Virological and cytological changes in tears and conjunctiva of patients with COVID-19

Purpose: To analyze the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS?CoV?2) in tears/conjunctival epithelium and assess the cytomorphological changes in the conjunctival epithelium of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) patients. Methods: In this pilot study, patients with moderate to severe COVID?19 were recruited from the COVID ward/intensive care unit of the institute. Tears and conjunctival swabs were collected from COVID?19 patients and sent to the virology laboratory for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT?PCR) testing. Conjunctival swabs were used to prepare smears, which underwent cytological evaluation and immunocytochemistry for SARS?CoV?2 nucleocapsid protein. Results: Forty?two patients were included. The mean age of participants was 48.61 (range: 5–75) years. Seven (16.6%) patients tested positive for SARS?CoV?2 ribonucleic acid in tears samples, four (9.5%) of which were positive on conjunctival swab by RT?PCR in the first test. Cytomorphological changes were observed significantly more in smears from patients with positive RT?PCR on tear samples, including bi?/multi?nucleation (p = 0.01), chromatin clearing (p = 0.02), and intra?nuclear inclusions (p < 0.001). One case (3.2%) showed immunopositivity for SARS?CoV?2; this patient had severe disease and the lowest Ct values for tear and conjunctival samples among all positive cases. Conclusion: Conjunctival smears from patients with COVID?19 revealed cytomorphological alterations, even in the absence of clinically significant ocular infection. However, viral proteins were demonstrated within epithelial cells only rarely, suggesting that although the conjunctival epithelium may serve as a portal for entry, viral replication is possibly rare or short?lived.

Role Of Scrape Cytology In The Intraoperative Diagnosis Of Tumour

Background: Intra operative pathological assessment has offered a very valuable service in patient management. The present study was done to evaluate the status of intraoperative cytology as a diagnostic and supportive investigation for various tumours. To evaluate the utility of imprint /scrape cytology for the rapid diagnosis ofAim and objectives: surgically removed specimens. 70 surgically removed specimens from various organs andMaterials and Methods: systems were studied. Smears were taken from each specimen before formalin fixation and stained by modified rapid H&E and Papanicolaou staining. Cytological diagnosis was made and then results were compared with the histological diagnosis taking the latter as the gold standard. Out of the 70 cases sampled, 70 were satisfactory forResults: evaluation. Overall accuracy rate was 87.14 % .Six cases of false positive diagnosis and 3 false negative diagnosis were made .Positive predictive value was 75% and negative predictive value was 93.47%. Imprint /scrapeConclusions: cytology is a good complement for the rapid diagnosis in histopathological study of tumor/tumor like lesions and intra operative cytology can be used an adjunct to frozen section.

Eficacia de la impronta citológica peritoneal para decidir cuándo detener los lavados peritoneales programados / Efficacy of Peritoneal Cytological Imprinting in Deciding When to Stop Scheduled Peritoneal Lavages

Introducción: La no existencia de un parámetro preestablecido que permita determinar el momento preciso para suspender los lavados peritoneales programados, conlleva a que muchas veces se realice un número insuficiente de ellos, o tal vez estos se prolonguen de forma innecesaria y aumentan las probabilidades de fallecimiento del paciente. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de la impronta citológica peritoneal para decidir cuándo detener los lavados peritoneales programados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de exactitud diagnóstica, en una serie de casos, con recogida prospectiva de datos desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2014, en el Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente "Celia Sánchez Manduley. La muestra quedó conformada por 42 pacientes que fueron tratados por peritonitis secundaria persistente. Se clasificaron según cuatro categorías de correlación y se tomó como estándar de referencia a la biopsia por parafina. Resultados: Las muestras con inflamación aguda peritoneal y curación de la inflamación peritoneal se identificaron correctamente en 39/42 casos, por lo tanto, el porcentaje predictivo global de la impronta citológica fue del 92,86 por ciento. La sensibilidad en el diagnóstico de inflamación aguda peritoneal fue del 100 por ciento, la especificidad del 92,68 por ciento, el valor predictivo positivo fue del 24,99 por ciento y el valor predictivo negativo del 100 por ciento. Las razones de verosimilitudes positiva y negativa fueron 13,67 y 0, respectivamente. El coeficiente (κ) fue de 0,376. Conclusiones: La impronta citológica peritoneal constituye un método diagnóstico eficaz para descartar inflamación aguda peritoneal cuando el resultado es negativo y se consideró de gran utilidad para detener los lavados peritoneales programados(AU)

Introduction: The lack of a pre-established parameter that allows determining the precise moment to suspend the scheduled peritoneal lavages, often leads to performing insufficient number of them, or perhaps these are unnecessarily prolonged, increasing the probability of the patient´s death. Objective: To determine the efficacy of peritoneal cytological imprinting in deciding when to stop scheduled peritoneal lavages. Methods: A descriptive study of diagnostic accuracy was carried out, in a series of cases, with prospective data collection in the five-year period from 2010 to 2014 at Celia Sánchez Manduley Provincial Clinical-Surgical Teaching Hospital. The sample was made up of 42 patients who were treated for persistent secondary peritonitis. They were classified according to four correlation categories, taking paraffin biopsy as reference standard. Results: Samples with acute peritoneal inflammation and healing of peritoneal inflammation were correctly identified in 39/42 cases. Therefore, the global predictive percentage of the cytological imprint was 92.86 percent. The sensitivity in the diagnosis of acute peritoneal inflammation was 100 percent, the specificity was 92.68 percent, the positive predictive value was 24.99 percent, and the negative predictive value was 100 percent. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 13.67 and 0, respectively. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was 0.376. Conclusions: The peritoneal cytological imprint is an effective diagnostic method to rule out acute peritoneal inflammation when the result is negative and it was considered very useful to stop scheduled peritoneal lavages(AU)

Comparison between imprint cytology and frozen sections in intraoperative consultation of ovarian tumours

Background: The ovaries frequently are the site for various primary tumors. Correct intraoperative diagnosis is crucial. The application of imprint cytology is very useful where frozen section facility is not available. The present study is a comparison of imprint cytology and frozen section during intraoperative consultation for various types of benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms in different age groups.Methods: Seventy-six cases of ovarian tumors were examined using both imprint cytology and frozen section and evaluated, taking histopathological report as gold standard. The histopathological diagnoses consisted of benign (54), borderline (9), and malignant (13). The malignant tumors consisted of various types including serous carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and carcinoid.Results: All 54 benign cases were accurately diagnosed as benign by imprint cytology. With frozen section 53 cases were correctly diagnosed as benign but one case was over diagnosed as borderline. Among 13 malignant cases 11 (84.6%) were correctly diagnosed with both techniques. Borderline tumors were not able to be diagnosed with imprint smear, 3 out of 9 cases were correctly diagnosed with frozen section.Conclusion: When compared with frozen section, imprint cytology is a simple, inexpensive and useful diagnostic tool in intraoperative diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Imprint smear is not useful in borderline tumors where only frozen section is useful. Imprint cytology can be used as an adjunct to frozen section for better diagnosis.

Comparative Analysis of Bone Marrow Aspiration Smears, Touch Imprints and Trephine Biopsy in Haematological Malignancies

Introduction: Inspection of the bone marrow is considered oneof the most valuable diagnostic tool to evaluate hematologicmalignancies. This study compares all three techniques ofbone marrow aspiration (BMA), bone marrow imprint (BMI)and bone marrow biopsy (BMB) in morphological diagnosisof hematological malignancies.Material and methods: The study was conducted on 63selected cases of various hematological malignancies. Onlythose cases in which bone marrow examination was done byusing all the three techniques were included in the study.Results: Out of total 63 cases,53 cases were diagnosed onbone marrow aspirate smears with diagnostic accuracy of84.12%, 60 cases were diagnosed on bone marrow imprintsmears with diagnostic accuracy of 95.23% and all 63 caseswere diagnosed on bone marrow biopsy with diagnosticaccuracy of 100%.Conclusion: It is concluded that bone marrow imprintsare equally useful as bone marrow biopsy in diagnosinghematological malignancies. Imprint cytology shouldtherefore be a standard practice for evaluating bone marrow incases of hematological malignancies.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Bone Marrow Aspiration, Imprint and Biopsy in Patients Suffering From Acute Leukaemia

Background: Examination of bone marrow has wideapplications in clinical medicine. Bone marrow can beevaluated by three ways – Bone marrow aspirate (BMA)smears, Imprints or touch preparations (BMI) of bone marrowcore biopsies, and histological sections of core biopsies(BMBx). Hence; we planned the present study to assess andcompare the effectiveness of bone marrow aspiration, imprintand biopsy in patients suffering from acute leukaemia.Materials & Methods: The present study includedcomparative evaluation of efficacy of bone marrow aspiration,imprint and biopsy in acute leukaemia cases. We carried outbone marrow examination on 10 cases presenting with acuteleukaemia’s. We included only those cases in which bonemarrow examination was done by using all the three methodsof BMA, BMI and BMBx will be included in the study. A Salah'sneedle was used to aspirate material from bone marrow.Biopsy was done using a Jamshidi/Janus trephine needle.After routine processing and paraffin embedding thin sectionswere cut and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Weanalyzed all the results by SPSS software.Results: Out of 10 cases, findings of BMA, BMI and BMBxwere in concordance with each other in 70 percent of thecases. In two cases, dry tap was observed, which was furtherdiagnosed with BMI and BMBx. Diluted marrow was observedin one case which was further diagnosed with BMI and BMBx.Findings of BMI and BMBx were in concordance with eachother in 100 percent of the cases.Conclusion: All the three diagnostic techniques arecomplementary to each other.

Intra Operative Frozen Section - Realistic Expectations In The Current Scenario- Experience With 135 Cases In A Tertiary Care Centre

Aim: To assess the utility of frozen section in this recent scenario of improved patient care Methods: In our study we analysed the efficacy of frozen section in 135 cases over a period of one and half years including thyroid, ovary, east, parotid,lymph node, margin assessment in colon malignancy by comparing it with histopathology, considering the latter as gold standard. Results:We found the overall accuracy of frozen section to be 85.37% with a sensitivity of 85.3% and soecificity of 84.6% in thyroid cases. In case of ovarian tumours frozen section had 90.91%sensitivity and 97.96% specificity for malignant tumours. Conclusion:Understanding the limitations, frozen section can be used as a reliable intraoperative tool.

La impronta como método no invasivo de toma de muestra para el diagnóstico molecular de la leishmaniosis cutánea en población militar de colombia / The imprint as a non-invasive method of sampling for the molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in colombia's military population / In print como método não invasivo de coleta de amostra para o diagnóstico molecular da leishmaniose cutânea em população militar da colômbia

Resumen Teniendo en cuenta que los métodos tradicionales de toma de muestra y diagnóstico para la leishmaniosis cutánea presentan limitaciones, como el frotis directo, cuya sensibilidad depende de la pericia del profesional, el aspirado de lesión que puede ser usado para detección de parásitos en lámina, su ADN o para cultivos es demorado y exigente, y la biopsia de la lesión que es invasiva y dolorosa se comparó con el método de impronta en papel filtro de la lesión ulcerativa contra el método tradicional de aspirado mediante la técnica de POR convencional utilizando como blanco una región del ADN del kinetoplasto del parásito. En el presente trabajo, la por obtuvo una sensibilidad para impronta del 90,07% comparado con el aspirado, el 86,3%, que, además, por ser un método de toma de muestra no invasivo, con pocas exigencias para el transporte, se puede tomar directamente en el área de operaciones a muy bajo costo, resulta ser beneficioso para ser usado en los pacientes con leishmaniosis cutánea del Ejército Nacional de Colombia, que se encuentran en las diferentes áreas de operaciones.

Abstract Taking into account that the traditional methods of sampling and diagnosis for cutaneous leishmaniasis , have limitations, such as direct smear, whose sensitivity depends on the professional's expertise, the lesion aspiration that can be used to detect parasites in the lamina, DNA or cultures takes a long time and is demanding, and the biopsy of the lesion that is invasive and painful were compared with the imprinting method on the filter paper of the ulcerative lesion against the traditional method of aspiration by means of the conventional PCR technique using as a target a DNA region of the parasite kinetoplast. In this present work, PCR obtained an imprinting sensitivity of 90.07% compared to the aspirate of 86.3%, which, besides being a non-invasive sampling method, with few transport requirements, it can be taken directly in the area of operations at a very low cost, which turns out to be beneficial to be used in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis of the National Army of Colombia, who are in different operations areas.

Resumo Considerando que os métodos tradicionais de coleta de amostra e diagnóstico para a leishmaniose cutânea apresentam limitações, como exame direto de esfregaços, cuja sensibilidade depende da perícia do profissional, o raspado de lesão que pode ser usado para a detecção de parasitas em lâmina, seu DNA ou para culturas é demorado e exigente, e a biopsia da lesão que é invasiva e dolorosa, comparou-se com o método in print em papel filtro da lesão ulcerativa contra o método tradicional de aspirado mediante a técnica de PCR convencional utilizando como alvo uma região do DNA do cinetoplasto do parasita. No presente trabalho, a PCR obteve uma sensibilidade para in print de 90,07% comparado com o aspirado, 86,3%, que, além disso, por ser um método de coleta de amostra não invasivo, com poucas exigências para o transporte, pode ser coletado diretamente na área de operações a muito baixo custo, resulta ser benéfico para ser usado nos pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea do Exército Nacional da Colômbia, que se encontram nas diferentes áreas de operações.

Role of Imprint cytology in rapid diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms with histopathology correlation

Background: Imprint cytology plays a major role in rapid intraoperative diagnosis of lesions similar to frozen sections. Besides its speed and simplicity, it also provides excellent cellular details. Although histopathology is considered to be gold standard in diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms, yet the delay involved may at times affect the course of treatment. The optimal management of benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms is different especially in patients who want to retain fertility. This calls for a rapid intraoperative diagnosis which will decide further management. Aim and objectives: To study the imprint cytology of ovarian neoplasms and compare with histopathology findings, to establish the reliability of imprint smears in intraoperative diagnosis by statistical evaluation. Material and methods: The present study was done at MNJ Institute of Oncology, Hyderabad, a tertiary care center for period of one and half years i.e. from January 2017 to June 2018. The study was done on 40 fresh unfixed ovarian specimens sent for imprint cytology. Multiple imprint smears was taken from fresh resected masses after detailed gross examination. The findings were noted and compared to subsequent histopathology sections. Results: In the present study, out of 40 cases, 21 (52.5%) were benign, 9(22.5%) were borderline, 10(25%) were malignant based on imprint cytology smears. On histopathology sections, 22 (55%) were benign, 1(2.5%) was borderline and 17(42.5%) were malignant. The overall accuracy was 87.5% on imprint smears. Annapoorna Sireesha, B. Triveni, Sangeeta Parmer, K. Srilaxmi, Sai Mallikarjun. Role of Imprint cytology in rapid diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms with histopathology correlation. IAIM, 2018; 5(11): 56-62. Page 57 Conclusion: Imprint cytology is an excellent, simple, inexpensive, useful diagnostic tool in intraoperative diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms. This forms an important step in intraoperative decision-making for better management.

Advances in Contact Lenses as Ocular Drug Delivery System / 中国药学杂志

Contact lenses have good biocompatibility and long wearing duration, and can be used as promising ocular drug delivery system. Drug loading contact lenses can retain the drug on the surface of eye and thus improve the bioavailability. In this review, we summarized the advantage of contact lenses as ocular drug delivery system, mechanism of improving drug absorption, drug loading method and release behavior, and influence of drug loading on physical properties of contact lenses.

Diagnosis comparison of intraoperative imprint cytology and frozen section for sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To evaluate whether intraoperative imprint cytology can be used as a diagnostic method of sentinel lymph node metastasis for breast cancer patients in China. Methods A total of 154 breast cancer patients diagnosed histologically as ductal carcinoma in situ or T1-3N0M0 invasive breast cancer who underwent intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy from July 2012 to August 2015 in Shanxi Dayi Hospital were enrolled. The sentinel lymph node was detected by using standard dual tracer method. Intraoperative diagnosis was performed with imprint cytology as well as frozen section, and the final diagnosis was assessed by using paraffin pathology after surgery. Results The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastasis by intraoperative frozen section and imprint cytology was 0.854 and 0.755, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy rate of imprint cytology were 52.1 ％ (25/48), 99.1 ％ (105/106), 96.2 ％ (25/26), 82.0 ％ (105/128), 84.4 ％ (130/154) respectively, and the corresponding diameters of frozen section were 70.8 ％ (34/48), 100.0 ％ (106/106), 100.0 ％ (34/34), 88.3 ％ (106/120), 90.9 ％ (140/154) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The frozen section result was highly consistent with paraffin pathology, with a Kappa value of 0.7698; while the Kappa value of imprint cytology was 0.5874, which was moderately consistent with paraffin pathology. ConclusionsThere is no significant difference between imprint cytology and frozen section in the intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastasis. The consistency between frozen section and paraffin pathology is high. After standardized operations and professional training, imprint cytology can be considered as a substitute of intraoperative sentinel lymph node diagnosis in breast cancer patients.

Intraoperative imprint cytology versus histological diagnosis for the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

OBJECTIVES: To compare imprint cytology and paraffin section histology for sentinel lymph node detection in women with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHOD: A cross-sectional study and report of the sentinel lymph node statuses of 64 patients with breast cancer who underwent intraoperative imprint cytology and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a referral cancer institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2014 and 2016. RESULTS: The mean age was 51 years. The most common histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (93.75%), and the most common differentiation grade was 2 (62.5%). Overall, 153 lymph nodes were identified, with a mean of 2.39/case. Thirty-four lymph nodes tested positive for malignancy by imprint cytology, and 55 tested positive by histology. Of the 55 positive lymph nodes, 41 (74.5%) involved macrometastases, and 14 (25.5%) involved micrometastases. There were 21 false negatives with imprint cytology, namely, 7 for macrometastases and 14 for micrometastases, resulting in a rate of 17.6%. The sensitivity of imprint cytology was 61.8%, with a specificity and positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 82.4% and an accuracy of 86.3%. The method presented null sensitivity for the identification of micrometastases. CONCLUSIONS: The false-negative rate with imprint cytology was associated with the number of sentinel lymph nodes obtained. The rate found for complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was comparable to the rates reported in the literature. The accuracy of imprint cytology was good, and its specificity was excellent for sentinel lymph node detection; however, the method was unable to detect lymph node micrometastases.

Evaluation of the relevance of touch imprint cytology in the diagnosis of various neoplastic lesions.

Background: Imprint is a very simple and rapid technique for tissue diagnosis. Imprint is a touch preparation in which tissue is touched on a slide and it leaves behind its imprint in the form of cells on the glass slide. In present study we have correlated the cytological diagnosis by imprint with histological diagnosis and tried to evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of this. Methods: The study was conducted in department of Pathology of Pt J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur (C.G) India. From neoplastic lesions imprint smears were prepared immediately after resection of surgical specimen. After preparation of imprint smears specimens were processed by routine histopathological processing. Final reports of both processes were compared to know accuracy of diagnosis by imprint cytology. Results: Out of total 110 cases, 25 cases were benign and 85 cases were malignant. Out of the 25 benign cases, 14 (56%) were diagnosed correctly and correlated with histological diagnosis. while 11 (44%) cases were false negative. No false positive cases were there. Out of 85 malignant lesions 78 (91.76%) were diagnosed correctly and correlated on histopathology, while 7 (8.23%) were false negative. Overall diagnostic accuracy by imprint smear after histological correlation was 83.63% increasing to 91.76% for malignant lesions. Conclusions: With an accuracy rate of 83.63% we can say that imprint cytology is a quick reliable simple and cost effective procedure.

Comparison of bone marrow aspiration cytology, touch imprint cytology and bone marrow biopsy for bone marrow evaluation.

Introduction: For diagnosis of hematological disorders there are three modalities to examine bone marrow, bone marrow aspiration cytology (BMA), bone marrow biopsy (BMB) and touch imprint cytology (BMI). BMA gives cytological picture, BMI also gives cytological picture but cells are less in number and BMB gives cytological as well as bone marrow architectural picture. BMA alone may not be sufficient to reach diagnosis therefore the present study was undertaken to compare the above three modalities. Material and methods: The present study was a prospective study done from January 2013 to December 2013. Total 51 cases, where BMA, BMI and BMB were performed on OPD and IPD patients at Dhiraj General Hospital, Vadodara were included. Complete clinical data were recorded including physical examination, complete hematological study along with other relevant investigations and proforma filled. Results: The various diseases diagnosed by BMA, BMI and BMB were megaloblastic anemia (19.6%), aplastic/ hypoplastic anemia (13.7%), iron deficiency anemia/ micronormoblastic erythroid hyperplasia (2.0%), dimorphic anemia (5.9%), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (2.0%), plasma cell dyscrasias (3.9%), Myeloproliferative disorders (3.9%), leukemia (15.7%), normocellular marrow (13.7%), metastasis (15.7%) and miscellaneous (3.9%). Conclusion: BMA is found to be the superior procedure for evaluation of hematological disorders compared to BMI and BMB.

Sleep-regulating technique of low resistance thought imprint psychotherapy for insomnia / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of sleep-regulating technique of low resistance thought imprint psychotherapy (TIP3-2) for insomnia. Methods A total of 120 patients with insomnia were enrolled and randomly allocated to either a treatment group (60 patients) or a control group (30 patients). The patients in the treatment group and the control group were treated by TIP3-2 and zopiclone for 4 weeks, respectively. The therapeutic effect was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), polysomnography and the self-made sleep confidence scale. Results A total of 79 patients in the treatment group and 28 patients in the control group completed treatment. PSQI scores showed that overall sleep quality (1.3 ± 0.65 vs. 1.8 ± 0.50;t=6.378, P=0.000), daytime function (1.5 ± 0.89 vs. 2.1 ± 0.66;t=13.624, P=0.000) and total score (9.6 ± 3.35 vs. 12.4 ± 2.83;t=22.124, P=0.000) in the treatment group were significantly improved compared with the control group. Polysomnography showed significant difference between two groups in the times of awakening (3.4 ± 2.49 vs. 4.2 ± 4.02;t=4.196, P=0.043), and the percentages of sleep stages 1 and 2 (stage 1:35.0%± 19.42%vs. 43.0%± 23.31%, t=4.593, P=0.034;stage 2:40.3%± 16.47%vs. 34.9%± 16.57%, t=4.255, P=0.042). The total score of the sleep confidence scale in the treatment group showed a significantly improvement compared with the control group (8.6 ± 5.85 vs. 12.8 ± 3.84, t=11.346, P=0.001). Conclusion TIP3-2 can improve sleep confidence, have certain efficacy for insomnia, and may be superior to zopiclone.

Study of imprint smears of various lesions with histological correlation.

Background: Imprint smear is simple and rapid technique for tissue diagnosis. Imprint is a touch preparation in which tissue is touched on the slide and it leaves behind its imprint in the form of cells on glass slide; studies are made after proper staining. Aims & Objective: (1) To evaluate utility of imprint smears as diagnostic modality; (2) To study the merits and pitfalls of imprint smears techniques in the diagnosis; (3) To correlate the findings of imprint smears with histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of 100 surgical specimens submitted in Department of Pathology, MGM Medical College, Indore. Smears obtained were stained with Papanicolaou Stain & studied. Results: Out of total 35 benign lesions, 32(91.4%) were diagnosed correctly and 03(8.6) was false negative. Out of total 65 malignant lesions 58 (89.2%) were diagnosed correctly, 07 (10.8%) were false negative. Conclusion: Imprint smear is rapid technique for diagnosis & can be utilized for adjuvant to histological diagnosis.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Imprint Cytology and Frozen Section for CNS Tumor.

The present study was a cross-sectional type of descriptive one carried out with the objective of determining the diagnostic accuracy of imprint cytology and frozen section of central nervous system tumors. A purposively selected sample of 33 clinically diagnosed patients with CNS tumors has been included for the study. The relevant data on CNS tumors were collected by using imprint cytology, frozen section and paraffin section. The sensitivity of imprint cytology was 75.0% and specificity was 55.17% respectively. On the other hand positive predictive value of imprint cytology was 18.75% and negative predictive value was 94.11%. The sensitivity of frozen section was 100% and specificity was 86.21% respectively. Comparing the findings of the frozen section to histopathology, the positive predictive value was 50.0% and negative predictive value was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of imprint cytology was lower in comparison to frozen section and paraffin section. Still then imprint cytology is preferred, because it can be carried out rapidly and easily. It will also be a very helpful aid especially when facilities for frozen section are limited but neurosurgical-procedure is available. A well designed research with adequate sample size should be carried out to get better diagnostic accuracy of imprint cytology in central nervous system tumors.

The similarities and differences between thought imprint psychotherapy under hypnosis and narrative therapy / 国际中医中药杂志

Thought Imprint Psychotherapy under Hypnosis(TIP)and Narrative Therapy are two different kinds of psychotherapy, both with the characteristic of story treatment. The psychotherapist uses re-growth means in TIP treatment, and Narrative Therapy uses means such as externalizing problems, reconstructing story, and so on. This article chiefly discusses two treatments, to confirm some similarities and differences between them and provide guidance for the actual treatment.

Shallow discussion the resistance problems in Chinese psychotherapy / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To discuss the resistance problems in Chinese psychotherapy.Methods The western psychology research literature was combined with the application of thought imprint psychotherapy under lower resistance(TIP) in Chinese psychotherapy clinical experience.Results The problems of resistance encountered in the process of psychological treatment were influenced by Chinese traditional culture,which were different from western psychology on causes,classification,performance and handling.Conclusion Respecting Chinese traditional culture,seizing the psychological characteristics of Chinese people and exerting the advantages of TCM psychology were keys of knowing the resistance problems in Chinese psychotherapy.

Study of Tumors by Imprint Cytology.

Introduction: The intraoperative diagnostic accuracy of a tumor is an essential part in patients’ work-up. If the surgeon finds it malignant during surgery, widespread dissection including lymph nodes can be done simultaneously and thus preventing the need of second surgery. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of imprint cytology (IC) for the intraoperative diagnosis in patients with tumor and its usefulness in low facility set up. The diagnostic accuracy of IC has been compared with histopathological examination (HPE), the gold standard diagnostic. Material and methods: This study included 55 patients presenting as a tumor mass of different organs with clinically diagnosed as malignant. In the operation theater, smears for IC were made from cut surfaces of tumors. These ware stained with Papanicolaou stain and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. The results of IC were compared with HPE using H&E staining. Results: This study included tumor specimens of five from lymph nodes, three from cervix, 31 from breast, four from gastrointestinal tract (GIT), three from parotid gland, five from ovary, one from uterine corpus and three from skin. Table 3 shows categorization of benign and malignant tumors. Locally infiltrative tumors have been shown in benign tumor list. The result of my study is as follows: IC for benign and locally infiltrative tumors gave 100% accuracy and that for malignant tumor it was 34/35 (97%) accuracy. The only case which was misdiagnosed as reactive lymph node (LN), which was turned out to be as Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Conclusion: Intraoperative IC is a useful method for evaluating tumors. The simplicity of technique can be used at small centers with low facility set-up.