Incidência de sífilis no estado do Rio de Janeiro e nomunicípio de Seropédica nos anos de 2010 a 2022 / Incidence of syphilis in the state of Rio de Janeiro andmunicipality of Seropédica in the years 2010 to 2022

Sífilis é uma infecção sexualmente transmissível (IST) que sinaliza a necessidade de efetivas políticas públicas devido ao aumento de casos na última década. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho é descrever a incidência de sífilis no estado do Rio de Janeiro e no município de Seropédica. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), referentes ao município de Seropédica e ao estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2010 a 2022. Resultados: foram identificados 105.138, 79.609 e 42.819 casos de sífilis adquirida, em gestantes e congênita, respectivamente, no estado do Rio de Janeiro e 187, 140 e 79 casos de sífilis adquirida, em gestantes e congênita, respectivamente, no município de Seropédica. Foi observado uma incidência maior para sífilis adquirida entre homens em comparação com mulheres tanto no estado do Rio de Janeiro (62.719 versus 42.346) quanto no município de Seropédica (110 versus 77). Houve um aumento nas taxas de incidência de sífilis no estado do Rio de Janeiro e no município de Seropédica ao longo dos anos. Conclusão: a sífilis segue sendo uma doença com alta incidência no território do Rio de Janeiro. Nesse sentido, é importante elaborar estratégias em saúde pública mais efetivas às pessoas acometidas por tal infecção.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that signals the need for effective public policies due to the increase in cases in the last decade. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the incidence of syphilis in the state of Rio de Janeiro and in the municipality of Seropédica. Methods: a descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out. Data collection was performed through the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), referring to the municipality of Seropédica and the state of Rio de Janeiro, from 2010 to 2022. Results: overall, 105.138, 79.609 and 42.819 cases of acquired syphilis, in pregnant women, and congenital syphilis, respectively, were identified in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and 187, 140, and 79 cases of acquired syphilis, in pregnant women, and congenital syphilis, respectively, were identified in the municipality of Seropédica. A higher incidence of acquired syphilis was observed among men compared to women both in the state of Rio de Janeiro (62.719 versus 42.346) and in the municipality of Seropédica (110 versus 77). There has been an increase in the incidence rates of syphilis in the state of Rio de Janeiro and the municipality of Seropédica over the years. Conclusion: syphilis continues to be a disease with a high incidence in the territory of Rio de Janeiro. In this sense, it is important to develop more effective public health strategies for people affected by this infection.

Incidencia de diabetes gestacional en Chile durante el periodo 2001-2022

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DG) se define como una hiperglucemia que se diagnostica por primera vez durante la gestación. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de diabetes gestacional (DG) durante el periodo 2001-2022 en Chile. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, ecológico y longitudinal. Se incluyeron los egresos hospitalarios consignados como diabetes durante el embarazo y DG en el periodo 2001-2022, de la base de datos del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud. Se determinó la incidencia de DG por la cantidad de partos institucionalizados, para cada año. Se analizaron la tendencia en el periodo y las diferencias entre regiones. Resultados: Se determinó un aumento de 2,615 casos de DG por 1000 partos atendidos por año en el periodo 2001-2022. En particular, en el periodo 2016-2022 la incidencia aumentó hasta 6,746 casos de DG por 1000 partos por año. En el año 2022, la región de La Araucanía presentó una incidencia de 284,4 casos por 1000 partos, lo que representa un aumento del 503% en relación con la incidencia media nacional (56,5 casos por 1000 partos). Conclusiones: Se demuestra un aumento significativo de la DG, en especial desde 2016. La situación en La Araucanía podría relacionarse con los niveles de pobreza multidimensional.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia first diagnosed during pregnancy. Objetive: To describe the incidence of gestational diabetes (GD) during the period 2001-2022 in Chile. Method: Observational, descriptive, ecological, longitudinal study. Hospital records of diabetes during pregnancy and GD in the period 2001-2022 were included, from the database of the Department of Statistics and Health Information. The incidence of GD was determined by the number of births, for each year. Trends in the period and differences between regions were analysed. Results: The results show an increase of 2.615 GD cases per 1000 births per year in the period 2001-2022. Particularly, in the period 2016-2022 the incidence increased to 6.746 cases of GD per 1000 births per year. In 2022, La Araucanía region presented an incidence of 284.4 cases per 1000 births, which represents an increase of 503% in relation to the mean national incidence (56.5 cases per 1000 births). Conclusions: A significant increase in DG is demonstrated, especially since 2016. The situation in La Araucanía could be related to the levels of multidimensional poverty.

Estadio, perfil biológico y tendencias de incidencia y mortalidad de cáncer de mama en Uruguay: análisis por franjas etarias

Introducción: el cáncer de mama es el tumor maligno más frecuente y la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres en Uruguay y en el mundo. La evidencia epidemiológica sugiere que el cáncer de mama en diferentes grupos de edades se comportaría como patologías distintas. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar el cáncer de mama en Uruguay para diferentes estratos de edades. Material y método: se analizaron las tendencias temporales de la incidencia de cáncer de mama en mujeres en Uruguay en el período 2002-2019, y de la mortalidad por esta causa en 1990-2020. Para el quinquenio 2015-2019, se analiza además la distribución de estadios al diagnóstico y de perfiles biológicos (luminales, triple negativos y HER2 positivos). Se analizan tres segmentos de edades: mujeres de 20 a 44 años, de 45 a 69 y de 70 y más años. Resultados: las tasas de incidencia para el conjunto de edades se presentaron estables en el período 2002-2019, mientras que la mortalidad presenta una tendencia decreciente en el período 1990-2020. En las mujeres menores de 45 años se encuentra un aumento en la incidencia, con mortalidad que decrece hasta el 2010, seguido de una estabilización de las tasas; en las mujeres de 45 a 69 años la incidencia se mantiene estable y la mortalidad decrece; en las mayores de 70 años, la incidencia decrece mientras la mortalidad se mantiene estable. Más del 70% de los casos se diagnostican en estadios I y II. Los tumores luminales (receptores hormonales positivos, HER2 negativos) son el subtipo más frecuente para todos los grupos, la proporción de tumores con estas características aumenta con la edad, mientras decrece la proporción de HER2 positivo y triple negativo. Conclusión: en las mujeres uruguayas el cáncer de mama presenta características diferenciales para las tres franjas de edades analizadas.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of cancer death in women in Uruguay and worldwide. Epidemiological evidence suggests that breast cancer in different age groups behaves as distinct pathologies. The objective of this work is to characterize breast cancer in Uruguay for different age groups. Method: Temporal trends in the incidence of breast cancer in women in Uruguay are analyzed for the period 2002-2019, along with mortality trends for this cause from 1990 to 2020. For the five-year period 2015-2019, the distribution of stages at diagnosis and biological profiles (Luminal, Triple-negative, and Her2 positive) is also analyzed. Three age segments are analyzed: women aged 20 to 44 years, 45 to 69 years, and 70 years and older. Results: The incidence rates for all age groups remained stable during the period 2002-2019, while mortality showed a decreasing trend in the period 1990-2020. In women under 45, there is an increase in incidence, with mortality decreasing until 2010, followed by a stabilization of rates; in women aged 45 to 69, incidence remains stable and mortality decreases; in those over 70, incidence decreases while mortality remains stable. More than 70% of cases are diagnosed at stages I and II. Luminal tumors (hormone receptor positive, Her2 negative) are the most frequent subtype for all age groups. The proportion of tumors with these characteristics increases with age, while the proportion of Her2 positive and triple-negative tumors decreases. Conclusions: In Uruguayan women, breast cancer presents differential characteristics for the three age groups analyzed.

Introdução: O câncer de mama é o tumor maligno mais comum e a principal causa de morte por câncer em mulheres no Uruguai e no mundo. Evidências epidemiológicas sugerem que o câncer de mama se comportaria como patologias distintas em diferentes faixas etárias. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o câncer de mama no Uruguai para diferentes faixas etárias. Materiais e Métodos: São analisadas as tendências temporais da incidência de câncer de mama em mulheres no Uruguai no período 2002-2019 e a mortalidade por esta causa no período 1990-2020. Para o quinquénio 2015-2019 são também analisadas a distribuição dos estádios ao diagnóstico e os perfis biológicos (Luminal, Triplo negativo e Her2 positivo). São analisados três segmentos etários: mulheres dos 20 aos 44 anos, dos 45 aos 69 anos e dos 70 anos ou mais. Resultados: As taxas de incidência para todas as idades permaneceram estáveis no período 2002-2019 enquanto a mortalidade apresentou tendência decrescente no período 1990-2020. Nas mulheres com menos de 45 anos verifica-se um aumento da incidência, com uma redução da mortalidade até 2010, seguida de uma estabilização das taxas; nas mulheres de 45 a 69 anos, a incidência permanece estável e a mortalidade diminui; nas pessoas com mais de 70 anos, a incidência diminui enquanto a mortalidade permanece estável. Mais de 70% dos casos são diagnosticados nos estágios I e II. Os tumores luminais (receptor hormonal positivo, Her2 negativo) são o subtipo mais comum para todos os grupos sem do que a proporção de tumores com essas características aumenta com a idade, enquanto a proporção de (Her2 positivo e triplo negativo) diminui. Conclusão: Nas mulheres uruguaias, o câncer de mama apresenta características diferenciadas para as três faixas etárias analisadas.

Reduction in the incidence of invasive infections caused by encapsulated bacteria after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic / Reducción de la incidencia de infecciones invasivas por bacterias capsuladas luego del inicio de la Pandemia por COVID-19

Abstract Interaction between severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and IIEB remains under investigation. Objective: to compare IIEB incidence before and during COVID-19 pandemic, and assess incidence of coinfection with COVID-19 and case fatality. A cross-sectional study was performed on data from a centralized microbiology laboratory serving a network of healthcare centers comprising 713 pediatric and adult inpatient beds, expanded by 20% during the pandemic. Three periods were evaluated: (1) pre-pandemic: March 1, 2019-February 29, 2020; (2) pandemic year 1: March 1, 2020-February 28, 2021; (3) pandemic year 2: March 1, 2021-July 31, 2021. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. 56502 samples (96% blood cultures) from 27224 patients were analyzed. Of these, 54 samples (from 54 patients) were positive for encapsulated bacteria. IIEB incidence was: 167.4, 32.6, and 50.4 per 100000 samples for periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Twelve IIEB episodes occurred during the pandemic period: 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 2 Haemophilus influenzae, of which 7 were SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae coinfections, with an incidence of 5.68 per 10000 COVID-19-related hospitalizations (0.056%). IIEB case fatality was 31%, 29%, and 60% for each period, respectively, 3/7 patients with coinfection died (43%). Case fatality for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients without COVID-19, was 32.5%. Significant reduction in IIEB incidence was observed during the pandemic, coinciding with implementation of containment measures. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae coinfection was low, with higher case fatality than IPD patients without COVID-19.

Resumen La interacción entre SARS-CoV-2 e infecciones invasivas por bacterias capsuladas (IIBC) continúa bajo estudio. Objetivos: comparar la incidencia de IIBC antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19, evaluar la incidencia de coinfección con COVID-19 y la letalidad. Estudio transversal de registros de un laboratorio centralizado de Microbiología, que asiste a una red de centros asistenciales con 713 camas de internación para adultos y pediátricos, expandida 20% durante la pandemia. Tres periodos evaluados: 1) Pre-pandemia: 1-Marzo-2019 al 29-Febrero-2020; 2) Primer año de Pandemia: 1-Marzo-2020 al 28-Febrero-2021; 3) Pandemia 2021: 1-Marzo-2021 al 31-Julio-2021. Análisis estadístico descriptivo: Se analizaron 56.502 muestras (96% hemocultivos) correspondientes a 27.224 pacientes. De estas, 54 muestras (de 54 pacientes) fueron positivas para bacterias capsuladas. La incidencia de IIBC fue 167,4, 32,6 y 50,4 por cada 100.000 muestras para los periodos 1, 2 y 3, respectivamente. Doce IIBC ocurrieron durante la pandemia: 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae y dos Haemophilus influenzae, siete de ellos corresponden a coinfección SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae, con una incidencia de 5,68 por cada 10.000 internaciones por COVID 19 (0,056%). La letalidad de las IIBC fue de 31, 29 y 60% para los tres periodos, respectivamente, 3/7 coinfectados fallecieron (43%). La letalidad por enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI), sin COVID fue de 32,5%. Se evidenció una reducción significativa de la incidencia de IIBC luego del comienzo de la pandemia, coincidente con la implementación de las medidas sanitarias de contención de la pandemia. La incidencia de coinfección de SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae fue baja y presentó mayor letalidad que las ENI sin COVID-19.

Epidemiological characteristics and genotype of norovirus outbreaks in schools in Xicheng District of Beijing from 2017 to 2022 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in schools in Xicheng District of Beijing from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of norovirus outbreaks in schools.@*Methods@#Data of norovirus outbreaks in schools in Xicheng District, Beijing during 2017 to 2022 were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods. Realtime PCR was used to detect the nucleic acid of group GⅠand GⅡnorovirus, the positive norovirus nucleic acid samples were sent to Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention for molecular typing.@*Results@#From 2017 to 2022, 185 norovirus outbreaks were reported in schools in Xicheng District, including 166 cluster outbreaks and 19 outbreaks. A total of 2 044 cases were reported, with a total attack rate of 13.92%. There were two peaks in the outbreak time, which were from March to June after the spring semester and from October to December after autumn semester. Primary schools were the most common place of occurrence (101 cases), followed by nursery institutions (68 cases) and secondary schools (16 cases). There were statistically significant differences in the incidence rates among different sites(12.37%, 22.78%, 8.47%, χ2=263.34, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the incidence of vomiting, diarrhea, nausea and stomachache among different students (χ2=263.33, 90.58, 20.42, 30.29, P<0.01). Vomiting was the main symptom in primary school and nursery school children (96.41%, 98.28%), and the diarrhea rate was higher in middle school students (68.22%). The outbreaks were mainly caused by type GⅡ norovirus. The genotype from 2017 to 2021 showed the characteristics of diversity, mainly GⅡ.2[P16], but there was no significant advantage for the GⅡ.2 [P16] during 2019 to 2021.@*Conclusions@#The norovirus outbreak in schools in Xicheng district of Beijing from 2017 to 2022 are mainly caused by GⅡ type genome. The main genotype is GⅡ.2[P16]. Norovirus infection mainly occurred in primary schools and kindergartens. For the vulnerable populations, it is necessary to improve the capacity to early identification, student infectious disease management, active infection control and prevention measures, and pathogen surveillance and sporadic case monitoring.

Epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis B in Jiangxi Provincefrom 2014 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective @#To learn the epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis B in Jiangxi Province from 2014 to 2021, so as to provide insights into perfecting hepatitis B prevention and control strategy.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to acute hepatitis B was collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The temporal, spatial and population distributions of acute hepatitis B were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. The trend in incidence of acute hepatitis B was analyzed using annual percent change (APC). @*Results@#Totally 8 890 cases of acute hepatitis B were reported in Jiangxi Province from 2014 to 2021, with the reported incidence showing a tendency towards a decline (APC=-11.730%, P<0.05). The average annual reported incidence rate of acute hepatitis B was 2.42/105. Acute hepatitis B occurred all the year round, without obvious seasonal characteristics. The top three highest incidence rates were reported in Pingxiang City (7.12/105), Ganzhou City (3.12/105) and Fuzhou City (2.87/105). The lowest and highest incidence rates of acute hepatitis B were seen among residents aged under 10 years (0.30/105) and 20-29 years (3.86/105). The incidence rate of males was higher than that of females (3.25/105 vs. 1.55/105, P<0.05). Farmers were predominant population affected acute hepatitis B (5 764 cases, 64.84%). @*Conclusions@#The incidence of acute hepatitis B showed a downward trend in Jiangxi Province from 2014 to 2021, and the disease predominantly affected young males, farmers. Health education should be strengthened, and hepatitis B vaccination coverage should be promoted.

Trend in incidence of stroke in Yongkang City from 2015 to 2022 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the trend in incidence of stroke in Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province from 2015 to 2022, so as to provide the evidence for improving stroke prevention and treatment strategies.@*Methods@#The incidence of stroke in Yongkang City from 2015 to 2022 was collected through the Zhejiang Chronic Disease Monitoring Information System, and standardized by the data of the Chinese National Population Census in 2010. The incidence of stroke in gender-, age- and subtype-specific was analyzed, and the incidence trend of stroke was analyzed by average annual percentage change (AAPC).@*Results@#A total of 22 408 stroke cases were reported in Yongkang City from 2015 to 2022, with crude incidence of 457.97/105 and standardized incidence of 379.55/105. The crude incidence of stroke appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC=6.447%, P<0.05). The crude incidence of stroke was higher among males than females (495.97/105 vs. 417.58/105, P<0.05), and the standardized incidence of stroke was higher among males than females (425.29/105 vs. 332.49/105, P<0.05). The average age of stroke cases was (70.74±12.64) years. The crude incidence of stroke appeared a tendency towards a rise with age (P<0.05), and which in residents aged 30 to 44 years showed an increasing trend (AAPC=6.142%,P<0.05). There were 18 040 cases of ischemic stroke (80.51%), 4 121 cases of hemorrhagic stroke (18.39%) and 247 cases of unclassified stroke (1.10%) reported from 2015 to 2022. The crude incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than which of hemorrhagic stroke (368.70/105 vs. 84.22/105, P<0.05). The crude incidence of ischemic stroke appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC=7.851%, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The crude incidence of stroke appeared a tendency towards a rise in Yongkang City from 2015 to 2022, with ischemic stroke as the predominant subtype. Male and the elderly should be given a high priority for stroke control.

Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among vegetable greenhouse workers / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and influencing factors among vegetable greenhouse workers, so as to provide insights into relevant intervention measurements.@*Methods@#Workers from 4 vegetable greenhouse villages were sampled in the suburbs of Xining City using a cluster sampling method from March to April 2023. Participants' demographic information, characteristics of greenhouse operation and prevalence of WMSDs were collected using questionnaire surveys. Factors affecting the prevalence of WMSDs among vegetable greenhouse workers were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed, and 518 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective response rate of 94.18%. There were 264 males (50.97%) and 254 females (49.03%), and 269 participants (51.93%) aged 50 years and older. The prevalence of WMSDs among vegetable greenhouse workers was 40.93% (212 cases). Waist, neck and back were mainly affected, with 185 (35.71%), 157 (30.31%), and 153 (29.54%) cases, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that workers who smoke (OR=2.406, 95%CI: 1.133-5.110), worked 8 hours and longer per day (OR=6.618, 95%CI: 3.492-12.542) and lift heavy loads of about 20 kg (OR=1.770, 95%CI: 1.013-3.092) had a higher risk of WMSDs.@*Conclusions@#WMSDs occurred in 40.93% of vegetable greenhouse workers in Xining City, and waist, neck and back were mainly affected. Smoking, working duration and lifting heavy loads may influence the prevalence of WMSDs among vegetable greenhouse workers in Xining City.

Analysis of the current situation of work-related injuries in Kunshan City from 2016 to 2021 / 中国职业医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the current situation and characteristics of work-related injuries in Kunshan City. Methods Data on work-related injuries in Kunshan City from January 2016 to December 2021 was collected from the integrated management platform of Jiangsu Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. The situations and characteristics of work-related injuries were analyzed. Results A total of 46 358 work-related injuries occurred in Kunshan City from 2016 to 2021, with the incidence of 0.57% to 0.67%. The incidence showed a decreasing trend year by year (P<0.05). The work-related injuries leading to level 10 disability in workers accounted for 44.45%. The incidence of work-related injuries was highest in the sixth major risk industry category, accounted for 0.79%. The incidence of work-related injuries was the highest in July and August, both accounted for 0.60‰. The incidence of work-related injuries was the highest in the traditional manufacturing area of all regions, accounted for 0.65%. The incidence of work-related injuries was higher in males than in females (0.56% vs 0.23%, P<0.01). The incidence of work-related injuries of workers aged ≥46 years was 0.74%, which was higher than those in the other three age groups <46 years old (all P<0.008). Workers with 11 to <16 and 16 to <21 years of social insurance had relatively higher incidence of work-related injuries, accounted for 0.84% and 1.00%, respectively (both P<0.003). The incidence of work-related injuries was lower in urban workers than in rural workers (0.43% vs 0.44%, P<0.01). Work-related wrist and hand injuries had the highest incidence among all body parts, accounted for 44.67%. Contusions, crush injuries, and compression injuries were the most common types of injuries, accounted for 56.18%. Conclusion The incidence of work-related injuries in Kunshan City is lower than the national average. The incidence of work-related injuries is related to the category of risk industry, region, gender, age, years of social insurance and household registration type. Hierarchical classification should be implemented to prevent work-related injuries.

Analysis of notifiable infectious diseases in Zhejiang Province in 2023 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases in Zhejiang Province in 2023, so as to provide the evidence for strengthening prevention and control of infectious diseases.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to notifiable infectious diseases reported in Zhejiang Province in 2023 were retrieved from the Infectious Disease Surveillance System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The incidence and mortality were analyzed according to the classification of notifiable infectious diseases and transmission routes, and epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#Thirty types of notifiable infectious diseases with 2 955 699 cases and 427 deaths were reported in Zhejiang Province in 2023, with a reported incidence rate of 4 493.93/105 and a reported mortality rate of 0.649 2/105. A total of 679 notifiable infectious disease emergencies were reported, with 26 514 cases and 1 case death (rabies). The emergencies mainly occurred in schools and preschool institutions, with 621 cases accounting for 91.46%. There were 1 case of cholera reported in class A notifiable infectious diseases and no death, 22 types of class B notifiable infectious diseases, with a reported incidence rate of 552.46/105 and a reported mortality rate of 0.644 7/105, and 8 types of class C notifiable infectious diseases, with a reported incidence rate of 3 941.48/105 and a reported mortality rate of 0.004 6/105. The incidence rates of respiratory, intestinal, blood-borne and sexually transmitted, natural and insect-borne infectious diseases were 4 028.67/105, 381.59/105, 81.15/105 and 1.35/105, respectively, according to transmission routes. Influenza (3 561.78/105) and COVID-19 (423.77/105) reported the highest incidence, and AIDS (0.477 4/105) and tuberculosis (0.130 8/105) reported the highest mortality.@*Conclusion@#The incidence rates of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases were high in Zhejiang Province in 2023, and schools and preschool institutions were the main places of diseases occurred.

Characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District from 2006 to 2022 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City from 2006 to 2022, so as to provide the basis for improving AIDS prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#Data of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District from 2006 to 2022 were collected through HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Control System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Population distribution and transmission routes were analyzed, and changing trends in case number were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC).@*Results@#A total of 4 409 HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older were newly reported in Shangcheng District from 2006 to 2022, including 3 932 males (89.18%). There were 3 447 cases (78.18%) under 50 years old and 962 cases (21.82%) being 50 years and older. Sexual contact was a predominant transmission route, with 4 326 cases accounting for 98.12%, including 2 626 cases (59.56%) with homosexual contact and 1 700 cases (38.56%) with heterosexual contact. The number of HIV/AIDS cases showed an overall upward trend from 2006 to 2022 (AAPC=13.038%, P<0.05), with an upward trend from 2006 to 2015 (APC=42.578%, P<0.05) and a downward trend from 2015 to 2022 (APC=-19.713%, P<0.05). The increase in the number of cases aged 50 years and older group was faster than that of cases aged under 50 years (AAPC=22.641% vs. 11.162%, both P<0.05). The increase in the number of cases with homosexual contact transmission was faster than that of cases with heterosexual contact transmission (AAPC=20.417% vs. 7.455%, both P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The number of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years and older in Shangcheng District performed an overall upward trend from 2006 to 2022. The cases aged 50 years and older and transmitted through homosexual contact increased rapidly, which should be taken seriously.

Trends in age-, period- and cohort-specific incidence of hepatitis C in Chifeng City from 2008 to 2022 / 预防医学

Objective@#To explore incidence trend of hepatitis C in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2008 to 2022, so as to provide the basis for formulating prevention and control measures for hepatitis C.@*Methods@#Data of reported hepatitis C cases in Chifeng City from 2008 to 2022 was collected through the Infectious Disease Information Reporting Management System. Trends in incidence of hepatitis C were analyzed using annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). Impact of age, period and birth cohort on the risk of developing hepatitis C were analyzed by an age-period-cohort model.@*Results@#The annual average reported incidence rate of hepatitis C in Chifeng City was 59.13/105 from 2008 to 2022. The incidence showed an upward trend from 2008 to 2018 (APC=9.405%, P<0.05) and a downward trend from 2018 to 2022 (APC=-17.475%, P<0.05), but the overall trend was not statistically significant (AAPC=0.937%, P>0.05). The age-period-cohort model analysis showed that the incidence risks of hepatitis C in the residents aged 0 to 4 years and 45 to 84 years were higher than those in the residents aged 40 to 44 years (the control group). The incidence risk of hepatitis C increased with age from 40 to 79 years. Compared with 2008-2012, the incidence risk of hepatitis C showed an increasing trend followed by a decline in 2008-2022. The incidence risk was higher in 2013-2017 and lower in 2018-2022 than in 2008-2012. The incidence risk of hepatitis C showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend by using the birth cohort from 1968 to 1972 as the control. The birth cohort from 1953 to 1977 had a higher incidence risk of hepatitis C than other birth cohorts.@*Conclusions@#The overall incidence of hepatitis C in Chifeng City from 2008 to 2022 appeared a tendency towards a decline, and the incidence risk increased with age. Screening and health education for the elderly and high-risk birth cohorts should be strengthened.

Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of syphilis in Gansu province in 2005 - 2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the syphilis epidemic in Gansu Province from 2005 to 2021, and to provide a reference for the prevention and control of the syphilis epidemic in Gansu Province. Methods ArcGIS 10.7 was used to map the annual incidence of syphilis in Gansu Province from 2005 to 2021, spatial autocorrelation analysis and local autocorrelation analysis were performed, and SaTScan 10.0.2 software was used for spatiotemporal scanning analysis. Results The global autocorrelation results showed that the annual incidence of syphilis in 2005-2021 was >0, Z＞1.96, and the P< 0.0001, showing a spatial clustering distribution, and the local autocorrelation results showed that there was one spatially similar high-high aggregation area and two spatially similar low-low aggregation areas in Gansu Province, and the hot spot analysis showed that there were 9 negative hotspot areas and 2 positive hotspot areas in the syphilis epidemic in Gansu Province. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis detected two high concentration areas, mainly concentrated in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Conclusion Syphilis in Gansu Province has regional differences in space, and high-high accumulation areas in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture persist, and targeted prevention and control strategies should be specified according to temporal and spatial characteristics.

Epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2022 / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from2015 to 2022,and provide decision making strategy for the control and prevention of mumps.Methods Using SPSS 26.0and Excel 2010 statistical software,the epidemiological statistical description and analysis of mumps cases in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2022 were performed.Results A total of 16 018 cases of mumps were reported in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2022,with an average annual incidence of 8. 274 5/100 000. All cities had reported cases,and the peak incidence was mainly concentrated from April to July and from September to December. The age of the affected population was mainly 0-14 years old,accounting for 90. 14% of the total number of cases,and the affected population mainly included students,preschool children and scattered children.Conclusion From 2015 to 2022,the incidence rate of mumps in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region showed a downward trend,and the average annual incidence was lower than the national reported level. The epidemic showed an obvious seasonality,and students,kindergarten children and scattered children were the key groups for prevention and control. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance,prevention and control of mumps in schools,kindergartens and other collective units,and continue to implement the immunization strategy of age-eligible children vaccinated with two doses of mumps-containing vaccine(MuCV).

Trends in incidence of notifiable infectious diseases in Huzhou City from 2005 to 2023 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the trends in incidence and epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2023, so as to provide insights into optimizing infectious disease surveillance and control.@*Methods@#Data of notifiable infectious disease cases in Huzhou City from 2005 to 2023 were collected from the Infectious Disease Report Information System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Trends in incidence were analyzed using annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). The population distribution and seasonal characteristics were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#From 2005 to 2023, a total of 504 283 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were reported in Huzhou City, with an annual crude incidence rate of 892.65/105 and a standardized incidence rate of 989.21/105. The incidence rate of notifiable infectious diseases in Huzhou City showed an upward trend (AAPC=8.886%, P<0.05), of which there was an obvious upward trend from 2021 to 2023 (APC=95.996%, P<0.05). After the removal of COVID-19 incidence, the incidence trend was basically unchanged (AAPC=7.970%, P<0.05). From 2005 to 2023, the incidence rate of class A and B notifiable infectious diseases showed no obvious trend (P>0.05), and the incidence rate of class A and B respiratory infectious diseases showed an upward trend (AAPC=6.958%, P<0.05). After the removal of COVID-19 incidence, the two showed a downward trend (AAPC=-7.680% and -8.660%, both P<0.05). The incidence rate of class A and class B intestinal infectious diseases, blood-borne and sexually transmitted infectious diseases showed a downward trend (AAPC=-14.849% and -5.977%, both P<0.05), while the incidence rates of natural and insect-borne infectious diseases did not show a significant trend (P>0.05). The overall incidence rate of class C infectious diseases showed an upward trend (AAPC=13.058%, P<0.05). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of notifiable infectious diseases between males and females was 1.26 (95%CI: 1.25-1.27). A total of 204 043 cases under 10 years were reported, accounting for 40.46%. The peak incidence of class A and B respiratory infectious diseases was in January, May and June, while that of class A and B intestinal infectious diseases was from June to October. The peak incidence of class C respiratory infectious diseases was in January, March, April and December, while that of class C intestinal infectious diseases was from May to August and from November to December.@*Conclusions@#The incidence rate of notifiable infectious diseases in Huzhou City showed an upward trend from 2005 to 2023, which was more obvious from 2021 to 2023. Men and children under 10 years were the high-risk population. The incidence of respiratory and intestinal infectious diseases had obvious seasonal characteristics.

Age-, period- and cohort-specific incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in Yantian District from 2008 to 2022 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the incidence trend of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Yantian District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province from 2008 to 2022, and the effects of age, period, and cohort on STDs incidence, so as to provide the basis for formulating control measures for STDs.@*Methods@#Data of reported STDs cases (syphilis, gonorrhea, genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections, condyloma acuminatum and genital herpes) among population aged 15 to 64 years in Yantian District from 2008 to 2022 were collected through the Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The temporal and population distribution of STDs were descriptively analyzed. Trends in incidence of STDs were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC). Impacts of age, period and cohort on the incidence of STDs were analyzed by an age-period-cohort model.@*Results@#A total of 6 156 cases of STDs aged 15 to 64 years were reported from 2008 to 2022, and the average annual incidence was 229.92/105. The overall incidence showed an upward trend (AAPC=2.409%, P<0.05), and an upward trend among females (AAPC=5.846%, P<0.05), but the trend was not statistically significant among males (AAPC=0.193%, P>0.05). The incidence of STDs showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend with the increase of age. The incidence trend among males was consistent with the overall population, reaching its peak in the age group of 30 to 34 years (371.04/105), while the incidence among females showed an increasing trend with the increase of age, peaking in the age group of 60 to 64 years (442.15/105). Compared with 2013-2017, the incidence risk of STDs showed an increasing trend in 2018-2022 (RR=1.349, 95%CI: 1.217-1.495). Compared with the birth cohort of 1975-1979, the incidence risk of STDs in 1980-2005 birth cohort showed an increasing trend, with the highest incidence risk in 2000-2004 birth cohort (RR=4.178, 95%CI: 2.717-6.423).@*Conclusions@#The overall incidence of STDs among residents aged 15 to 64 years in Yantian District from 2008 to 2022 appeared a tendency towards a rise. Age, period and cohort all had impacts on the incidence, with a greater effect among females than males.

Hepatitis C virus infection:surveillance report from China Healthcare-as-sociated Infection Surveillance System in 2020 / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate the infection status and changing trend of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection in hospitalized patients in medical institutions,and provide reference for formulating HCV infection prevention and control strategies.Methods HCV infection surveillance results from cross-sectional survey data reported to China Healthcare-associated Infection(HAI)Surveillance System in 2020 were summarized and analyzed,HCV positive was serum anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive,survey result was compared with the survey results from 2003.Results In 2020,1 071 368 inpatients in 1 573 hospitals were surveyed,738 535 of whom underwent HCV test,4 014 patients were infected with HCV,with a detection rate of 68.93％and a HCV positive rate of 0.54％.The positive rate of HCV in male and female patients were 0.60％and 0.48％,respectively,with a statistically sig-nificant difference(x2=47.18,P＜0.001).The HCV positive rate in the 50-＜60 age group was the highest(0.76％),followed by the 40-＜50 age group(0.71％).Difference among all age groups was statistically signifi-cant(x2=696.74,P＜0.001).In 2003,91 113 inpatients were surveyed.35 145 of whom underwent HCV test,resulting in a detection rate of 38.57％;775 patients were infected with HCV,with a positive rate of 2.21％.In 2020,HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales were 0.46％-0.63％,with the highest in hospital with bed numbers ranging 600-899.Patients'HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales was statistically signifi-cant(X2=35.34,P＜0.001).In 2020,12 provinces/municipalities had over 10 000 patients underwent HCV-rela-ted test,and HCV positive rates ranged 0.19％-0.81％,with the highest rate from Hainan Province.HCV posi-tive rates in different departments were 0.06％-0.82％,with the lowest positive rate in the department of pedia-trics and the highest in the department of internal medicine.In 2003 and 2020,HCV positive rates in the depart-ment of infectious diseases were the highest,being 7.95％and 3.48％,respectively.Followed by departments of orthopedics(7.72％),gastroenterology(3.77％),nephrology(3.57％)and general intensive care unit(ICU,3.10％)in 2003,as well as departments of gastroenterology(1.35％),nephrology(1.18％),endocrinology(0.91％),and general intensive care unit(ICU,0.79％)in 2020.Conclusion Compared with 2003,HCV positive rate decreased significantly in 2020.HCV infected patients were mainly from the department of infectious diseases,followed by departments of gastroenterology,nephrology and general ICU.HCV infection positive rate varies with gender,age,and region.

Effect of hand hygiene intervention on healthcare-associated case infection incidence from 2014 to 2022 / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To observe the effect of multi-modal hand hygiene(HH)intervention on HH compliance,as well as the relationship between HH compliance and the healthcare-associated(HA)case infection incidence.Methods From 2014 to 2022,the infection control team in a tertiary first-class hospital implemented multi-modal HH intervention for health care workers(HCWs).The changing trend of HH monitoring data,the correlation be-tween HH compliance rate and HA case infection incidence were analyzed retrospectively.Results The consump-tion of HH products in the wards showed a stable upward trend;HH compliance rate increased from 64.98％in 2014 to 85.01％in 2022(P＜0.001),and HA case infection incidence decreased from 1.21％to 0.83％(P＜0.05).HH compliance rate was negatively correlated with HA case infection incidence(r=-0.369,P=0.027).HH compliance rates in different regions and job posts in each quarter were increased(P＜0.001).For 5 different HH moments in each quarter,HH compliance rate fluctuated slightly before sterile manipulation and after touching patient;presented rising trend after touching surroundings around patient,and decreased before touching patient and after touching patient's body fluid since 2020(P＜0.001).Conclusion Multi-modal HH intervention can im-prove the HH compliance of HCWs,improving their HH awareness is conducive to reducing HA case infection incidence.

Risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants in Yili area / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the in-hospital screening results of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants and young children in Ili area, and to analyze the risk factors affecting the occurrence of DDH. Methods According to the cluster sampling method 5 536 infants and young children who underwent DDH screening in the pediatric outpatient department and orthopedic outpatient department of our hospital from December 2019 to June 2022 were selected as the research objects. The children who met the diagnostic criteria of DDH were selected as the observation group (n=35), and 100 normal children were selected as the control group. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine the independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of DDH in infants. Results Among the 39 cases were positive in primary screening, 35 cases were positive in secondary screening, and the positive rate was 6.32‰ . The results of single factor analysis showed that the proportion of women, second birth and above, caesarean section, breech delivery, family history, high altitude area, living environment room temperature °C, and leg binding when swaddling in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P°C and leg binding in infants are related to the occurrence of DDH in infants, which can provide some reference for clinical screening, diagnosis and treatment.

Incidence and prognosis of olfactory,gustatory and auditory dysfunctions related to infection of COVID-19 Omicron strain:A network-based survey / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and prognosis of olfactory,gustatory and auditory dysfunctions related to the COVID-19 Omicron strain infection.METHODS A cross-sectional investigation was performed through online questionnaires.Data of patients with Omicron strain infection from December 24th,2022 to January 2nd,2023 were collected.The visual analogue scale(VAS)was used to evaluate the self-reported olfactory,gustatory and auditory functions of patients.RESULTS A total of 869 valid questionnaires were obtained.The incidence of otolaryngology-related symptoms associated with omicron strain infection was 96.8%.The incidence of olfactory,gustatory and auditory dysfunction was 44.4%,44.2%and 10.7%,respectively.There were statistically significant differences(P<0.001)in VAS scores for olfactory,gustatory,and auditory impairments between all surveyed individuals before and after infection,as well as in the corresponding VAS scores for those who experienced these impairments.The median duration of olfactory,gustatory and auditory dysfunction were 5,4 and 3 days,respectively.CONCLUSION The incidence of olfactory,gustatory,and auditory impairments is high after Omicron infection,with most cases experiencing rapid spontaneous improvement.For the long-term symptoms,the otolaryngology doctors are responsible for exploring and developing effective intervention measures.