estado de Bahía, Brasil. Siete agentes comunitarios de salud participaron en el estudio, para el cual se desarrollaron tres reuniones bajo la modalidad de grupos focales. Las descripciones experimentales fueron registradas, transcritas y sometidas a la técnica de análisis de ambigüedad. Resultados: los participantes experimentan una condición conflictiva, pues, aunque reconocen la necesidad de ayudar a las personas que usan drogas, al mismo tiempo se sienten abrumados por un sentimiento de impotencia que les dificulta practicar la atención. Este sentimiento parece estar motivado por factores diversos y complejos, como los prejuicios hacia los consumidores de drogas y barreras dentro de la atención primaria en salud. Conclusiones: se evidencia que los agentes comunitarios de salud experimentan desmotivación hacia la atención de personas consumidoras de drogas como consecuencia de factores diversos y complejos, que van desde la asociación del consumo con la inmoralidad, la violencia y el narcotráfico, hasta el debilitamiento de las estrategias de salud para la familia y la precariedad de sus condiciones como agentes de salud.

Objective: To reveal the experiences of community health agents in the care of drug users. Materials and methods: Study based on Merleau-Ponty phenomenology carried out in the first semester of 2018 in a medium-sized municipality in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Seven community health agents participated in the study, which included three focus group meetings. The experiential descriptions were recorded, transcribed, and submitted to ambiguity analysis. Results: Participants reported experiencing a conflictive condition since they recognize the need to assist drug users while at the same time they are overrun by a feeling of helplessness that makes it difficult for them to practice care. Such feeling seems to be motivated by broad and complex issues, such as prejudices toward drug users and living with the scrapping of primary health care. Conclusions: Community health agents experience demotivation toward drug users' care due to different and complex issues, ranging from the association of drug consumption with immorality, violence and drug trafficking, up to living with the scrapping of drugs in the family health strategy and the precariousness of the community health agent category

Caracterización del estilo de vida en la etapa de recuperación de adolescentes adictos a drogas ilegales / Characterization of the lifestyle in the recovery stage of adolescents addicted to illegal drugs

Introducción: El consumo de drogas ilegales por los adolescentes se considera en la actualidad, como un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Cuba no está exenta de esta problemática. Una vez instaurada la adicción, el estilo de vida que desarrolle cada individuo es determinante para el proceso de recuperación. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estilo de vida de adolescentes adictos a drogas ilegales en la etapa de recuperación. Métodos: La investigación se basó en un diseño mixto y consistió en el estudio de los 26 adolescentes adictos a drogas ilegales que fueron atendidos en el Departamento de Salud Mental del municipio Playa, La Habana, Cuba, durante el primer trimestre de 2018. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Estilo de Vida Promotor de Salud y se realizaron cuatro grupos focales. Resultados: Los 26 sujetos evaluados presentaron una conducta irresponsable ante la salud y el cuidado de sí mismo. No obstante, el soporte interpersonal fue adecuado en 76,9 por ciento de los casos estudiados, y 46,15 por ciento de ellos presentó habilidades para manejo adecuado del estrés. Fue identificada la carencia de hábitos adecuados de ejercitación física (73,1 por ciento) y de comportamientos nutricionales y de autoactualización (69,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las adicciones constituyen un trastorno crónico y el tratamiento para la recuperación tiene entre sus pilares principales la modificación del estilo de vida. El apoyo interpersonal y las habilidades para manejar el estrés que logre desarrollar el paciente adicto pueden ayudarlo asumir su estilo de vida, y su salud con más responsabilidad. Para que el proceso de recuperación concluya satisfactoriamente y se eviten recaídas desmoralizantes, debe procurarse la adecuación de la autoestima, el compromiso con proyectos de vida realistas y la satisfacción con su situación personal(AU)

Introduction: The use of illegal drugs by adolescents is nowadays considered as a global public health problem. Cuba is not an exception of this problem. Once the addiction is established, the lifestyle developed by each individual is determinant for the recovery process. Objective: Characterize the lifestyle of adolescents addicted to illegal drugs in the recovery stage. Methods: The research was based in mixed design and consisted in the study of 26 adolescents addicted to illegal drugs whom were attended in the Mental Health Service of Playa municipality, Havana, Cuba during the first quarter of 2018. It was applied the Questionnaire of Lifestyle - Health Promoter and four focus groups were formed. Results: The 26 patients assessed showed an irresponsible behaviour towards health and self-care. However, the interpersonal support was adequate in 76,9percent of the studied cases, and 46,15percent of them presented skills for an adequate management of stress. It was identified lack of adequate habits of physical activity (73,1percent) and of nutritional behaviours and auto-updating (69,2percent). Conclusions: Addictions are a chronic disorder and the treatment for recovery has among its pillars the modification of lifestyle. Interpersonal support and skills to manage stress that the addict patient is able to develop would help to assume his-her lifestyle and health with more responsibility. In order that the recovery process ends up satisfactorily and to avoid that demoralizing relapses occur, it must be seek the adequacy of self-steem, the commitment with realistic life projects and satisfaction with the personal situation(AU)

Procesos de vinculación, permanencia y reintegración social de niños y niñas que participaron en grupos armados ilegales en Colombia / Processes of Involvement, Permanence, and Social Reintegration of Children Who Participated in Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia

Resumen El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre los procesos de vinculación, permanencia y reintegración de niños y niñas que participaron en grupos armados ilegales de Colombia (gai). Se revisaron 51 documentos de bases de datos especializadas y catálogos de universidades colombianas en el periodo entre 2005 y 2018. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los estudios realizados se concentran en los procesos de vinculación y reintegración. Se discuten diferentes perspectivas sobre la denominación de este grupo poblacional, se mencionan las causas identificadas para la vinculación, dinámicas de interacción y ajuste a los gaidurante la permanencia. Así mismo, se analizan las vivencias en los procesos de reintegración y características de los programas de atención y se presentan algunas recomendaciones para los procesos de reintegración.

Abstract The current work aimed to review the literature on the processes of involvement, permanence and reintegration of children who participated in illegal armed groups (iag) in Colombia. Fifty-one (51) documents of specialized databases and catalogs of Colombian universities were reviewed in the period between 2005 and 2018. The results showed that most of the studies on the participation of children in armed groups are focused on the processes of involvement and reintegration. Different perspectives on the denomination of this population group are discussed, as well as the causes identified for the involvement and the dynamics of interaction and adjustment to the iagduring the stay. Besides, the experiences involved during the reintegration processes were analyzed and the characteristics of the care programs are mentioned. Finally, some recommendations for the reintegration process are presented.

La técnica de modelamiento y el tratamiento penitenciario: el caso de los internos extranjeros de difícil readaptación por tráfico ilícito de drogas en el establecimiento penitenciario Ancón II, Lima, Perú / The Modeling Technique and Penitentiary Treatment: the Case of Foreign Inmates Imprisoned due to Illegal Drug Trafficking with Rehabilitation Difficulties in the Ancón II Detention Facility, Lima, Peru / Técnica de modelagem e tratamento penitenciário: o caso do presidiários estrangeiros de difícil readaptação devido ao tráfico de drogas na penitenciária Ancón II, Lima, Peru

Resumen El establecimiento penitenciario Ancón II fue designado como "modelo" para reorientar el tratamiento penitenciario basado en técnicas modernas; por ello, recibió internos por tráfico ilícito de drogas de difícil readaptación que llegaron desde el establecimiento penitenciario del Callao. En el diagnóstico criminológico se observó renuencia a participar en las acciones psicológicas, desinterés por actividades laborales o educativas, e inadecuado arreglo personal. La investigación aplicada tuvo como objetivo proporcionar el tratamiento penitenciario. Usó como metodología la técnica de reforzamiento positivo y modelamiento. La población estuvo conformada por 67 internos, quienes decidieron participar voluntariamente en el proyecto. Los resultados muestran que el 91% de los internos alcanzó un cambio conductual significativo durante y después de participar en el proyecto Programa Integral de Tratamiento para Extranjeros en Reclusión (P.I.T.E.R.). Se concluyó que la aplicación de las técnicas conductuales facilita la participación en el tratamiento penitenciario por parte de internos extranjeros de difícil readaptación por tráfico ilícito de drogas.

Abstract The Ancón II detention facility was designated as the "model" for redirecting penitentiary treatment based on modern techniques: for this reason, it received inmates imprisoned due to illegal drug trafficking with Rehabilitation Difficulties from the Callao detention facility. Reluctance to participate in psychological actions, a lack of interest in work or educational activities and inadequate personal grooming were observed in the criminological diagnosis. The objective of the applied research was to provide penitentiary treatment. It used the positive reinforcement and modeling techniques as its methodology. The population was 67 inmates, who voluntarily decided to participate in the project. The results showed that 91% of inmates achieved a significant behavioral change while and after participating in the Comprehensive Treatment for Imprisoned Foreigners Program (P.I.T.E.R.) project. It was concluded that applying behavioral techniques facilitates the participation of foreign inmates imprisoned due to illegal drug trafficking with rehabilitation difficulties in penitentiary treatment.

Resumo A penitenciária Ancón II foi designada como "modelo" para reorientar o tratamento penitenciário com base em técnicas modernas; por isso, recebeu presos por tráfico ilícito de drogas de difícil readaptação que chegaram da penitenciária de Callao. No diagnóstico criminológico observou-se relutância em participar nas ações psicológicas, desinteresse pelas atividades de trabalho ou educacionais e cuidados pessoais inadequados. A pesquisa aplicada teve como objetivo proporcionar o tratamento penitenciário. Usou como metodologia a técnica de reforço positivo e a técnica de modelagem. A população esteve composta por 67 presidiários que decidiram participar voluntariamente do projeto. Os resultados mostram que 91% dos reclusos conseguiram uma mudança comportamental significativa durante e após a participação no projeto Programa Integral de Tratamento para Estrangeiros em Reclusão (P.I.T.E.R.). Concluiuse que a aplicação de técnicas comportamentais facilita a participação em tratamento penitenciário de presidiários estrangeiros de difícil readaptação pelo tráfico ilícito de drogas.

Miseria en el hogar: el encierro domiciliario de las mujeres detenidas por delitos relacionados con las drogas en Medellín / Hardship at Home: Domestic Incarceration of Women Detained due to Drug-related Crimes in Medellín / Miséria na casa: a prisão domiciliar das mulheres detidas por crimes relacionados às drogas em Medellín

Resumen El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación realizada en la cárcel El Pedregal durante el año 2018. En el texto sostenemos que las situaciones de violencia, pobreza y exclusión social que condicionan el ingreso a prisión de las mujeres condenadas por delitos relacionados con el narcotráfico, no sólo afectan el proceso de reinserción social de las internas, sino que suponen retos significativos para garantizar los fines de la pena cuando se trata de las penas o medidas domiciliarias. Estas dificultades hacen que, en su forma actual, el domicilio, como mecanismo alternativo a la pena intramural, no tenga capacidad para cumplir las funciones que le son asignadas, como son el de facilitar la resocialización, la disminución de la reincidencia y la reducción de los efectos negativos del encarcelamiento. Por ello, sostenemos que es necesario no sólo fortalecer el sistema institucional dirigido a supervisar a las mujeres en dicha condición, sino brindar una atención integral que permita superar las condiciones de marginalidad en que se encuentran las mujeres encerradas en el hogar.

Abstract This article is the result of research performed in the El Pedregal prison during 2018. In this text, we sustain that violence, poverty and social exclusion, which condition the imprisonment of women detained due to crimes related to drug trafficking not only affect the inmates' social reinsertion process, but pose significant challenges to ensuring the purposes of the penalty when they are domestic penalties or measures. These difficulties keep the home, in its current state, as an alternative mechanism to intramural penalties, from having the capacity to perform the functions assigned to it, such as facilitating resocialization, reducing recidivism and decreasing the negative effects of imprisonment. For this reason, we maintain that it is not only necessary to strengthen the institutional system aimed at supervising women in said condition, but to provide comprehensive attention that allows women incarcerated at home to overcome conditions of marginality.

Resumo Este artigo é o resultado de uma pesquisa realizada no presídio El Pedregal em 2018. No texto argumentamos que as situações de violência, pobreza e exclusão social que condicionam a admissão das mulheres condenadas por crimes relacionados ao tráfico de drogas, não só afetam o processo de reinserção social das presidiárias, mas também supõem desafios importantes para garantir os fins da pena quando tratam-se das penas ou medidas domiciliárias. Essas dificuldades fazem com que, na sua forma atual, o domicílio, como mecanismo alternativo da pena intramuro, não tenha capacidade para cumprir as funções que lhe são atribuídas, como facilitar a ressocialização, diminuir a reincidência e reduzir os efeitos negativos do encarceramento. Por isso, defendemos que é necessário não só fortalecer o sistema institucional orientado para a supervisão das mulheres nessa condição, mas também oferecer uma atenção integral que permita superar as condições de marginalização em que se encontram as mulheres encerradas em casa.

Percepções de enfermeiros sobre a influência do ambiente laboral na utilização de substâncias psicoativas / Nurses' perceptions about the influence of the labor environment in the use of psychoactive substances

|Introdução: O ambiente laboral da enfermagem é permeado por riscos físicos e psíquicos, o que contribui para o desgaste do profissional da área da saúde que acaba recorrendo às substâncias psicoativas como estratégia de defesa. Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções de enfermeiros sobre a influência do ambiente laboral para o uso de substâncias psicoativas. Métodos: Estudo exploratório-descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 14 enfermeiros de dois hospitais públicos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A falta de recursos humanos e materiais, a submissão, a falta de autonomia, relações interpessoais conflituosas e a disputa pelo poder foram apontados como fatores que podem propiciar o uso de substâncias psicoativas. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros estão expostos a fatores estressores em seu ambiente laboral que podem ser contributivos para o uso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas, que vão desde a falta de recursos humanos até a disputa pelo poder, perpassando pelos conflitos interpessoais e a falta de autonomia profissional.

Background: The work environment of nurses is characterized by physical and mental hazards liable to cause exhaustion and lead them to take psychoactive substances as coping strategy. Objective: To investigate nurses' perception of the work environment influence on psychoactive substance intake. Methods: Exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study with 14 nurses in two public hospitals. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and subjected to content analysis. Results: Staff and material shortages, submission, lack of autonomy, conflict in interpersonal relationships and power struggles were the main reasons for nurses to take psychoactive substances. Conclusion: Nurses are exposed to stressors in the workplace, including understaffing, power struggles, interpersonal conflict and lack of autonomy, which may lead them to take legal or illegal drugs.

Pharmacy Customers’ Awareness of the Illegality of Transferring Drugs to a Third Party / 医薬品情報学

Background: Although transferring drugs to a third party, even in a personal capacity, is illegal in Japan, many drug transactions are carried out via internet auction sites. Pharmacy consumers might not be aware of the illegality of transferring drugs to others due to various factors. To clarify pharmacy consumers’ awareness of this issue and its covariates, we carried out a questionnaire survey.Methods: A self-completed questionnaire, consisting of yes/no and multiple-choice questions, was used. The adult patients who visited Keio University Pharmacy were asked to fill out the questionnaire.Results and Discussion: One hundred and fifty-one response sheets were effectively collected from 173 responders. The subjects’awareness of the illegality of transferring drugs was significantly affected by the formulation (oral vs. patches) and pharmacological category of the drug, as well as the source of the drug (prescribed vs. over the counter). Patient education about the illegality of personally transferring drugs, especially patches, might be required to avoid illegal drug transfers, including via the internet.

Simultaneously detect three illegal additive components in Yinhuang soft capsule by TLC-SERS / 药学实践杂志

Objective To establish a simultaneous detection of diclofenac sodium, fenbufen and rotundine hydrochloride illegally added in Yinhuang soft capsules by TLC-SERS. Methods The samples to be measured were placed on the silica gel plate, and the thin layer was developed with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (3:5). Location detection was carried out under 254 nm ultraviolet lamp. Nano-silver colloidal solution was sprayed at each spot of separation according to the optimum conditions, and then qualitative identification was done by TLC-SERS. Results A method for simultaneous determination of diclofenac sodium, fenbufen and rotundine hydrochloride illegally added in Yinhuang soft capsule by TLC-SERS was established. And the minimum detection limits of three chemical constituents were determined. Conclusion TLC-SERS was a rapid, accurate and sensitive method for the simultaneous and rapid detection of diclofenac sodium, fenbufen and rotundine hydrochloride illegally added into Yinhuang soft capsule.

A Descriptive Summary Of Unlicensed Dental Practice

@#Despite the fines and action taken by authorities against illegal dental practise, it could not be eliminated and remain a threat to the public’s oral health. The aim of this study was to gather holistic evidence on unlicensed dental practice by collating news coverage, scientific research publications, and information on social media activities of illegal dental practitioners. Information on news coverage was collated via Google, Yahoo and Bing while information on research publications was obtained through three databases, Scopus, Pubmed and Google Scholar. Public data from Facebook and Instagram were extracted to gain information on illegal dental services actively provided. Out of 195 news reported regarding unlicensed dental practitioner, only 110 news reported on legal actions received with 81 news reports were on financial punishments, and the rest was on jail terms or probation. For scientific publications, only 13 related publications were found, and the majority were case reports. Despite having a law that stated an unlicensed dentist would be punished, there were more than 170 Facebook, and Instagram users with thousands of followers found actively offering illegal dental services to the public. In conclusion, not much attention was paid by the scientific community on illegal dental practice despite it being a significant public health issue and covered quite thoroughly in the news, and services are still actively offered through social media. This descriptive report helps give a holistic perspective on the illegal dental service providers issue, especially in Malaysia.

Estratégias de cuidado às gestantes dependentes de drogas: um scoping review / Estrategias de atención a mujeres drogodependientes embarazadas: una revisión de alcance / Care strategies for drug-dependent pregnant women: a scoping review

RESUMO Introdução: este trabalho buscou responder à seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: como cuidar da dependência, de drogas lícitas e ilícitas, de gestantes em contexto de serviço ambulatorial de saúde? Objetivo: identificar na literatura as estratégias interventivas de cuidados às gestantes afetadas pelo consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo de revisão do tipo Scoping Review de acordo com o Instituto Joanna Briggs. Bases de dados pesquisadas: LILACS, MedLine, BDENF, PubMed, Web of Science e CINHAL. Os principais descritores foram: gestantes, drogas ilícitas, padrão de cuidado e assistência ambulatorial. Resultados: foram identificados 939 artigos sendo selecionados nove estudos da base de dados PubMed, publicados nos Estados Unidos, com desenho do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, no período de 2007- 2015. As gestantes apresentavam perfis de baixa renda e de vulnerabilidade social. As estratégias de intervenção de cuidados foram de entrevista motivacional aprimorada, intervenção breve e, especialmente, de um projeto de intervenção terapêutica pelo trabalho, cuja finalidade era o estímulo à abstinência associado ao apoio financeiro para melhora da qualidade de vida. Conclusão: a produção do cuidado às gestantes envolveu trabalho relacional como acolhimento, vínculo, escuta e sensibilidade para abordagem sócio-histórico-cultural, associados às especificidades de gênero e tempo.

RESUMEN Introducción: este trabajo buscó contestar a la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿cómo cuidar la dependencia de drogas, lícitas e ilícitas, de embarazadas en contexto de servicio ambulatorio de salud? Objetivo: identificar en la literatura las estrategias interventoras de cuidados a las embarazadas afectadas por el consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Metodología: se trata de un estudio de revisión del tipo revisión de alcance según el Instituto Joanna Briggs. Bases de datos investigadas: LILACS, MedLine, BDENF, PubMed, Web ofSciencey CINHAL. Los principales descriptores fueron: gestantes, drogas ilícitas, padrão de cuidado y assistência ambulatorial. Resultados: fueron identificados 939 artículos siendo seleccionados nueve estudios de la base de datos PubMed, publicados en los Estados Unidos, condiseño del tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado, en el período de 2007-2015. Las embarazadas presentaban perfiles de bajos ingresos y de vulnerabilidad social. Las estrategias de intervención de cuidados fueron de entrevista motivacional perfeccionada, intervención breve y, especialmente, de un proyecto de intervención terapéutica por el trabajo, cuya finalidad era el fomento a la abstinencia asociado al apoyo financiero para mejora de la calidad de vida. Conclusión: la producción del cuidado a las mujeres embarazadas involucró trabajo relacional como acogida, vínculo, escucha y sensibilidad para abordaje socio-histórico-cultural asociados a las especificidades de género y tiempo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: this study sought to answer the following research question: how to deal with pregnant women's dependence on legal and illegal drugs in the context of ambulatory health services? Objective: to identify, in the literature, care intervention strategies aimed at expectant mothers affected by use of legal and illegal drugs. Methodology: in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute, this is a scoping review. Searched databases: LILACS, MedLine, BDENF, PubMed, Web of Science and CINHAL. The main descriptors were: pregnant women, illegal drugs, standard of care, and ambulatory care. Results: a total of 939 articles were identified, and nine studies were selected from the PubMed database, all published in the United States, with a randomized clinical trial design, and conducted from 2007 to 2015. The pregnant women's profiles were characterized by low income and social vulnerability. The care intervention strategies were composed of enhanced motivational interviewing, brief intervention and, especially, therapeutic intervention through work, whose purpose was to encourage abstinence in association with financial support for a better quality of life. Conclusion: the production of care towards the expectant mothers involved relational work such as welcoming, bonding, listening and sensitivity for a socio-historical-cultural approach, all associated with gender and time specificities.

Occurrence and predictors of abortion among women of the reproductive age group in a block of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India

Background: Despite being a sensitive and less explored issue, abortion is a major preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality affecting millions of women in developing countries. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the occurrence, nature, and predictors of abortion among women in the reproductive age group in Naxalbari block of Darjeeling district. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Naxalbari block of Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India, from May 2015 to April 2016, among 420 women aged 15–49 years selected from 30 villages by cluster sampling technique. A predesigned, pretested interview schedule validated in the local vernacular was used. Binary logistic regression was used for finding out predictors of abortion among ever-pregnant women. Results: Lifetime occurrence of abortion was 33.6%. Among total 178 events of abortion, 51.7% were spontaneous and 48.3% induced. Majority of spontaneous abortions events were attended by a doctor (73.9%). About 59.3% of induced abortions were illegal, and unwanted pregnancy was major reason (62.4%) for induced abortion. Private facilities and over the counter drugs were preferred. Lower education, nuclear family, number of children <2, not having male child, domestic violence during pregnancy were significant predictors of abortion. Conclusions: Illegal abortions were highly prevalent in the area. Unwanted pregnancies hint toward unmet needs of family planning. Stigma and poor awareness were the root cause of not visiting a health facility in case of abortions. Building up of better infrastructure, better orientation of frontline workers, non-judgemental and confidential services will attract women to in government facilities.

Conductas prosociales y su relación con la empatía y la autoeficacia para la regulación emocional en adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados ilegales / Prosocial behaviors and their relationship with empathy and selfefficacy for emotional regulation in adolescents disconnected from illegal armed groups / Condutas pró-sociais e a sua relação com a empatia e a autoeficácia para a regulação emocional em adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados ilegais

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias prosociales y su relación con la empatía y las creencias de autoeficacia para la regulación del afecto en adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados ilegales pertenecientes a la modalidad Hogar Sustituto Tutor en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Metodología: cuantitativa, diseño no experimental de tipo transversal; el estudio fue de alcance descriptivo-correlacional. Muestra: No probabilística a disponibilidad, conformada por 35 adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados, los cuales están en el programa de restablecimiento de derechos en la modalidad Hogar Sustituto Tutor del ICBF en Manizales (Caldas, Colombia). Instrumentos: Se utilizó la escala de tendencias prosociales, versión revisada (PTM-R), el índice de reactividad interpersonal (IRI) y la escala de autoeficacia para la regulación del afecto (RESE). Resultados: Los componentes afectivos, en términos de preocupación empática y la autoeficacia emocional, presentaron un mayor efecto predictor de las conductas prosociales. Los hallazgos muestran que los factores emocionales, especialmente en situaciones de emergencia, obediencia o complacencia, están relacionados con las expresiones prosociales que presentan los adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados que hicieron parte de este estudio.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the prosocial tendencies and their relationship with empathy and self-efficacy beliefs for the regulation of affection in adolescents detached from illegal armed groups belonging to the Tutor Substitute Home modality in the city of Manizales, Colombia. Methodology: quantitative, non-experimental design of transversal type; the study was of descriptive-correlational scope. Sample: Non-probabilistic on availability, made up of 35 adolescents detached from armed groups, who are in the rights restoration program in the Tutor Substitute Home modality of the ICBF in Manizales (Caldas, Colombia). Instruments: The prosocial trend scale, revised versión (PTM-R), the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) and the self-efficacy for affect regulation scale (RESE) were used. Results: The affective components, in terms of empathic concern and emotional self-efficacy, had a greater predictive effect of prosocial behaviors. The findings show that emotional factors, especially in emergencies, obedience or complacency, are related to the prosocial expressions presented by adolescents detached from armed groups that were part of this study.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar as tendências pró-sociais e a sua relação com a empatia e as crenças de autoeficácia para a regulação do afeto em adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados ilegais pertencentes à modalidade "Hogar Sustituto Tutor" [Lar Substituto Tutor] na cidade de Manizales, Colômbia. Metodologia: quantitativa, desenho não experimental de tipo transversal; o estudo foi de alcance descritivocorrelacional. Amostra: não probabilística a disponibilidade, formada por 35 adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados, os quais estão no programa de restabelecimento de direitos na modalidade "Hogar Sustituto Tutor" do ICBF em Manizales (Caldas, Colômbia). Instrumentos: foi utilizada a escala de tendências pró-sociais, versão revisada (PTM-R, na sigla em inglês), o índice de reatividade interpessoal (IRI, na sigla em inglês) e a escala de autoeficácia para a regulação do afeto (RESE). Resultados: os componentes afetivos, em termos de preocupação empática e a autoeficácia emocional, presentaram um maior efeito preditor das condutas prósociais. As descobertas mostram que os fatores emocionais, especialmente em situações de emergência, obediência ou complacência, estão relacionados com as expressões prósociais que apresentam os adolescentes desvinculados de grupos armados que fizeram parte deste estudo.

Abortos seguros e inseguros: Costos monetarios totales y costos para el sistema de salud de la Argentina en 2018 / Safe and unsafe abortions: Total monetary costs and health care system costs in Argentina in 2018

RESUMEN Durante el primer semestre de 2018, en Argentina se inició un profundo debate sobre la legalización de la práctica del aborto, que puso en evidencia la falta de estudios científicos que aborden la dimensión económica del tema en la Argentina. Este trabajo busca avanzar en la cuantificación de los costos del aborto bajo dos escenarios: el del actual contexto de ilegalidad y los costos potenciales si se aplicaran los protocolos internacionales recomendados, en un contexto de legalización de la práctica. Los resultados de la comparación de los costos monetarios totales en 2018 (privados o de bolsillo y para el sistema de salud) del escenario actual de ilegalidad y práctica insegura del aborto, frente a escenarios potenciales de prácticas seguras, muestran que se podría ahorrar una gran cantidad de recursos si se implementaran los protocolos recomendados. Dichos resultandos, además, se muestran robustos al realizar una serie de ejercicios de sensibilidad sobre los principales supuestos incluidos en las comparaciones.

ABSTRACT During the first semester of 2018, a profound debate on the legalization of the practice of abortion was initiated in Argentina, which exposed the lack of scientific studies addressing the economic dimension of abortion in this country. This work seeks to move forward in the quantification of the costs of abortion under two scenarios: the current context of illegality and the potential costs if the recommended international protocols were applied in a context of legalization of the practice. The results of the comparison between, on the one hand, the total monetary costs in 2018 (private or out-of-pocket expenditure and costs for the health care system) of the current scenario of illegality and unsafe practice of abortion and, on the other hand, potential scenarios of safe practices, shows that a large amount of resources could be saved if the recommended protocols were implemented. These results proved to be robust after carrying out a series of sensitivity exercises on the main assumptions included in the comparisons.

Perception of harm and benefits of marijuana and its relationship with the intention of use and consumption in colombian adolescents / Percepção de danos e benefícios da maconha e sua relação com a intenção de uso e consumo em adolescentes colombianos / Percepción de daños y beneficios de la marihuana y su relación con la intención de uso y consumo en adolescentes colombianos

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of harm and benefits associated with the use of marijuana and its relation to real consumption, as well as the intention to use it in a context of regulatory changes, in young students, between 15 and 17 years old, of a public school in Bogota Colombia. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional survey was carried out. 268 students in grade 9th to 11th from a public school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia participated of the study. Results: results reveled that there is an association between the perception of benefits and the consumption of marijuana. In addition, how a low perception of risk is associated with an intention to use in a context of legalization. Conclusion: this is one of the first studies in Colombia which explores the intention to use (at age 18) in a context of regulatory changes, as well as the attitude of young people towards the legalization of marijuana for medicinal and recreational use.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a percepção de danos e benefícios associados ao consumo de maconha e sua relação com o atual consumo, bem como com a intenção de uso em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, em jovens entre 15 e 17 anos, estudantes de um colégio público em Bogotá, Colômbia. Método: realizou-se estudo quantitativo, transversal, tipo questionário. Participaram 268 estudantes do 9º ao 11º grau de um colégio público da cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia. Resultados: os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação entre a percepção de benefícios e o consumo de maconha. Além disso, também demostraram como uma baixa percepção de risco está associada a uma intenção de uso em um contexto de legalização. Conclusão: este é um dos primeiros estudos na Colômbia que explora a intenção de uso (aos 18 anos) em um contexto de mudanças regulatórias, bem como a atitude dos jovens em relação à legalização da maconha para uso medicinal e de lazer.

RESUMEN Objectivo: analizar la relación entre la percepción de daños y beneficios asociados al consumo de marihuana y su relación con el actual consumo, así como con la intención de uso en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, en jóvenes entre los 15 y 17 años estudiantes de un colegio público en Bogotá, Colombia. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, transversal tipo encuesta. Participaron 268 estudiantes de grado 9º a 11º de un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que existe una asociación entre la percepción de beneficios y el consumo de marihuana. Adicional a que como una baja percepción de riesgo está asociada a una intención de uso en un contexto de legalización. Conclusión: este es uno de los primeros estudios en el Colombia que explora la intención de uso (a los 18 años) en un contexto de cambios regulatorios, así como la actitud de los jóvenes hacia la legalización de la marihuana para uso medicinal y recreacional.

Drug consumption, knowledge on the consequences of consumption and academic performance among college students in San Salvador, El Salvador / Uso de drogas, conhecimento das consequências do consumo e desempenho académico entre estudantes universitários em San Salvador, El Salvador / Consumo de drogas, conocimiento de las consecuencias del consumo y rendimiento académico entre estudiantes universitarios en San Salvador, El Salvador

ABSTRACT Objective: determine the relationship among drug consumption, knowledge on the consequences of consumption and academic performance, for alcohol cocaine and marijuana, among undergraduate students of social sciences and health of San Salvador, El Salvador. Method: the used method was a cross-sectional survey, with a convenience sample of 250 university students. A modified version of the combination of two instruments was applied evaluating the variables for the knowledge on the consequences, pursuing the knowledge of a student about the adverse effects of the biological, psychological and social categories related to consumption of the drugs under study. Drug consumption was evaluated by consulting the student whether or not they used drugs at any time or in the last 3 months. Academic performance was evaluated by consulting students on the average in which they are applied on a scale of 1 to 10. Results: the results showed that 88.1% of the survey participants have a broad knowledge on the consequences of consuming alcoholic beverages; 45.5% on the consequences of marijuana use and 55.7% know the consequences of cocaine consumption. While 28.4% have consumed alcohol in the last year, 6.5% have consumed marijuana and 1.7% cocaine. The relationship of alcohol consumption with the knowledge on each of the consequences reflected a very low influence, while the larger is the knowledge obtained from these consequences caused by the use of the drugs under study, the lower is the consumption. Conclusion: the use of alcohol, cocaine and marijuana is not related to academic performance, indicating very low positive and negative correlations according to each case.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a relação entre o uso de drogas, o conhecimento das consequências do consumo e o desempenho acadêmico, para o álcool, cocaína e maconha, entre estudantes de graduação em ciências sociais e em saúde de San Salvador, El Salvador. Método: foi utilizado questionário de modelo transversal, com amostra de conveniência de 250 estudantes universitários. Aplicou-se versão alterada da combinação de dois instrumentos, avaliando as variáveis do conhecimento das consequências, em busca do conhecimento do estudante em relação aos efeitos adversos das categorias biológicas, psicológicas e sociais do uso de drogas pesquisado; o consumo de drogas foi avaliado perguntando ao estudante se usou ou não drogas alguma vez nos últimos 3 meses; o desempenho acadêmico foi avaliado consultando os estudantes sobre a média na qual ele está, aplicando uma escala de 1 a 10. Resultados: os resultados evidenciaram que 88,1% dos participantes da pesquisa possui conhecimento amplo sobre as consequências do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas; 45,5% das consequências do uso de maconha e 55,7% conhecem as consequências do consumo de cocaína. Enquanto 28,4% têm consumido álcool no último ano, 6,5% consumiram maconha e 1,7% cocaína. A relação do consumo de álcool com o conhecimento de cada consequência refletiu uma influência muito baixa que quanto maior o conhecimento dessas consequências causadas pelo uso das drogas estudadas, menor será o consumo. Conclusão: o uso de álcool, cocaína e maconha não tem relação com o desempenho acadêmico, indicando correlações positivas e negativas muito baixas dependendo do caso.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el consumo de drogas, conocimiento de las consecuencias del consumo y el rendimiento académico, para el alcohol cocaína y marihuana, entre estudiantes de pregrado de ciencias sociales y de la salud de San Salvador, El Salvador. Método: el método utilizado fue una encuesta de diseño transversal, con una muestra de conveniencia de 250 estudiantes universitarios. Se aplicó una versión modificada de la combinación de dos instrumentos evaluando las variables del conocimiento de las consecuencias, persiguiendo el saber de un estudiante sobre los efectos adversos de las categorías biológicas, psicológicas y sociales del consumo de las drogas en estudio; el consumo de drogas fue evaluado consultando al estudiante si usaron o no drogas alguna vez o en los últimos 3 meses; el rendimiento académico fue evaluado consultando a los estudiantes el promedio en el que se encuentran aplicado en una escala del 1 al 10. Resultados: os resultados evidenciaron que el 88.1% de participantes de la encuesta posee un conocimiento amplio de las consecuencias del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas; el 45.5% de las consecuencias del consumo de marihuana y el 55.7% conoce las consecuencias del consumo de cocaína. Mientras que el 28.4% ha consumido alcohol en el último año, el 6.5% ha consumido marihuana y el 1.7% cocaína. La relación del consumo de alcohol con el conocimiento de cada una de las consecuencias reflejó una influencia muy baja de que a mayor conocimiento se tenga de estas consecuencias causadas por el uso de las drogas en estudio, menor será el consumo. Conclusión: el uso de alcohol, cocaína y marihuana no está relacionado con el rendimiento académico, indicando correlaciones positivas y negativas muy bajas según cada caso.