Evaluación de riesgo de infecciones e inmunización en pacientes inmunosuprimidos por enfermedad neurológica / Assessment of the risk of infections and immunization in immunosuppressed patients due to neurological disease

RESUMEN La relación entre las enfermedades inmunológicamente mediadas del sistema nervioso central (SNC) y las infecciones es muy estrecha. En primer lugar, es importante reconocer que las infecciones pueden desencadenar reacciones inmunopatológicas que pueden conducir posteriormente a la manifestación de enfermedades neurológicas. En segundo lugar, las infecciones se han reconocido como complicación de algunas de las terapias empleadas para tratar condiciones neurológicas que requieren cierto grado de inmunosupresión. Las estrategias de mitigación de riesgo (EMR) son muy importantes para prevenir complicaciones asociadas con los tratamientos farmacológicos, así como generar estrategias de prevención con respecto a inmunización y detección del perfil de riesgo, antes del inicio de terapias.

SUMMARY The relationship between immunologically mediated diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and infections is very close. First, it is important to recognize that infections can trigger immunopathological reactions that can subsequently lead to the manifestation of neurological diseases. Second, infections have been recognized as a complication of some of the therapies used to treat neurological conditions that require some degree of immunosuppression. Risk mitigation strategies (RMS) are key in order to prevent complications associated with pharmacological treatments, as well as to generate prevention strategies with respect to immunization and detection of the risk profile, prior to starting therapies.

Life Style as a Risk Factor of Disease: An Awareness of Immunological Disease

Various studies reported that, nowadays, our lifestyle is a major source of many diseases. The present aim of this paper is to cross-sectional study about the awareness of a group of people regarding their lifestyle, associated disease, and awareness of government health care facilities. We carried our study in Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). For the present study, we consider 292 objects from Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with various exclusion criteria such as suffering from any form of mental illness, suffering from any form of physical disabilities, suffering from any chronic illness that require regular prescriptions, no formal education, age below 25 years and above 50 years. The questionnaires were distributed among the participants. Next, we analyzed the data using various statistical measures. Our analysis showed that awareness among the group of people regarding their lifestyle, associated disease, and awareness of government health care facilities is not satisfactory. They have very few training in immunology. They have some awareness about government health care policies. Our study concludes that there is an urgent need for people’s awareness by establishing various health camps as well as various media. Our study will help the government policymaker to design effective policy regarding better health care facilities for the public especially in Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, further study is required for finding the missing link between people’s awareness and available public health care facilities.

Melatonin and its neuroimmunological actions

Introduction: Melatonin is a neurohormone, synthesized mainly in the pineal gland, which regulates the circadian rhythm. Objective: To describe the neuroimmunological actions produced by melatonin. Methods: A review on the subject was carried out using articles of free access in the Pubmed database from 2015 to January 2019. Discussion: The effects of melatonin on the wake-sleep cycle are known. Recently it has been shown that this neurohormone can modulate the immune response and reduce seizures in autoimmune and rheumatologic diseases. It induces the pattern of regulatory T lymphocytes and immunomodulatory cytokines maintaining the homeostasis of the internal environment. In the Central Nervous System inhibits the formation of free radicals, has antioxidant functions and can slow neurodegenerative processes. In the peripheral nerves decreases oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. There are drugs that use melatonin as an active ingredient for its beneficial effects. In Cuba, only the history of a publication on this hormone is collected. Conclusions: Melatonin can be a very useful element in the management of inflammatory and neurological diseases(AU)

Asma e rinite ocupacionais: visão imunoalérgica / Occupational asthma and rhinitis: immunoallergic view

Objetivo: Revisar as características clínicas e diagnósticas da asma e da rinite ocupacionais, citando dados epidemiológicos e particularidades na terapêutica, com ênfase nos aspectos imunológicos que devem ser consideradas na visão do alergista. Fonte de Dados: Revisamos periódicos específicos na área de alergia e imunologia nos últimos 10 anos (1999-2009), considerando principalmente as publicações em inglês, indexadas no Medline e capítulos de livros. Síntese de Dados: São apresentados os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e diagnósticos das doenças respiratórias ocupacionais alérgicas (asma e rinite), e ainda as dos agentes ocupacionais mais comumente envolvidos, descrevendo resumidamente os mecanismos imunológicos e não imunológicos responsáveis pelo quadro clínico. Conclusões: A maioria dos quadros de asma/rinite ocupacionais envolvem mecanismos imunológicos com ou sem a participação de anticorpos IgE, sendo que os quadros IgE mediados correspondem a menos que 5% do total, o que limita o uso de testes alérgicos no diagnóstico. O padrão ouro para a confirmação diagnóstica seria, portanto a provocação específica que reproduz a exposição no ambiente de trabalho, independentemente do mecanismo envolvido. A abordagem multiprofissional é muitas vezes necessária para restabelecer a qualidade de vida do trabalhador afetado.

Objective: To review the clinical and diagnostic features of occupational asthma and rhinitis, showing epidemiological data and a summarized therapy, with emphasis on immunological aspects that should be considered in view of the allergist. Sources of data: The author reviewed specific journals in the field of allergy and immunology in the last 10 years (1999-2009), considering the publications in english, indexed in Medline and also book chapters. Summary of data: The author reported epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic data of work-related allergic respiratory diseases (asthma and rhinitis), and also the characteristics of the most commonly involved occupational agents, describing briefly the immunological and not immunological mechanisms responsible for the cases. Conclusions: Most of the cases of occupational asthma/rhinitis involve immunological mechanisms with or without the participation of IgE antibodies, and the IgE-mediated cases correspond to less than 5% of the total, which limits the use of allergy tests in the diagnosis. The gold standard for diagnostic confirmation is therefore the specific challenge tests that intend to reproduce the exposure in the workplace, regardless of the mechanism involved. A multidisciplinary approach is often necessary to restore the quality of life of the affected workers.

The Impact of Nanomaterials in Immune System

As a nanotechnology has been actively applied to the overall areas of scientific fields, it is necessary to understand the characteristic features, physical behaviors and the potential effects of exposure to nanomaterials and their toxicity. In this article we review the immunological influences induced by several nanomaterials and emphasize establishment of the animal models to estimate the impact of these nanomaterials on development of immunological diseases.