Implicit and explicit measures of loyalty assessment among military cadets / 陆军军医大学学报

Objective To explore the relevant relationship and specificity between the implicit and explicit loyalty of military cadets in order to provide a theoretical basis and objective indicators for a more comprehensive and objective assessment for individual loyalty.Methods E-Prime 2.0,a classic implicit association paradigm was employed to construct an implicit association loyalty test for 64 military cadets.Simultaneously,an explicit loyalty measurement was conducted using the Chinese Military Personnel Loyalty Scale.Results ① Significant implicit effect was observed in the loyalty assessment of military cadets,indicating a general tendency to perceive higher levels of personal loyalty and lower levels of loyalty to external entities.② Explicit loyalty assessment revealed that the participants had the highest loyalty score towards the Party,the Nation,and the People(4.79±0.34),followed by the loyalty score to their profession(4.38±0.53),and the relatively lower loyalty score towards the unit and leaders(4.03±0.83).Among the 3 dimensions of loyalty,the normative loyalty score ranked highest,while continuance loyalty score took lower.③ There were no correlations among the scores of loyalty to the Party,the Nation,and the People(r=-0.030,P=0.823),to the profession(r=-0.047,P=0.728),to the unit(r=0.050,P=0.710),or to the leaders(r=0.043,P=0.749).Conclusion The implicit effect in the loyalty assessment is significant in military cadets,and there is no significant correlation between explicit and implicit loyalty measurements.Thus,we cannot rely solely on explicit measurements to assess their loyalty attitudes.

La medición de la felicidad a través del Test de Asociación Implícita y su relación con la depresión y el bienestar autoinformados / The measurement of happiness with Implicit Association Test and its relationship with self-reported depression and well-being

Resumen: La evaluación del bienestar subjetivo y psicológico ha alcanzado considerable evidencia científica, principalmente a través de diferentes pruebas de autoinforme. Sin poner en cuestión este tipo de medición, lo cierto es que estas mediciones presentan la desventaja de estar basadas en declaraciones subjetivas y manipulables conscientemente por parte del sujeto. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un diseño bajo el paradigma del Test de Asociación Implícita de Greenwald y Farnham (2000) para aplicarlo a la medición implícita del bienestar subjetivo y psicológico. Así, se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo con una muestra de 327 adultos (51,7% hombres; M = 38,69, DT = 11,98), que completaron un Test de Asociación Implícita para la medida objetiva del bienestar psicológico, y dos medidas autoinformadas para evaluar por un lado la felicidad y por otros posibles síntomas depresivos. Los resultados mostraron una buena fiabilidad del Test de Asociación Implícita, así como asociaciones débiles con las medidas de autoinforme. Una asociación implícita más fuerte con los afectos positivos que con los afectos negativos estuvo relacionada con una mayor felicidad subjetiva y menos síntomas depresivos. Estos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de completar la evaluación del bienestar usando medidas objetivas.

Abstract: The assessment of subjective and psychological well-being has reached considerable scientific evidence, mainly through different self-report tests. Without questioning this type of measurement, the fact is that these measurements have the disadvantage of being based on subjective statements that can be consciously manipulated by the subject. The aim of this work is to present a new instrument following the paradigm of the Implicit Association Test by Greenwald and Farnham (2000) in order to provide the implicit measurement of subjective and psychological well-being. Thus, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 327 adults (51.7% men; M = 38.69, SD = 11.98), who completed an Implicit Association Test for the objective measurement of psychological well-being, and two self-reported measures to assess happiness and depressive symptoms. The results showed good reliability of the Implicit Association Test, as well as weak associations with the self-report measures. A stronger implicit association with positive affects than with negative affects was related to higher subjective happiness and fewer depressive symptoms. These results suggest the possibility of completing the well-being assessment using objective measures.

Implicit attitude of nurses towards doctors based on single-category implicit association test / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To measure the implicit attitude of nurses towards doctors and analyze its influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 356 nurses were selected as study subjects by convenient sampling method. Their implicit attitude towards doctors was measured by Single Category Implicit Association Test. The related influencing factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The response time of nurses on incompatible tasks was higher than that on compatible tasks [(0.87±0.19) vs(0.76±0.15) s,P<0.01]. The median(M) of D value was 0.34. D value of junior college group was higher than that of undergraduate and above group(M: 0.40 vs 0.27, P<0.01). D value in the nurse group was higher than that in the nurse practitioner group and nurse-in-charge and above group(M: 0.43 vs 0.33, 0.43 vs 0.23, P<0.05). D value of the informal staff group was higher than that of the formal staff group(M: 0.35 vs 0.19, P<0.05). The results of ordered multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that establishment was an independent influencing factor of the implicit attitude of nurses towards doctors(P<0.05), after excluding the influence of confounding factors. CONCLUSION: The implicit attitude of nurses towards doctors is positive and mainly affected by the establishment.

The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women

Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.

Intervention study on the stigma of mental illness in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the automatic implicit attitude and explicit stigma of mental illness,and the intervention effectiveness on the stigma of mental illness in college students.Methods Single category implicit association test(SC-IAT) and questionnaire survey were used to study the degree of implicit and explicit mental illness stigma among 30 college students of Peking University,and investigated the effect of two strategies,education and contact.Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 with t-test and variance analysis.Results The D values of SC-IAT in the three dimensions of cognitive evaluation,emotional response and behavioral tendency of college students were 0.29±0.37,0.24±0.43,and 0.10±0.43.There was a statistically significant difference between the cognitive evaluation dimension,the emotional response dimension and 0(t=4.069,P＜0.01;t=2.925,P＜0.01).There was no statistically significant difference between the implicit stigma and the 0 in the behavioral tendency dimension (t=1.423,P=0.167).In the explicit stigma,the mercy dimension score(1.94±0.61) was lower than the median,and the difference was statistically significant(t=-12.286,P＜ 0.01),while the scores of anger dimension (4.62 ± 0.44) and fear dimension (4.55±0.31) were higher than the median (t=13.243,3.200,both P＜0.01).There were no significant differences in the values of implicit and external stigma among pre-intervention,education int.ervention and after contact(P＞0.05).The correct rates of questions "Which of the following situations do you think are considered mentally unhealthy?" and "Which of the following disorders are mental illnesses" (42± 13)％,(54± 13) ％) increased after receiving educational intervention ((49 ± 12) ％,(64± 13) ％),the difference was statistically significant (F=3.682,P＜0.05;F=3.576,P＜ 0.05).Conclusion College students have implicit mental illness stigma,educational and contact intervention strategies can help improve college students' understanding of relevant knowledge,and cannot improve the level of implicit stigma of college students on mental illness.

Intervention study on the stigma of mental illness in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the automatic implicit attitude and explicit stigma of mental illness, and the intervention effectiveness on the stigma of mental illness in college students.@*Methods@#Single category implicit association test(SC-IAT) and questionnaire survey were used to study the degree of implicit and explicit mental illness stigma among 30 college students of Peking University, and investigated the effect of two strategies, education and contact.Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 with t-test and variance analysis.@*Results@#The D values of SC-IAT in the three dimensions of cognitive evaluation, emotional response and behavioral tendency of college students were 0.29±0.37, 0.24±0.43, and 0.10±0.43.There was a statistically significant difference between the cognitive evaluation dimension, the emotional response dimension and 0(t=4.069, P<0.01; t=2.925, P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the implicit stigma and the 0 in the behavioral tendency dimension(t=1.423, P=0.167). In the explicit stigma, the mercy dimension score(1.94±0.61) was lower than the median, and the difference was statistically significant(t=-12.286, P<0.01), while the scores of anger dimension(4.62±0.44) and fear dimension (4.55±0.31) were higher than the median(t=13.243, 3.200, both P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the values of implicit and external stigma among pre-intervention, education intervention and after contact(P>0.05). The correct rates of questions "Which of the following situations do you think are considered mentally unhealthy? " and "Which of the following disorders are mental illnesses" (42±13)%, (54±13)%) increased after receiving educational intervention ((49±12)%, (64±13)%), the difference was statistically significant (F=3.682, P<0.05; F=3.576, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#College students have implicit mental illness stigma, educational and contact intervention strategies can help improve college students' understanding of relevant knowledge, and cannot improve the level of implicit stigma of college students on mental illness.

Attitudes Formation by Small but Meaningful Personal Information

OBJECTIVE: People often evaluate others using fragmentary but meaningful personal information in recent days through social media. It is not clear that whether this process is implicit or explicit and what kind of information is more important in such process.We examined the effects of several meaningful fragmentary information onattitude. METHODS: Thirty three KAIST students were provided four fragmentary information about four virtual people that are meaningful in evaluating people and frequently seen in real life situations, and were asked to imagine that person during four follow-up sessions. Explicit and Implicit attitudes were measured using Likert scale and Implicit Association Test respectively. Also, eye tracking was done to find out the most important information. RESULTS: Strong explicit attitudes, were formed toward both men and women, and weak but significant implicit attitudes, were generated toward men only. Eyetracking results showed that people spent more time reading morality information. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that explicit attitudes are made by propositional learning, which is the main component for evaluating others with several meaningful fragmentary information, and implicit attitudes are formed by top down process. And as well as those of previous studies, morality information was suggested as the most important factor in developing attitudes.

Relationships between implicit and explicit attitude toward death in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the implicit attitude and explicit attitude toward death of college students,and the relationship between the two kinds of attitude.Methods:Totally 65 college studems participated in this study.The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT,including cognition,affection and behavior) was used to exam the implicit attitude toward death of undergraduate students.The Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R,including five dimensions,i.e.,fear of death,death avoidance,death acceptance,escape acceptance,and neutral acceptance) was used to measure the explicit attitude.Results:Data of the SC-IAT indicated that the differences between the mean reaction time of the incompatible task and compatible in all three dimensions and the total SC-IAT were significant (Ps ＜0.01),and both the D scores of the total SC-IAT and three dimensions were larger than zero.The mean score of neutral acceptance was the highest in the five factors of SC-IAT.Relationships between the implicit effect of SC-IAT and the Mean scores of the DAP-R's five factors were not significant(Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:The implicit attitude toward death of college students is negative,the explicit attitude toward death of college students is neutral.The implicit and explicit attitude toward death of college students is incongruent,and they are relatively independent.

O Teste de Associação Implícita para avaliação da preferência profissional em psicologia / The Implicit Association Test (IAT) for professional preference in Psychology / La Prueba de Asociación Implícita (TAI) para la elección profesional en Psicología

Muitas vezes na orientação profissional o processo é focado em aspectos conscientes e explícitos das pessoas avaliadas. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi desenvolver uma medida de atitude implícita (TAI) frente a áreas da psicologia e testar sua solidez psicométrica, de forma a prover instrumentos de apoio à orientação profissional e à pesquisa sobre a mensuração desse tipo de fenômeno. Foram conduzidos dois estudos com amostras diversificadas. Identificou-se que os instrumentos apresentaram qualidades psicométricas aceitáveis e evidências favoráveis de validade. Considera-se que o TAI desenvolvido apresentou qualidades psicométricas aceitáveis e é uma contribuição para o estudo da escolha profissional e orientação profissional, aumentando o conjunto de técnicas disponíveis para avaliação psicológica neste contexto.

Often, the career counseling process focuses on the conscious and explicit aspects of the evaluated people. The aim of this study was to develop a measure of implicit attitude towards areas of psychology and test its psychometric strength in order to provide tools to support career counseling. Two studies were conducted in different samples. It was identified that the instruments showed acceptable psychometric properties and favorable evidence of validity. It is considered that the developed IAT had acceptable psychometric properties and is a contribution to the study of career choice and career counseling, adding to the set of available techniques for psychological evaluation in this context.

A menudo, el proceso de orientación profesional se centra en los aspectos conscientes y explícitos de las personas evaluadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una medida de la actitud implícita (TAI) ante áreas de la psicología y probar su fuerza psicométrica con el fin de proporcionar herramientas de apoyo a la orientación profesional y a la investigación sobre la medición de este tipo de fenómeno. Se realizaron dos estudios en diversas muestras. Se identificó que los instrumentos mostraron propiedades psicométricas aceptables y evidencia de validez favorable. Se considera que el TAI desarrollado presentó propiedades psicométricas aceptables y es una contribución al estudio de la elección y la orientación profesional, ampliando el conjunto de técnicas disponibles para la evaluación psicológica en este contexto.

Preferencias implícitas de una muestra española: una técnica novedosa para determinar preferencias raciales / Implicit Preferences in a Spanish Sample: A New Technique to Determine Racial Preference

Las preferencias raciales expresadas explícitamente pueden carecer de información que sea completa en su contenido, ya sea porque las personas prefieren no expresar sus actitudes per se o tal vez porque no estén al tanto de ellas. El Implicit Association Test (IAT), desarrollado por Greenwald, Banaji y Nosek, evalúa las preferencias implícitas de las personas a través de una plataforma de internet. Demuestra que cuando una persona expresa una preferencia en particular, es posible que no conciba que esa actitud tenga un componente inconsciente y que pueda modificarla. Se obtuvieron 235 sujetos que respondieron a la prueba de preferencia implícita de raza (negra y blanca), a través del portal de internet del IAT Los resultados indican que hay una preferencia explícita hacia personas blancas sobre las personas de color, y que la preferencia implícita es de mayor intensidad que la explícita, en el mismo sentido.

Racial preferences that are expressed explicitly may lack information and be lacking in character, either because people prefer not to express their attitudes wholly, or because they are not completely aware of them. The Implicit Association Test (IAT), developed by Greenwald, Banaji and Nosek, evaluates the implicit preference of people through an internet platform. It demonstrates that when a person shows a preference in particular, it is possible that said attitude has a component that may not be conscious that could be modified. Sample was comprised of 235 subjects that, through the IAT internet website, completed the race implicit preference task (black and white). Results indicate that there is an explicit preference towards white people over black people, and that implicit preference is of stronger intensity than explicit preference, in the same sense.

Implicit stigma against entrepreneurial failure in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:Entrepreneurial failure refers to the process of entrepreneurial performance continuous decline until the business is bankrupt. The aim of this research is to analyze implicit stigma effect against entrepre-neurial failure in college students. Methods:Sixty-four college students in a natural class participated in this survey, 4 D values of the total tool of entrepreneurial failure implicit stigma and its three dimensions (including cognitive appraisal,emotional reaction,and behavior tendency)were assessed with the traditional implicit association test (IAT). Through independent sample t test,the differences between zero and 4 D values were analyzed. The differ-ences of four D values at gender and entrepreneurial experienceon were explored,the difference between reaction time of the compatibility task and incompatibility task was analyzed,and the reliability of the tool of implicit stigma effect against entrepreneurial failure was evaluated. Results:The 4 D values were all greater than zero. In 3 inde-pendent dimensions and total IATs,the automatic association between entrepreneurial failure and negative words was closer relative to positive words (P<0. 001 ),it showed that their implicit negative attitude against entrepre-neurial failure was significant. Split-halfreliability and internal consistency coefficient of the total tool of entrepre-neurial failure implicit stigma were respectively 0. 87 and 0. 82. Conclusion:In this study,the entrepreneurial failure implicit stigma effect may be significant in college students. These college studeuts have implicit negative cognition and emotion,and discrimination behavior tendency against entrepreneurial failure.

Stereotypes of depression patients, social public and psychiatrist-nurse on depression people / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Object To explore the difference of explicit and implicit depression stereotypes for people with major depressive disorder, social public, psychiatrists and nurses.Methods 61 major depressive disorder patients(MDD) ,55 social public people(SPP) and 56 psychiatrists and nurses(PN) were enrolled.All participants were measured by explicit depression stereotype evaluations and implicit association tests.Results There was significantly difference on the positive explicit stereotype scores about depressive stereotypes (DS) among the MDD (2.31±1.60) ,SPP(2.43±1.55) and PN(3.12±1.58)(F=23.22, P=0.00).LSD test showed significantly difference on the positive explicit stereotype scores about DS between the MDD and PN,with the similar to the SPP and the PN(P＜0.05).There was significantly difference on the negative explicit stereotype scores about DS among the MDD(4.09±2.22), SPP (3.97±2.01) and PN (3.23± 1.64) (F=30.16, P=0.00).LSD test showed significantly difference on the negative explicit stereotype scores about DS between the MDD and PN,with the similar to the SPP and the PN (P＜ 0.05).There was no significantly difference on the implicit stereotype scores about DS among the MDD,SPP and PN(F=2.03, P=0.12).Conclusion The MDD,SPP and PN show negative impicit stereotype about DS.However,the PN shows positive explicit stereotype about DS.

Investigating the association between valence and elevation with an implicit association task that requires upward and downward responding / Investigando la asociación entre la valencia y la elevación con una tarea de asociación implícita que requiere respuestas ascendentes y descendentes

In three experiments (total N = 96), we investigated the origins of effects of associations between affective valence and spatial elevation (or verti-cality). To that end, we used a congruence measure. We used spatial and affective stimuli, like the words "up" and "happy". Spatial stimuli had to be categorized as elevated or less elevated and affective stimuli as positive or negative. Critically, in congruent conditions, associated spatial and affective stimuli required the same response and less associated stimuli required different responses, whereas in incongruent conditions, associated spatial and affective stimuli required different responses, but less associated stimuli required the same response. The results supported the assumption that valence-elevation associations exist in semantic memory: faster responses in congruent than incongruent conditions were observed with (I) words (Experiments 1 and 2), (II) pictures and words (Experiment 3), and (III) increased as a function of the centrality of the spatial meaning for the spatial words (Experiments 1 vs. 2). We discuss the implications of our results for the Implicit Association Test (IAT).

En tres experimentos (N = 96) se investigaron los orígenes de los efectos de las asociaciones entre la valencia afectiva y la elevación espacial (o verticalidad). Para tal fin, se utilizó una medida de congruencia. Se usaron estímulos espaciales y afectivos, como las palabras "arriba" y "feliz". Los estímulos espaciales tenían que ser categorizados como elevados o menos elevados y los estímulos afectivos como positivos o negativos. En las condiciones congruentes, los estímulos asociados espacial y afectivamente requerían la misma respuesta y los estímulos menos asociados diferentes respuestas, mientras que en las condiciones incongruentes, los estímulos asociados requerían respuestas diferentes, y los estímulos menos asociados la misma respuesta. Los resultados apoyaron la hipótesis de que existen asociaciones de valencia-elevación en la memoria semántica. Se observaron respuestas más rápidas en las condiciones congruentes que en las incongruentes con (1) palabras (Experimentos 1 y 2), (II) imágenes y palabras (Experimento 3), y (III) incrementando en función de la centralidad del significado espacial de las palabras espaciales (such as the present one a Experimentos 1 vs 2). Se discuten las implicaciones de nuestros resultados para el Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT).

Avaliação de medidas implícitas e explícitas de carreira e gênero / Evaluating implicit and explicit measures of career and gender / Evaluación de las medidas implícitas y explícitas de carrera y de género

Mudanças recentes no mundo do trabalho apontam a existência simultânea de padrões de carreira e gênero tradicionais e modernos. Como consequência há uma discrepância entre as rápidas transformações e as menos ágeis mudanças nas atitudes sobre esses temas. Porém nem sempre é possível acessar tais atitudes através de medidas explícitas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo criar e validar uma medida de associação implícita de carreira e gênero, além de comparar atitudes implícitas e explícitas em relação a esses temas. Cinquenta universitários (29 mulheres) com média de 22 anos responderam o teste de associação implícita (TAI) carreira-gênero e duas questões abertas sobre o papel de homens e mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Os resultados indicaram que o TAI é capaz de identificar vieses associando mulheres e carreiras modernas e homens e carreiras tradicionais, além de caracterizar diferenças de viés entre homens e mulheres, com e sem experiência prévia de trabalho.

Recent changes in the world of work have shown the existence of simultaneous patterns of traditional and modern career and gender. As a consequence there is a gap between the rapid transformations and the less agile changes in attitudes about those themes. However, not always is possible to access those attitudes through explicit measures. The present study had the objective to create and validate an implicit association measure of career and gender, and also to compare implicit and explicit attitudes related to those themes. Fifty undergraduate students (29 women) with an average of 22 years old answered the test of implicit association (IAT) career-gender, and two open questions about the roles of men and women in the work market. The results indicated that the IAT is capable to identify tendencies associating women and modern career and also men and traditional career. It was also possible to characterize differences of tendencies between men and women, with and without work experience.

Cambios recientes en el mundo laboral señalan que existen al mismo tiempo padrones de carrera y género tradicionales y modernos. Como consecuencia hay una divergencia entre las rápidas transformaciones y los cambios menos ágiles que ocurren en las actitudes sobre estos temas. Sin embargo, no siempre se puede tener acceso a dichas actitudes a través de medidas explícitas. Así, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo crear y validar una medida de asociación implícita de carrera y género, además de comparar actitudes implícitas y explícitas con relación a estos temas. Cincuenta estudiantes universitarios (29 mujeres) con media de 22 años respondieron al test de asociación implícita (TAI) carrera-género y a dos preguntas abiertas sobre el papel de hombres y mujeres en el mercado de trabajo. Los resultados indican que el TAI es capaz de identificar sesgos, percibiendo la asociación de la mujer and la carrera moderna, y los hombres y la carrera tradicional, además de caracterizar diferencias de sesgo entre hombres y mujeres, con y sin experiencia previa de trabajo.

O teste de associação implícita no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TAI-TOC): consistência interna e correlações com medidas explícitas / The implicit association test in obsessive-compulsive disorder (IAT-OCD): internal consistency and correlation with explicit assessments

CONTEXTO: Avaliações tradicionais de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, baseadas na introspecção, estão sujeitas a diversas variáveis, como os níveis de insight apresentados pelo paciente. OBJETIVOS: Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi o de avaliar a consistência interna e as correlações clínicas de um teste que busca identificar a existência de um viés cognitivo implícito em pacientes com transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC). MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes com TOC realizaram o teste de associação implícita para o TOC (TAI-TOC) e responderam a três instrumentos de autoavaliação [Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI), Inventário de Obsessões e Compulsões - Revisado (OCI-R)]. RESULTADOS: O valor do alfa de Cronbach com itens de treino foi de 0,83 e sem o treino foi de 0,79. Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre os escores gerados pelo TAI-TOC e os instrumentos de autoavaliação, i.e., BDI, BAI e diferentes dimensões do OCI-R. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados apontam para uma elevada consistência interna do TAI-TOC. A ausência de correlações entre o TAI-TOC e diferentes dimensões do OCI-R sugere que medidas implícitas e explícitas de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos podem formar constructos independentes. Estudos futuros, com maior número de pacientes, são necessários para confirmar essa hipótese.

BACKGROUND: Traditional assessments of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, based on patients' introspection, are subject to several factors, including the levels of insight presented by them. OBJECTIVES: In this study, our goal was to assess the internal consistency and clinical correlations of a test that seeks to identify the existence of an implicit cognitive bias in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHODS: 40 patients with OCD performed the implicit association test for OCD (IAT-OCD) and answered three instruments of self-assessment [Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)]. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha with IAT-OCD training items was 0.83 and without them 0.79. There were no significant correlations between the IAT-OCD scores and the instruments of self-assessment, e.g., BDI, BAI and different dimensions of the OCI-R. DISCUSSION: Our findings are consistent with a high internal consistency of the IAT-OCD. The absence of correlations between the IAT-OCD and different dimensions of the OCI-R suggests that implicit and explicit measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms may be independent constructs. Future studies, with greater number of patients, are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Seleção de estímulos visuais para o Teste de Associação Implícita para o Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TAI-TOC) / Selection of visual stimuli for the Implicit Association Test for the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (IAT-OCD)

INTRODUÇÃO: A identificação do viés cognitivo no Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo (TOC) permanece inconclusiva. Uma área de interesse potencial inclui a verificação do processamento visual e desempenho de memória implícita. OBJETIVOS: Selecionar estímulos visuais para inclusão em uma versão do Teste de Associação Implícita (TAI) para o TOC. MÉTODOS: Dezessete pacientes com TOC e 17 controles saudáveis avaliaram 12 estímulos visuais relacionados a diferentes dimensões dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos e classificaram os estímulos de acordo com dois critérios: "tipo de impacto" (i.e., positivo, negativo ou neutro) e "grau de impacto" [i.e., 1 (baixo impacto) a 5 (alto impacto)]. Nos testes qui-quadrado e Mann-Whitney, foi utilizado nível de significância de 0.05. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com TOC avaliaram 9 dos 12 estímulos visuais diferente dos controles saudáveis, em pelo menos um dos dois critérios. Discussão: O achado de que as figuras empregadas foram capazes de diferenciar pacientes de controles saudáveis sugere sua inclusão no desenvolvimento de instrumentos de avaliação psicopatológica, como o TAI-TOC.

INTRODUCTION: The identification of cognitive bias in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) remains inconclusive. An area of potential interest includes the examination of visual processing and implicit memory performance. OBJECTIVES: Select visual stimuli to include in a version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) for OCD. METHODS: Seventeen patients with OCD and 17 healthy controls evaluated 12 visual stimuli related to different dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and classified the stimuli according to two criteria: "type of impact" (i.e., positive, negative or neutral) and "degree of impact" [i.e., 1 (low impact) to 5 (high impact)]. The chi-square and the Mann-Whitney tests were employed and the level of significance at 0.05. RESULTS: OCD patients evaluated 9 out of the 12 stimuli different from healthy controls in at least one of the two criteria. DISCUSSION: The finding that the figures employed were able to differentiate OCD patients from healthy controls suggests their inclusion in the psychopathological assessment development tools, such as the IAT-OCD.

A construção de um novo instrumento para avaliar correlatos implícitos dos sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: primeira versão do Teste de Associação Implícita / The construction of a new instrument to assess implicit correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: first version of the Implicit Association Test

CONTEXTO: A inexistência de uma medida implícita para sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) limita a avaliação às escalas e aos inventários tradicionais. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo foi construir um instrumento de avaliação de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos que independa da autoavaliação pelo examinando [por exemplo, o Teste de Associação Implícita para transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TAI-TOC)]. MÉTODOS: A fim de construir o TAI-TOC, foram consultados (1) estudos anteriores que utilizaram o TAI para avaliação de outros sintomas psiquiátricos, (2) psiquiatras e psicólogos com experiência na avaliação e tratamento de pacientes com TOC e (3) os próprios pacientes com TOC. RESULTADOS: Estímulos verbais e visuais foram selecionados para cada dimensão dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos (contaminação e lavagem, obsessões de checagem, simetria e colecionismo). Um software projetado para mensurar o tempo de reação em milissegundos (um programa para associação implícita) foi desenvolvido. Uma versão final do TAI-TOC foi obtida. CONCLUSÕES: O TAI-TOC expande o arsenal existente para avaliação dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, especialmente naqueles indivíduos que informam mal sobre seus sintomas.

BACKGROUND: The lack of an implicit measure for the obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms limits its assessment to the traditional scales and inventories. OBJECTIVES: The aim is the construction of an instrument for the evaluation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms that is independent from examinee's self-evaluation [i.e. the Implicit Association Test for obsessive-compulsive disorder (IAT-OCD)]. METHODS: In order to build the IAT-OCD, we consulted (1) previous studies that employed the IAT for the evaluation of other psychiatric symptoms; (2) expert psychiatrists and psychologists with experience in the assessment and treatment of patients with OCD; and (3) patients with OCD themselves. RESULTS: Specific verbal and visual stimuli were selected for each obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions (contamination-washing, obsessions-checking, symmetry and hoarding). A software designed to measure reaction time in miliseconds (a proxy for implicit association) was developed. A final version of the IAT-OCD was then obtained. DISCUSSION: The IAT-OCD expands the existing armamentarium to evaluate obsessive-compulsive symptoms, especially among those individuals who report badly about their symptoms.

Implicit and explicit attitudes among students / Actitudes implícitas y explícitas en estudiantes

Los procesos mentales y la experiencia mental no son la misma cosa. Los primeros son las operaciones de la mente, la otra es la vida subjetiva que emerge de dichas operaciones. En la evaluación social, las actitudes implícitas y explícitas expresan esta distinción. El sitio https://implicit.harvard.edu fue creado para ofrecer experiencia con la Prueba de Asociación Implícita (IAT por sus siglas en inglés), un procedimiento diseñado para medir el conocimiento social que puede operar por fuera de la conciencia. En este trabajo examinamos las relaciones entre el IAT y medidas explícitas. 143 estudiantes de la Universidad de Porto completaron medidas para este estudio. Los resultados muestran que: a) las preferencias implícitas son penetrantes, y b) las actitudes implícitas se relacionan débilmente.

Mental processing and mental experience is not the same thing. The former is the operation of the mind; the latter is the subjective life that emerges from these operations. In social evaluation, implicit and explicit attitudes express this distinction. https://implicit.harvard.edu/ was created to provide experience with the Implicit Association Test (IAT) a procedure designed to measure social knowledge that may operate outside of awareness. In this paper we examined the relationships between the Implicit Association Test, and explicit measures. One hundred and forty three Psychology college students from University of Porto completed measures for this study. Results suggest that (a) implicit preferences are pervasive, and (b) implicit and explicit attitudes are weakly related.

Evaluation of Implicit Emotion of Alcohol-Related Cues in Alcohol Dependence / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: To study the mechanism of alcohol craving is difficult because it involves both cognitive and emotional processes, which are discordamtly influenced by patients' avoidance and denial. The objective of this study is to examine the mechanism of craving by evaluating responses of emotional component of alcohol-related stimuli, explicitly and implicitly. METHODS: The subject group was composed of 19 patients with alcohol dependence, 25 heavy drinkers, and 20 social drinkers. An implicit association test (IAT) measuring differential association of 2 target concepts (alcohol versus beverage) with 2 attribute dimensions (positive versus negative) was completed. Explicit evaluation of emotional valence and arousal for alcohol-related and control stimuli was also completed. RESULTS: The patient group reported alcohol-related stimuli more negatively on both implicit and explicit evaluation. In explicit arousal evaluation, they evaluated alcohol-related stimuli more arousing than control stimuli, whereos control groups did not. While the strength of alcohol-negativity association was not related to any clinical variables, the strength of alcohol-positivity association was related to the arousal level of alcohol related stimuli, the severity of alcohol dependence, and the mean drinking amount per occasion. CONCLUSION: Alcohol craving can be regarded as negative emotion on both explicit and implicit levels in alcoholics. It seems that craving induced by alcohol-related stimuli may not be recognized by the patients but related to increased arousal or positive implicit evaluation of alcohol.

Implicit Self-esteem Level and Stability of Depressive Patients / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the depressive patients'implicit self-esteem level and its stability.Methods: IAT(Implicit Association test)and SES(self-esteem scale)were used to measure the depressive patients'implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem(n=30).Both 2?2 design between subjects(patients and normal controls) and the failure feedback task were employed to explore the implicit self-esteem's stability of depressive patients.Re- sults:(1)The implicit self-esteem of the two groups had no difference(270.2?103.7/283.3?172.1,t'=0.35, P=0.72).(2)The explicit self-esteem was lower than the implicit self-esteem in depressed persons(-0.05?0.74/-0.62?0.86,z=2.38,P