The impact of anthropogenic food supply on fruit consumption by dusky-legged guan (Penelope obscura Temminck, 1815): potential effects on seed dispersal in an Atlantic forest area / O impacto do fornecimento de alimentos humanos no consumo de frutos por jacuguaçus (Penelope obscura Temminck, 1815): potenciais efeitos na dispersão de sementes em uma área de Mata-Atlântica

Abstract Frugivorous birds are important seed dispersers and influence the recruitment of many plant species in the rainforest. The efficiency of this dispersal generally depends on environment quality, bird species, richness and diversity of resources, and low levels of anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, we compared the sighting number of dusky-legged guans (Penelope obscura) by km and their movement in two areas of Serra do Japi, one around the administrative base (Base) where birds received anthropogenic food and a pristine area (DAE) with no anthropogenic resource. We also compared the richness of native seeds in feces of birds living in these two areas. Although the abundance of P. obscura was higher in the Base, these individuals moved less, dispersed 80% fewer species of plants and consumed 30% fewer seeds than individuals from DAE. The rarefaction indicated a low richness in the frugivorous diet of birds from the Base when compared to the populations from DAE. We conclude that human food supply can interfere in the behavior of these birds and in the richness of native seeds dispersed.

Resumo Aves frugívoras são importantes dispersoras de sementes e influenciam no recrutamento de muitas espécies na floresta tropical. A eficiência dessa dispersão geralmente depende da qualidade do meio ambiente, das espécies de aves envolvidas, da riqueza e diversidade de recursos e de baixos níveis de impactos antrópicos. Neste estudo nós comparamos o número de avistamentos de jacuguaçus (Penelope obscura) por Km e seus movimentos em duas áreas na Serra do Japí, uma no entorno da base administrativa (Base) onde as aves receberam alimentos antropogênicos e outra em área pristina (DAE) sem fornecimento de alimentos humanos. Também comparamos a riqueza de sementes nativas nas fezes das aves que vivem nestas duas áreas. Embora a abundância de P. obscura tenha sido maior na Base, esses indivíduos deslocaram-se menos, dispersaram 80% menos espécies de plantas e consumiram 30% menos sementes do que os indivíduos do DAE. A rarefação indicou uma baixa riqueza na dieta frugívora das aves da Base quando comparada às populações do DAE. Concluímos que o fornecimento de alimentos humanos pode interferir no comportamento dessas aves e na riqueza de espécies de sementes nativas dispersadas.

Cuando los árboees no dejan ver el bosque: efecos de los monocultivos forestalles en la conservación de la biodiversidad / When you Cannot See the Forest for the Trees: Effect of Forest Monocultures on Biodiversity Conservation

La población humana crece a tasas que eran inimaginables hace solo un siglo, creando tales presiones sobre los recursos, que solo disminuirán cuando el descenso en la natalidad estabilice la población. Entre estos recursos, la madera es uno de los más demandados. Actualmente el consumo mundial de madera es de más de 3.500 millones de m³, habiéndose multiplicado por seis desde 1950. Para responder a esta demanda se gestionan millones de hectáreas de bosques y plantaciones forestales, que se talan en parte cada año. Las talas determinan efectos drásticos en ecosistemas forestales, afectando tanto a biodiversidad asociada como a los servicios que dichos ecosistemas proporcionan a la sociedad. En este trabajo se hace una revisión de las características estructurales y funcionales que diferencian a los bosques de las plantaciones, a pesar del intento de confusión entre ambos ecosistemas por parte de la FAO y de las empresas del sector que han acuñado el oxímoron “bosques plantados”. Las plantaciones forestales son más productivas que los bosques desde el punto de vista del volumen de madera que se puede obtener, y si se gestionasen bien, podrían disminuir la presión sobre los bosques. Sin embargo, no pueden proporcionar muchos de los servicios que los bosques sí proporcionan, especialmente cuando se trata de plantaciones monoespecíficas constituidas por masas coetáneas de especies exóticas que son gestionadas de forma intensiva. Se repasarán algunas de las numerosas técnicas que permiten compatibilizar la producción de madera con la conservación de biodiversidad.

Human population is growing at rates that were unimaginable only a century ago, creating such pressure on resources, which will only decrease when the decline in birth rate stabilizes population. Among these resources, wood is one of the most demanded. Global consumption of wood is currently more than 3500 million m³, a rate multiplied by six since 1950. To meet this demand, we manage millions of hectares of forests and forest plantations, part of which are cut down each year. This logging determines drastic effects on forests, affecting the biodiversity associated and the ecosystems services provided to society. This work is a review of the structural and functional characteristics that differentiate forests and forest plantations, in spite of the confusion between both ecosystems by FAO and the forest sector companies, which have coined the oxymoron “planted forests”. Forest plantations are more productive than forests from the point of view of the volume of wood that can be obtained from them, and if well managed, could minimize the pressure on forests. However, they do not provide many services that forests do provide, especially in the case of monospecific plantations consisting of even aged individuals of exotic species that are managed intensively. Some of the many techniques that combine the production of wood with the conservation of biodiversity are reviewed.