Condensed tannins from roots of Indigofera stachyodes / 中国中药杂志

Eleven condensed tannins were isolated from the roots of Indigofera stachyodes by various column chromatography techniques including silica gel, octadecyl silica(ODS), Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). These compounds were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and mass spectrometry(MS) data as stachyotannin A(1), epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-catechin(2), cinnamtannin D1(3), cinnamtannin B1(4), epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin(5), gambiriin C(6), proanthocyanidin A1(7), proanthocyanidin A2(8), aesculitannin B(9), proanthocyanidin A4(10), and procyanidin B5(11). Compound 1 is a new compound. Compounds 2-11 were isolated from Indigofera for the first time. Furthermore, compounds 1, 2, and 4-11 showed inhibitory effects on thrombin-induced ATP release in platelets.

Textual research on medicinal blue herbs / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, through the collection and collation of ancient herbs, medical books and prescriptions, combined with modern literature, the historical changes of the name, origin, position, medicinal parts, collection, processing and processing of bluegrass were systematically combed and verified.It can be seen from the research that bluegrass was first used as medicine by the fruit, namely blueberry, which was originally Polygonum tinctorium. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, blueberry was rarely used, and it has been no longer used medicinally. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the medicinal parts extended to the stems and leaves, and most of them used juice as medicine.Since the Tang Dynasty, origin has been extended to Isatis indigotica, Baphicacanthus cusia, Indigofera tinctoria, Compositae plant Wulan, etc. In the Song Dynasty, the medicinal parts extended to the roots, and the "Banlangen" began to appear, and gradually became the main medicinal parts of blue medicinal materials, the main base of which was B. cusia. Since the Qing Dynasty, I. indigotica, a Cruciferae, has gradually become a genuine indigo root, while B. cusia has become a southern indigo root. It was the first mineral dye imported from abroad for thrush, and then used as medicine, also known as clam powder. Because it was found that it had the same effect with the extract of bluegrass, it was also named indigo naturalis in China, which has lasted till now. The main stream of Isatidis Folium in the past dynasties is the dry stem and leaf of Clerodendrum cyrtophylum. Since the Qing Dynasty, the stem and leaf of Isatis indigotica, P. tinctorium and other blue grasses have been gradually mixed as substitutes and gradually become the mainstream.

Eficácia hepatoprotetora do extrato metanólico de Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill) em lesão hepática induzido por paracetamol em camundongos / Hepatoprotective efficacy of methanolic extract of indigofera suffruticosa (mill) on paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (Fabaceae) is abundant in northeastern Brazil and popularly used in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes. Several biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, hepatoprotective and low toxicity, are reported for this plant. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated hepatoprotective activity and the antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of I. suffruticosa leaves (MEIS) on Swiss albino mice submitted to experimental models of acetaminophen-induced liver injury. METHODS: MEIS (50 mg/kg; p.o.) was standardized according to the LD50 and its hepatoprotective property on Swiss albino mice evaluated during a 7-day period. On the eighth day, the acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury was performed. Histomorphometric analysis of liver tissue, antioxidant activity and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin were measured. RESULTS: MEIS (50 mg/kg; p.o.) restored serum enzyme levels and results were close to those of positive control (silymarin) when compared to the negative control. Histopathological and histomorphometric analyzes confirmed MEIS hepatoprotective activity, showing reorganization of structural units of cells, nuclei and sinusoidal capillaries of hepatocytes, reducing the damage on liver tissue and increasing organ regeneration rate. MEIS showed high antioxidant potential at concentrations of 1000 and 500 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that MEIS has hepatoprotective activity and high antioxidant potential.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (Fabaceae) é abundante no nordeste do Brasil e popularmente utilizada no tratamento de processos infecciosos e inflamatórios. Várias propriedades biológicas, como anti-inflamatório, anticâncer, antitumoral, hepatoprotetor e baixa toxicidade, são relatadas para esta planta. OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou a atividade hepatoprotetora e o efeito antioxidante do extrato metanólico de folhas de I. suffruticosa (MEIS) em camundongos albinos suíços submetidos a modelos experimentais de lesão hepática induzida por paracetamol. MÉTODOS: O MEIS na dose de 50 mg/kg (via oral) foi padronizado de acordo com a LD50 e sua propriedade hepatoprotetora em camundongos albinos Swiss avaliados durante um período de sete dias. No oitavo dia, a lesão hepática foi induzida por paracetamol em todos grupos pre-tratados. Foram medidos os níveis sericos enzimaticos, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase e bilirrubina, análise histomorfométrica do tecido hepático e atividade antioxidante. RESULTADOS: O MEIS restaurou os níveis séricos de enzimas e os resultados foram próximos aos do controle positivo (silimarina) quando comparados ao controle negativo. As análises histopatológicas e histomorfométricas confirmaram a atividade hepatoprotetora do MEIS, mostrando reorganização das unidades estruturais das células, núcleos e capilares sinusoidais dos hepatócitos, reduzindo os danos no tecido hepático e aumentando a taxa de regeneração de órgãos. O MEIS apresentou alto potencial antioxidante nas concentrações de 1000 e 500 µg/mL. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que I. suffruticosa tem atividade hepatoprotetora e alto potencial antioxidante.

Phytochemical Screening and Synergistic Anti-proliferative Activity against Selected Cancer Cell Lines of Moringa oleifera and Indigofera arrecta Leaf Extracts

Medicinal plants present a plausible source for anticancer agents. Combination of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds with the currently used cancer drugs has shown a marked improvement of the conventional drugs' efficacy and reduced toxicity. This study evaluated; phytochemical screening, antiproliferative activity and drug interaction potentials of Moringa oleifera and Indigofera arrecta leaf extracts with 5-fluoro uracil against selected cancer cell lines. Phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures. The common 3– (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yr) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to determine the growth inhibitory potential of the extracts towards cancer cells. Drug interaction assays were done using constant ratio combination method. Alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols and saponins were found to be present in the plant's extracts. M. oleifera and I. arrecta methanol-dichloromethane extracts had the highest activity compared to water extracts. All the extracts showed antiproliferative activities towards; HCC 1395 (breast), DU145 (prostate) and Hela (cervical) cancer cell lines. The extracts were not cytotoxic towards Vero cells (IC50>1000 µg/ml). I. arrecta and M. oleifera inhibited DU145 the most with IC50 values of 111.110 µg/ml and 66.290 µg/ml respectively. The plant extracts synergistically inhibited the growth of cancer cells (CI<1). Combination of the plant extracts and 5-Fluorouracil depicted that the concentration of the conventional drug could be reduced and yet achieve the same desired effect against cancerous cells (Dose reduction index (DRI) >1). Further studies to isolate the bioactive compounds and deduce the probable mechanisms of action are recommended.

In vivo and in vitro effects of Miao Medicine Indigofera stachyoides extracts on breast cancer 4T1 cells / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of Indigofera stachyoide extracts on the breast cancer cells (4T1) in vivo and in vitro. Methods MTT method was used to detect the antitumor activity of I. stachyoides extracts in 4T1cells in vitro, the inhibition rate of cell proliferation, and half inhibition concentration (IC50). The established mice model with 4T1 solid tumor were randomly divided into model, extracts of I. stachyoides (petroleum ether phase, ethyl acetate phase, n-butanol phase, water phase, and ethanol extracts) groups, and cisplatin group. After being administered for 15 d, mice body weight and victera index were measured; The observation of tumor pathology and the calculation of tumor inhibition rate were performed. Results IC50 of ethyl acetate phase, n-butanol phase, ethanol extracts of I. stachyoides on 4T1 cells in vitro reached 228.9, 323.4, and 322.6 μg/mL, respectively. The tumor inhibition rates of petroleum ether phase, ethyl acetate phase, n-butanol phase, water phase, and ethanol extract of I. Stachyoides, and cisplatin group on 4T1 mice were (55.88 ± 6.68)%, (66.67 ± 14.32)%, (65.71 ± 12.38)%, (53.81 ± 16.17)%, (43.73 ± 25.73)%, and (76.85 ± 11.38)%, respectively. In the different extraction parts of I. stachyoide, the petroleum ether group had the effects of reducing the spleen index, increasing the thymus index and IL-2 level, and the ethyl acetate part was the best partaccording to tumor volume and the tumor suppressor rate. HE staining showed that the tumor cells in petroleum ether extract group were less than that in the model group, the cell arrangement was loose, the pathological mitosis and tumor cell infiltration were less than those of model group, and there was a small amount of lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration. Conclusion The extracts of I. stachyoides can inhibit the growth of 4T1 tumor cells in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism may enhance the body immunity, so as to inhibit the tumor growth.

Study on fertilizer efficiency test of Indigofera stachyoides standardized cultivation / 中草药

Objective: To lay the foundation of standardized cultivation, and the optimum amount of fertilizer on Indigofera stachyoides growth were studied. Methods: Under the condition of the same planting density and different fertilizer amount, the growth and reproduction of I. stachyoides were observed and recorded, and the optimum amount of fertilizer was determined after three years based on predicting yield, determination of moisture and ash, and extract determination of I. stachyoides. Results: There was no significant difference in the non-medicinal parts of I. stachyoides under different fertilizer amount, and I. stachyoides had highest yield when fertilizer amount was 225 kg/hm2. Conclusion: The optimum fertilizer amount of I. stachyoides was 225 kg/hm2.

Study on the Quality Standard of Miao Medicine Indigofera stachyoides / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard for Mian medicine Indigofera stachyoides. METHODS:Medicinal properties and microscopic characteristics were identified;TLC was used for the qualitative identification;HPLC was conducted for content determination of epicatechin and 2α,3α-epoxy-5,7,3′,4′-tetra-hydroxy-flavan-(4β→8)-epicatechin(reference A):the col-umn was Comatex TM C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile- water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,and detection wavelength was 210 nm,column temperature was 30 ℃,injection volume was 5 μl. RESULTS:It showed clear microscopic identification map. I. stachyoides TLC had clear spots and well separated. The linear range was 0.274 5-4.392 0 μg (r=0.999 6) for epicatechin,and 0.103 0-1.648 3 μg for reference A(r=0.999 4),RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 3%,recov-eries were 99.76%-104.82%(RSD=2.42%,n=6) and 97.98%-104.99%(RSD=2.75%,n=6) respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The established standard can be used for the quality control of I. stachyoides.

Beneficial effects of methanolic extract of Indigofera linnaei Ali. on the inflammatory and nociceptive responses in rodent models

ABSTRACT Indigofera linnaei Ali. (Tamil Name: Cheppu Nerinjil) belongs to the family Fabaceae, used for the treatment of various ailments in the traditional system of medicine. In the present study, the beneficial effects of methanol extract of whole plant of I. linnaei (MEIL) were evaluated on inflammation and nociception responses in rodent models. In vitro nitric oxide (NO), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygense (COX) inhibitory activities were also performed to understand the mode of action. MEIL at the dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg, p.o. significantly inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw volume and reduced the weight of granuloma in cotton pellet granuloma model. The results obtained were comparable with the standard drug aceclofenac. The anti-nociceptive effect of MEIL in mice was evaluated in hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing model. The plant extract significantly reduced the number of writhes and the analgesic effect was higher than that of the standard drug aspirin. However, the extract fails to increase the latency period in hot plate method suggesting that the extract produce nociception by peripheral activity. The extract produced inhibitory effect on NO, LOX and COX in concentration dependent manner. The extract exhibited pronounced and selective COX-2 inhibition. Altogether, these results suggested that the methanol extract of Indigofera linnaei could be considered as a potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent.

RESUMO Indigofera linnaei Ali pertence à família Leguminosae e é utilizada para o tratamento de várias doenças na medicina tradicional. No presente estudo, os efeitos benéficos do extrato metanólico da planta inteira de I. linnaei (MEIL) foram avaliados em respostas inflamatórias e nocicepção em modelos de roedores. Testes in vitro de atividade inibitória do óxido nítrico (NO), lipoxigenase (LOX) e ciclooxigenase (COX) também foram realizados para compreender o modo de ação. MEIL nas doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg, p.o. inibiu significativamente o volume da pata de rato induzido por carragenana e reduziu o peso do granuloma no modelo de pélete de algodão. Os resultados obtidos foram comparáveis ao do fármaco padrão, aceclofenaco. O efeito anti-nociceptivo de MEIL foi avaliado em camundongos no modelo de placa quente e de contorção induzida por ácido acético. O extrato da planta reduziu significativamente o número de contorções e o efeito analgésico foi maior do que o do fármaco padrão, ácido acetilsalicílico. Porém, o extrato não conseguiu aumentar o período de latência no método da placa quente, sugerindo que este produz nocicepção por atividade periférica. O extrato produziu efeito inibitório sobre o NO, LOX e COX dependente da concentração. O extrato exibiu inibição acentuada e seletiva da COX-2. No seu conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que o extrato metanólico de Indigofera linnaei poderia ser considerado como agente anti-inflamatório e analgésico potencial.

Flavonol Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Indigofera hirsuta and Anti-inflammatory Activity of n-butanol Fraction.

Aims: The study aimed to phytochemically investigate the n-butanol soluble fraction of Indigofera hirsuta aerial parts and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the fraction using laboratory animal models. Study Design: Isolation and elucidation of the bioactive compounds and antiinflammatory activity investigation on n-butanol soluble fraction. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria - Nigeria. The study was completed between January-October, 2011. Methodology: The compounds isolated were identified using different spectroscopic techniques. The n-butanol fraction was investigated for its effect on carrageenan-induced oedema in rat’s experimental model. Results: Two Flavonol glycosides were isolated; Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (T2) and Kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Q3).The fraction significantly (P = .05) inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg tested. The percentage anti-inflammatory effect of the highest dose tested (300 mg/kg) at the peak hour was higher than that of ketoprofen (10 mg/kg), the standard anti-inflammatory agent. Conclusion: The result of this research suggests that the n-butanol soluble fraction of Indigofera hirsuta aerial parts contains bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory activity.

Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Due to Oral Use of Blue Dyes

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is a rare severe pustular cutaneous adverse reaction characterized by a rapid clinical course with typical histological findings. It is accompanied by fever and acute eruption of non-follicular pustules overlying erythrodermic skin. The causative agents are most frequently antibacterial drugs. We present a patient with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis caused by methylene blue and indigotin dyes.

Intoxicação por indigofera suffruticosa (Leg. Papilionoideae) em bovinos / Poisoning by indigofera suffruticosa (Leg. Papilionoideae) in cattle

Em uma propriedade do Município de Aparecida, no sertão da Paraíba, foi diagnosticada intoxicação por Indigofera suffruticosa em um rebanho de 25 vacas e um boi que foram colocados em um piquete que continha predominantemente I. suffruticosa onde permaneceram durante 10 dias. No quinto dia de pastejo o proprietário observou urina com coloração vermelho escura em uma vaca e ao final de dez dias de pastejo havia seis vacas doentes apresentando hemoglobinúria e diminuição na produção leiteira. No quinto dia após serem retiradas do pasto uma vaca apresentou agressividade e no sétimo dia foi encontrada morta pela manhã. Na necropsia o fígado apresentava coloração amarelada com pontos avermelhados e aumento do padrão lobular. A bexiga encontrava- se repleta com urina de cor vermelho escura. Os rins estavam escuros e com áreas hemorrágicas, de até 2mm, que se estendiam radialmente para dentro do córtex e parte da medula. Na histologia, os rins apresentavam áreas multifocais de necrose tubular isquêmica aguda com deposição de hemoglobina nas células epiteliais e cilindros de hemoglobina nos túbulos. No fígado havia necrose de coagulação difusa paracentral e ocasionalmente centrolobular. Os demais bovinos afetados se recuperaram espontaneamente 3-8 dias após serem retirados da pastagem. Conclui-se que a intoxicação por I. suffruticosa apesar de apresentar recuperação espontânea na maioria dos bovinos, mesmo se estes continuam ingerindo a planta, pode causar a morte de alguns animais por anemia aguda.

Poisoning by Indigofera suffruticosa was diagnosed on a farm in the state of Paraíba, in the Brazilian semiarid region, in a herd of 25 cows and one bull. The herd was grazing for ten days in a paddock severely invaded by I. suffruticosa. Five days after the introduction into the paddock some cows showed red urine, and in ten days, when the herd was removed from the pastures, six cows had decreased milk production and hemoglobinuria. Five days after being withdrawn from the pastures, one cow showed aggressiveness and two days later was found death. At necropsy, the liver was yellowish with petechial hemorrhages on the surface and had increased lobular pattern. The kidneys were dark and with red spots up to 2mm in diameter in the surface, which extended radially into the renal cortex. The urinary bladder was full of dark red urine. Upon histologic examination the kidneys had multifocal areas of ischemic tubular necrosis with hemoglobin deposition in the epithelial cells and hemoglobin casts in the tubules. The liver had diffuse paracentral and occasionally centrolobular coagulative necrosis. The other affected cows recovered spontaneously within 3-8 days after having been moved from the paddock. It is concluded that poisoning by I. suffruticosa, despite the spontaneous recovering of most cattle, can cause the death of some affected animals by acute hemolytic anemia.

Estudo farmacobotânico de duas espécies de Anileira (Indigofera suffruticosa e Indigofera truxillensis, Leguminosae) com propriedades farmacológicas / Pharmacobotanical studies of wild indigo species (Indigofera suffruticosa and Indigofera truxillensis, Leguminosae,) with pharmacological properties

Indigofera suffruticosa e Indigofera truxillensis são espécies de Leguminosae que se destacam no gênero por suas propriedades farmacológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um controle de qualidade morfológico para as matérias-primas vegetais obtidas destas duas espécies, por meio de análises da superfície e organoléptica do pó foliolar e estudos anatômicos e histoquímicos dos folíolos, do caule e da raiz. A análise dos pós mostrou que a forma e ornamentação dos tricomas tectores são bons caracteres diagnósticos da matéria-prima pulverizada com partículas maiores que 53 µM, e que o odor em I. suffruticosa é forte e desagradável, com sabor fracamente amargo não persistente e em I. truxillensis é fraco e agradável e de sabor muito amargo e persistente. As espécies apresentaram estrutura anatômica de folíolos, entrenós caulinares e raízes laterais muito semelhantes; exceto pela epiderme papilosa em ambas as faces foliolares em I. truxillensis e apenas na face adaxial em I. suffruticosa. Compostos fenólicos foram detectados nos folíolos e alcalóides foram detectados nos caules e nas raízes (em maior quantidade nestas) de ambas as espécies. A presença de alcalóides nas raízes de I. suffruticosa e I. truxillensis é semelhante à observada em espécies de leguminosas ictiotóxicas incluídas no "complexo timbó", cujas raízes são tóxicas devido à presença de rotenóides.

The Leguminosae genus Indigofera has two important pharmacological species, Indigofera suffruticosa and I. truxillensis. The present work aims to establish a morphological quality control for vegetal drugs obtained from these two species through the analyses of surface and organoleptic features in leaflet powder, and also through anatomical and histochemical studies in leaflet, shoot and root. Powder analyses evidenced that shape and ornamentation of the simple trichomes are good diagnostic characters for the sprayed drug, with particles bigger than 53 µm; moreover, odor was strong and awkward, with non-persistent, weakly bitter taste in I. suffruticosa, and weak and pleasant, with more persistent, bitter taste in I. truxillensis. Similar anatomical structures were found in leaflets, cauline internodes and lateral roots in both species, except for papillose epidermic cells that occurred in both leaflet sides in I. truxillensis, and only on the adaxial side in I. suffruticosa. Phenolic compounds were found in leaflets, and alkaloids in shoots and roots (greater amount) of both studied species. The occurrence of alkaloids in roots of I. suffruticosa and I. truxillensis seems to be similar to that observed in ichthyotoxic legume species that belong to the so-called "timbó complex", whose roots are toxic due to rotenoids.

Caracterización farmacognóstica de Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (añil cimarrón). / Pharmacognostic characterization of Indigofera suffructicosa Mill (wild indigo).

Las investigaciones para obtener principios activos son largas y costosas y una preparación de planta bien estandarizada puede ser muy efectiva, por lo que en la actualidad, la utilización de extractos totales ha demostrado en muchos casos un efecto más beneficioso en el organismo humano que la acción del compuesto aislado. Se efectuaron las investigaciones para obtener la droga vegetal de Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. (añil cimarrón) debidamente caracterizada, con vistas a obtenerla con la calidad requerida. Para ello se realizaron descripciones macro y micromorfológica de la especie, el estudio de secado, se determinaron los índices numéricos, según normas internacionales para drogas vegetales. En los resultados, se estableció la presencia mayoritaria de flavonoides, coumarinas y triterpenos, se estandarizó un perfil cromatográfico para compuestos flavonoides. Además, se comprobó que el período óptimo de conservación de la droga vegetal es un tiempo de 10 meses en frascos de polipropileno.

The researches to achieve active principles are long and expensive, and a well standardized plant preparation could be very efficacious. That is why nowadays the use of total extracts has showed, in many instances, a more beneficial effect in human organism than the action of an isolated compound. Researches have been conducted to obtain a properly plant drug from Indigofera suffruticosa Mill (wild indigo) with the required quality. To this end, macro- and micromorphologic descriptions of species were made, a drying study was undertaken, and the numerical indexes were determined, according to the international standards for plant drugs. In the results, it was observed a predominance of flavonoids, coumarins, and tryterpenes, and a chromatographic profile was standardized for flavonoid compounds. It was also confirmed that the optimal period of preservation of the plant drug is 10 months in polypropylene flasks.

Antiulcerogenic activity of Indigofera truxillensis Kunth / Atividade altiulcerogênica de Indigofera truxillensis Kunth

The genus Indigofera (Fabaceae) is used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal pain. In this study, we investigated the antiulcerogenic properties of Indigofera truxillensis Kunth. Oral administration of MeOH extract did not produce any signals of acute toxicity. The antiulcerogenic activity was assessed in different models of acute gastric ulcers (100 percent ethanol, piroxicam 30 mg.kg-1, hypothermic restraint stress and pylorus ligature) in mice and rats. The animals were treated with the drugs lanzoprazole (30 mg.kg-1) or cimetidine (100 mg.kg-1) as positive controls depending on the performed model. In another experiment with ethanol-induced ulcers in rats, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a sulfhydryl group blocker, was also used. The MeOH extract, at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg.kg-1, inhibited the gastric lesions in all experiments: a) by 62 percent, 69 percent and 32 percent, respectively, in piroxicam-induced lesions, b) by 43 percent, 71 percent and 98 percent, in ethanol-induced lesions, c) by 69 percent, 64 and 89 percent, in hypothermic-restraint stress-induced lesions, d) by 73 percent, 82 percent and 84 percent, in pylorus ligature lesions. Significant changes in the total gastric acid levels were also found after intraduodenal administration of the MeOH extract in the ligated pylorus model. Pre treatment with NEM reduced partially the antiulcerogenic activity of the MeOH extract in ethanol-induced gastric lesions. This result indicates an increase in the levels of non-protein sulfhydryl groups by MeOH extract in the gastric mucosa. These results indicate that the MeOH extract has antisecretory and citoprotective effects that may be related to the presence of flavonoids detected by phytochemical analysis.

O gênero Indigofera (Fabaceae) é utilizado na medicina tradicional para distúrbios gastrintestinais. Em nosso trabalho foi investigada a propriedade antiulcerogênica da Indigofera truxillensis Kunth. A administração oral do extrato metanólico (MeOH) não produziu efeitos tóxicos. A atividade antiulcerogênica foi avaliada em diferentes modelos agudos de úlcera gástrica (etanol 100 por cento, piroxicam 30 mg.kg-1, estresse por retenção e frio e ligadura do piloro) em camundongos e ratos. Os animais foram tratados com lansoprazol (30 mg.kg-1) ou cimetidina (100 mg.kg-1), que foram utilizados como controle positivo dependendo do modelo testado. Em outro experimento com úlcera induzida por etanol em ratos, N-etilmaleimida (NEM), um bloqueador dos compostos sulfidríla, também foi utilizado. O extrato metanólico, nas doses de 250, 500 e 1000 mg.kg-1, inibiu significativamente as lesões gástricas em todos os experimentos: a) 62 por cento, 69 por cento e 32 por cento, respectivamente, nas lesões gástricas induzidas por piroxicam, b) 43 por cento, 71 por cento e 98 por cento, nas lesões gástricas induzidas por etanol, c) 69 por cento, 64 por cento e 89 por cento, nas lesões gástricas induzidas por estresse por contenção e frio, d) 73 por cento, 82 por cento e 84 por cento, nas lesões gástricas induzidas por ligadura de piloro. Alterações significativas foram observadas na concentração total de ácido gástrico após a administração via intraduodenal do extrato MeOH no modelo de ligadura do piloro. Pré-tratamento com NEM reduziu parcialmente a atividade antiulcerogênica do extrato MeOH na úlcera induzida por etanol, o que sugere um aumento nos níveis de compostos sulfidríla pelo extrato MeOH na mucosa gástrica. Os resultados indicam que o extrato MeOH possui um efeito antisecretor e citoprotetor, e que tais efeitos podem estar relacionados com a presença de flavonóides detectados por análise fitoquímica no extrato MeOH.

In vivo and in vitro investigations on rotenoids from Indigofera tinctoria and their bioefficacy against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi and adults of Callosobruchus chinensis.

Various plant parts of Indigofera tinctoria L. were collected separately at different growth stages and analysed for their rotenoid content. The total rotenoid content decreased with age; among the plant parts, maximum content was in leaves and minimum in stem. The identity of different rotenoids was confirmed by melting point, mixed melting point, UV and infrared spectral studies, and gas-liquid chromatography. Six rotenoids (deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol) were isolated, identified and quantified in vivo. The static cultures of Indigofera tinctoria were established from seeds on RT medium, and maintained for a period of six months by frequent subculturings. Only four rotenoids were present in callus cultures; sumatrol and tephrosin were absent. The maximum content was found in eight week old tissue after fresh subculturings and minimum at 2 weeks. The toxicological studies of in vivo and in vitro extract against the pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) and mosquito (Anopheles stephensi) larvae, showed that rotenoids were more effective against mosquito larvae than Callosobruchus chinensis. Extracts from callus was more effective against both the test animals than that from plant parts.