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Background At present, China's Public places health management regulations list 7 categories and 28 sub-categories of public places, but infant and young child swimming places are not in the list yet. Objective To understand the microbial pollution status in commercial infant and young child swimming places in Shijiazhuang City, compare with the microbial pollution in other five types of public places, and find the potential safety hazards in infant and young child swimming places. Methods A total of 3438 microbial samples were collected from the environment of infant and young child swimming places and 5 types of public places (hotels, barber stores, waiting rooms, shopping malls and supermarkets, and conventional swimming places) in Shijiazhuang City from 2021 to 2022. Sampling and monitoring were carried out according to the requirements of Examination methods for public places—Part 6: Technical specifications of health monitoring (GB/T 18204.6-2013). Chi-square test was used to compare hygiene qualification by microbial indicators, and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare overall distributions of total bacterial counts on the surface of public articles. Results From 2021 to 2022, the highest qualified rate of microbial indicators on the surface of public articles was Staphylococcus aureus (100%) for all tested public places in Shijiazhuang City, followed by coliforms (99.44%), and that of total bacterial count was relative low (92.83%). The qualified rate of total bacterial count on the surface of public articles in the swimming places for infants and young children was 87.76%, and the qualified rates in hotels, barber stores, waiting rooms, shopping malls and supermarkets were all above 92%, and the difference among the 5 types of places was statistically significant (P<0.001). The highest value of total bacterial count on the surface of public articles in the swimming places for infants and young children was 80000 CFU·(25 cm2)−1 [100 CFU·(25 cm2)−1=4 CFU·cm−2]; that in 4 types of public places such as hotels (except mouthwash cups), barber stores, waiting rooms, and shopping malls or supermarkets was 2500 CFU·(25 cm2)−1. The difference of total bacteria count on the surface of public articles was statistically significant in comparing infant and young child swimming places with hotels (except mouthwash cups) or barber stores (H=5.432, H=2.997, both Ps<0.05); but the difference was not significant in comparing with waiting rooms and shopping malls or supermarkets (P>0.05). The qualified rates of total bacteria count and coliforms in pool water of infant and young child swimming places were 45.99% and 74.69% respectively, and the two indicators in pool water of conventional swimming places were 94.57% and 98.91% respectively; both showed significant differences between the two types of public places (χ2=162.532, χ2=71.910, both Ps<0.001). Conclusion Compared to conventional swimming places, hotels, barber stores, waiting rooms, and shopping malls or supermarkets, the infant and young child swimming places are not optimistic in hygiene condition; therefore, there is an urgent need to formulate national health standards for infants and young child swimming places, and include them in standard management to further improve their hygiene condition.
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Background: Breastfeeding is considered one of the most significant aspects of a child's health and survival. Breastfeeding is unquestionably the "GOLD STANDARD" dietary intake during the first six months after birth. So it is necessary to know about the feeding practices among children less than two years in both rural and urban areas. Aim of study was to compare the feeding practices among children less than two years attending the urban and rural Primary health centers under JSS Medical College, Mysuru. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 mother and their children residing in both rural and urban areas of Mysuru for six months. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic characteristics and feeding practices. Feeding practices among study subjects were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Results: In the present study, 35% had poor, 57.1% had average and 7.9% had good infant and early child feeding practices in rural areas, on the other hand, 19.3% had poor, 55.0% had average and 25.7% had good in urban. In this study, the frequency of breastfeeding practices, pre-lacteal feeding, and overall feeding practices were significantly associated with place of residence. Conclusions: This study concludes that though pre-lacteal feeding and bottle feeding were more in urban areas, the overall feeding practices were poorer in rural than urban.
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OBJECTIVES@#To explore the sleep status and risk factors for sleep problems in infants and young children in Jilin Province.@*METHODS@#A total of 1 080 healthy infants and young children aged 0-3 years from eight prefecture-level cities and one autonomous prefecture in Jilin Province were selected as subjects. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the general information of the subjects, and the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire was used to understand the sleep status of the subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for sleep problems.@*RESULTS@#The total detection rate of sleep problems in the infants and young children was 38.24% (413/1 080). The total sleep time in the 4-11 month, 12-24 month, and 25-36 month age groups was higher than the recommended total sleep time (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that full-term birth, higher educational level of the main caregiver, and higher daytime activity intensity were protective factors for sleep problems in the infants and young children (P<0.05), while lower frequency of vitamin D supplementation, frequent night feeding, and maternal snoring were risk factors for sleep problems (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The total sleep time of infants and young children over 4 months old in Jilin Province is higher than the recommended total sleep time, but the prevalence rate of sleep problems is higher. The occurrence of sleep problems is related to various factors. Strengthening follow-up on preterm infants, providing education on infant sleep knowledge to primary caregivers, and regularly supplementing with vitamin D can be beneficial in reducing sleep problems in infants and young children.
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Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Estudios Transversales , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Factores de Riesgo , Sueño , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introduction@#Ignorance about appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices among parents of children with Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) can exacerbate malnutrition in these children leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Use of novel methods for Intensive Nutrition Counselling such as Whatsapp social media group can lead to considerable improvement in nutritional status of the child. @*Objectives@#To assess the efficacy of Whatsapp group for Intensive Nutritional Counselling to parents of children with CHD. @*Methods@#This is a two-year prospective interventional study, one-group before-after study design. Here, intervention is in the form of specialised focussed nutrition counselling for parents of children with CHD through Whatsapp social media group. @*Results@#Majority of the patients 16 (30.0%) were in the age group of 7-12 months, predominant diagnosis (25 patients i.e. 48.9%) was Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). Sixty-eight percent patient-families belonged to lower socio-economic class. Before intervention, 71.1% of children (37 of 52) were found to be underweight, 35.5% children were stunted and 65.6% children were wasted. Post intervention there was significant improvement in all the 3 anthropometric indicators. This intervention particularly helped improve IYCF habits for the age group of 7-12 months. Post intervention all parents included the 8 food groups in their children’s diet thus providing them wholesome nutrition whereas earlier only 2-3 food groups were given to children on a daily basis. @*Conclusion@#This is the first study to explore use of Whatsapp group to educate parents of children with CHD about specific nutrition counselling, resulting in improvement in child anthropometric indices.
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Objetivo: Avaliar os marcadores de consumo alimentar e a diversidade alimentar mínima em lactentes de 12 meses de vida expostos a diferentes métodos de introdução alimentar. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado com pares mãe-lactente submetidos à intervenção sobre introdução alimentar em três métodos: Método tradicional (MT), Baby-led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) e misto (combinação das duas técnicas). Os marcadores de consumo alimentar foram avaliados por questionário online aos 12 meses com base nos alimentos consumidos no dia anterior, utilizando os marcadores de consumo alimentar para menores de 2 anos do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional. O estudo foi aprovado no comitê de ética. Resultados: Aos 12 meses foram avaliadas 136 crianças: 45 alocadas no MT, 48 no BLISS e 43 no misto. Os alimentos com maior prevalência de consumo foram: leite materno103 (75,7%), frutas, legumes e verduras 122 (89,7%), carnes ou ovos 135 (99,3%), feijão 115 (84,6%), cereais ou tubérculos 135 (99,3%). Alimentos ultraprocessados que estiveram presentes na dieta dos lactentes foram hambúrguer ou salsichas 3 (2,2%), bebidas açucaradas 2 (1,5%), macarrão instantâneo 4 (2,9%) e biscoito recheado 2 (1,5%).Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os métodos de introdução da alimentação complementar. A diversidade alimentar mínima esteve presente na alimentação de 22 lactentes (16,2%), sendo: 6 (13,3%) no MT, 8 (16,7%) no BLISS e 8 (18,6%) no misto (p=0,793). Conclusão: Leite materno,frutas, legumes e verduras, carne, feijão e arroz estiveram presentes na alimentação da maioria dos lactentes; no entanto, a prevalência de diversidade alimentar mínima foi baixa.O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados também esteve presente na alimentação dos lactentes. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC) identificação RBR-229scm.
Objective: To evaluate food consumption markers and minimum dietary diversity in 12-month-old infants exposed to different methods of food introduction. Methods: A randomized clinical trial with mother-infant pairs undergoing intervention on food introduction in three methods: Parent-Led Weaning (PLW), Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS), and mixed (combination of the two techniques). Food consumption markers were evaluated by an online questionnaire at 12 months based on food consumed the previous day, using food consumption markers for children under 2 years of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. The study was approved by the ethics committee. Results: At 12 months, 136 children were evaluated: 45 allocated to PLW, 48 to BLISS, and 43 to mixed. The foods with the highest prevalence of consumption were breast milk 103 (75.7%), vegetables 122 (89.7%), meat 135 (99.3%), beans 115 (84.6%), rice, potatoes, or yam 135 (99.3%). Ultra-processed foods were present in the diet of infants, including hamburgers or sausages 3 (2.2%), sweetened beverages 2 (1.5%), instant noodles 4 (2.9%), and sandwich cookies 2 (1.5 %). No differences were found between the methods of introducing complementary feeding. The minimum dietary diversity was present in the diet of 22 infants (16.2%), being: 6 (13.3%) in the PLW, 8 (16.7%) in the BLISS, and 8 (18.6%) in the mixed (p=0.793). Conclusion: Breast milk, vegetables, meat, beans, and rice were present in the diet of most infants; however, the prevalence of minimal dietary diversity was low. The consumption of ultra-processed foods was also present in the diet of infants. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) identification RBR-229scm.
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Humanos , Lactante , Ingestión de Alimentos , Nutrición del Lactante , Dieta Saludable , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del LactanteRESUMEN
Background: Nutritional status of under?5 children in India is not promising and lags far behind the WHO Global Nutrition Targets. Although the Integrated Child Development Services has been continuously delivered through Anganwadi centers since 1975, the burden of malnutrition still persists. Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the knowledge and practice pattern of Anganwadi supervisors and the effect of capacity building through remote supportive supervision during the COVID-19 pandemic in Assam, India. Methods: A cross-sectional before-after study using a mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the knowledge pattern and service delivery of supervisors from each district of Assam. For qualitative assessment, telephone depth interviews were conducted. Results: Knowledge of supervisors in the beginning was 83.43% which improved by 7.97% at the end of the study. The highest burden of SAM children was in Tinsukia and Barpeta districts. On mapping, most districts with lower burden of SAM had supervisors with higher knowledge levels on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices. Qualitative assessment revealed house?to?house visit for ensuring service delivery and use of online platforms and phone calls for counseling. However, community resistance and lack of transport stood as a main challenge. Conclusion: Supportive supervision done remotely during the pandemic to enhance the performance of health workforce was found effective.
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Optimal infant and young child feeding practices(IYCFPs), despite being emphasized since 2003, are yet to be met in India. This study assessed these practices and their association with various factors among mothers of children aged 0–23 months in Paniya tribes in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. About 89.1% of the infants below six months were timely breastfed and 77.9% of them were exclusively breastfed, respectively. Complementary food was introduced to 25% of infants aged six to eight months. About 27.8% of them received a diverse diet. About 91.7% of them were fed egg and/or flesh food and 37% of them were fed vegetables and fruits. Illiterate mothers and mothers who had a vaginal delivery fed the infant optimally. The adherence to these practices was found to decrease gradually with an increase in the infant’s age. The prevalence of IYCFP is higher in the study population compared to the corresponding indicators for the district according to the National Family Health Survey‑5.
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Introduction: COVID‑19 pandemic was postulated to affect the infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices and their nutritional status. This study was planned to assess IYCF practices and nutritional status of infant and young children residing in slum areas and their association with selected background characteristics. Materials and Methods: Acommunity‑based, cross‑sectional study was conducted in slums of Kolkata Municipal Corporation among 161 mother–child dyads from October to December 2020. After obtaining informed consent, mothers were interviewed to collect information about their socioeconomic status, hardship faced during pandemic, and IYCF practices of their children using indicators proposed by the World Health Organization and Government of India. Weight and height were measured using the standard operating protocol. The proportion was used to express descriptive statistics. Binary logistic regression models were used for calculating the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) using PSPP (v 1.20). Results: Only 64 (39.8%) children received age‑appropriate feeding; 73 (45.3%) had single/multiple anthropometric failure(s). Reduction of family income was reported by 142 (88.2%) respondents. Children aged 6–8 months (AOR = 17.08, 6.43–45.42) were more likely to not have appropriate feeding. Association of female gender (AOR = 2.00, 1.01–4.00), maternal education less than middle class (AOR = 2.58, 1.22–5.46), and lack of appropriate feeding (AOR = 2.57, 1.08–6.12) were statistically significant with the presence of anthropometric failure. Conclusions: The study revealed a dismal scenario of child feeding and nutritional status of young children in the urban slums of Kolkata. Pandemic and imposed restrictions hit the families hard by reducing income and increasing food‑related costs.
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OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the current status of sleep initiation patterns, influencing factors for sleep initiation patterns, and the influence of sleep initiation patterns on sleep quality in infants and young children.@*METHODS@#A total of 521 infants and young children, aged 0-35 months, who underwent physical examination at the outpatient service of the Department of Growth and Development in Shenzhen Bao'an Women's and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University were enrolled as subjects. A self-designed questionnaire and Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire were used to collect the information on family background, parenting behaviors, and sleep quality in the past one week. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors for sleep initiation patterns. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of sleep initiation patterns on the number of nighttime awakenings.@*RESULTS@#Among the 521 infants and young children, 258 (49.5%) were breastfed/bottle fed to initiate sleep, 62 (11.9%) were rocked/held to initiate sleep, 39 (7.5%) slept independently, and 162 (31.1%) initiated sleep accompanied by parents. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the children with breastfeeding and a younger age were more likely to be breastfed/bottle fed to initiate sleep (P<0.05) and that the children with a younger age were also more likely to be rocked/held to initiate sleep (P<0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that sleep initiation with breastfeeding/bottle feeding significantly increased the number of nighttime awakenings (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Most infants and young children initiate sleep by being breastfed/bottle fed, rocked/held, or accompanied. The sleep initiation pattern is associated with the age of children and whether they are still breastfeeding. Sleep initiation with breastfeeding/bottle feeding can increase the number of nighttime awakenings. io.
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Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Lactancia Materna , Cognición , Padres , Sueño , Calidad del SueñoRESUMEN
Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify stakeholder needs and wants in relation to an Infant and Young Child Feeding, Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) strategy for the 16 Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states during Covid-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions.Design: A rapid-assessment mixed-methods approach using qualitative and quantitative studies was adopted. Secondary data sources supported in-field findings. Setting/Subjects: Qualitative approaches included 17 key informant interviews from 7 SADC member states. Quantitative methods of an online survey elicited feedback from 61 participants from 11 SADC member states.Outcome measures: More strategic, best practice, infant and young child feeding SBCC programmes are recommended in SADC.Results: Programme challenges included increased demands on health systems from Covid-19, poor attitudes and beliefs toward IYCF behaviours, the dual burden of undernutrition and overnutrition, and financial and human resource capacity challenges to implement and evaluate SBCC campaigns at scale. Opportunities were also identified for improved detection,better meeting IYCF nutritional needs from locally sourced foods, training and capacity building for greater engagement of front-line field staff, effective policy development to support parent-friendly hospitals and workplaces, and improved regional integration. Conclusions: The needs assessment demonstrated that priority programme planning can continue while the health sector deals with a pandemic threat. The adaptation to virtual support provided a variety of learnings for research designs, data collection and analysis, albeit over an extended timeframe of six months. A number of innovative approaches were identified in the resultant SBCC strategy for SADC along with opportunities for regional efficiencies in adapting existing, best practice SBCC creative and programming approaches.
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Humanos , Evaluación de Necesidades , Ciencias de la Nutrición , Niño , Dieta , LactanteRESUMEN
Background: Suboptimal feeding practices during the infancy increase the risk of death, illness, and malnutrition. Despiteoverwhelming evidence of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, only about 40% babies under 6 months are exclusivelybreastfed, due to the lack of understanding of optimal feeding practices and lack of support from health service providers,community members, and families; babies who are not exclusively breastfed in the early months have a higher risk of death,especially from infection. The Lancet’s 2003 child survival series identified that exclusive breastfeeding could save up to 1.3million children worldwide. This essential intervention involves the early initiation of breastfeeding and ensuring that the mothergives only breastmilk and no other food or fluids during the first 6 months of life. Undernutrition of children is an importantcontributor to the deaths of 10.5 million children globally each year.Aims and Objectives: The present study seeks to estimate the proportion of mothers carrying out age-appropriate infantfeeding practices. Besides, the present study was conducted to study factors associated with infant feeding practices andreasons preventing exclusive breastfeeding in infants.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in the field practice area of Rural Health andTraining Centre, Mandur, Goa, from February 2019 to August 2019. Recruitment of study population was done by a systematicrandom sampling method and study population comprised of mothers with infants between 9 months and 1 year. A structuredquestionnaire was used to collect data in a face to face interview with the mother.Results: In the present study, 150 infants aged 9 months to 1 year were recruited. It was observed that exclusive breastfeedingup to 6 months was carried out in 94 infants (62.66%). Early initiation of breastfeeding was carried out in 37 infants (24.7%).Weaning of infants by 6 months was started in 72 infants (48.18%). Exclusive breastfeeding of infants was found to bestatistically significantly associated with mother’s occupation (≥2 = 27.152; P = 0.00019), religion (≥2 = 12.19; P = 0.015), andage (≥2 = 25.4; P = 0.0002).Conclusions: Suboptimal feeding practices during the infancy increase the risk of death, illness, and malnutrition. It is imperativeto educate mothers on infant and young child feeding practices and create awareness within communities to achieve optimalgrowth and development of infants.
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Background: Indicators of infant and young child and feeding (IYCF) practices have been devised by WHO in order to help objectively assess the prevalence of these practices in the population. IYCF practices play a vital role in the control of infant and child deaths. This study was undertaken to assess the IYCF practices among children aged less than 2 years among the tribal population. Objective of this study to measure the indicators of IYCF practices in children in the 0-23 months age group.Methods: It is a community based, cross sectional study of infant and young child feeding practices among tribal mothers having children younger than 24 months, in Sambalpur district of Odisha from October 2017 to December 2019. The study participants were tribal mothers having children less than 24 months of age. The sample size was 384.Results: Among the study participants, 93.5% belonged to the 21-30 years age bracket, 37.5% had middle school certificate education and 75.3% belonged to the upper lower socioeconomic class. The indicators were continued breastfeeding at 1 year (100%), continued breastfeeding at 2 years (100%) and children ever breastfed (100%), exclusive breastfeeding (98.71%) and bottle feeding (16.36%). A significant association was found between delivery by lower segment caesarean section and delayed initiation of breastfeeding.Conclusions: The indicators related to breastfeeding and complementary feeding were adequate except for minimum dietary diversity and minimum adequate diet.
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Background: Optimal feeding of infants under two years of age has the greatest potential impact on child survival of all preventive interventions. This study was done to evaluate feeding practices of infants in first two years of life.Methods: In this cross sectional study, 161 mothers with infants 6 mo to 24 mo of age, attending the well-baby clinic of this hospital were selected for study from April 2014 to March 2015 and interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mo was 44% with a median duration of 4.9'1.8 mo. The proportion of infants who received continued breast feeding at 1 year of age (12-15 mo) was 67%. The median duration of any breast feeding was 13.6 mo by survival analysis. Early introduction of cow's milk and bottle feeding were associated with nonexclusive breast feeding under 6 mo and early termination of breast feeding.Conclusions: While rate of exclusive breast feeding was comparable to the state average (48%), there was a higher rate of introduction of cow's milk and bottle feeding which contributed to early termination of breastfeeding before one year of age. This study emphasis the fact that bottle feeding and inappropriate complementary feeding should be tackled to improve IYCF indicators in Tamilnadu.
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Background: Early or timely initiation of breastfeeding, specifically within 1 hour of birth has benefits for survival and beyond and it is recommended by the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding initiation after the first hour of birth doubles the risk of neonatal mortality. The present study has been conducted to estimate the prevalence and determine the factors affecting early initiation of breastfeeding in rural areas of Dibrugarh, district, Assam. Methods: Community based cross sectional study from May 2017 to April 2018 among mothers having children in the age group 0 to 23 months in the rural areas of Dibrugarh district. The sample size calculated for the study was 360 children. Results: The results were analyzed for 334 children. Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding was found to be 54.8%. On multivariate regression analysis the occupation and education of mothers, number of antenatal checkup visits, type of delivery and religion were found to be independently associated with early initiation of breastfeeding. Conclusions: This study reveals that the early initiation of breast feeding is lower in rural areas of Dibrugarh district. The findings clearly highlight the importance of imparting health education to family members and mothers right from antenatal period on infant and child feeding practices.
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Introduction: Infant and young child feeding indicators havebeen developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), toguide and monitor the feeding practices of young children. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusivebreast feeding (EBF) for the first six months of life, with theaddition of complementary feeds (CF) at six months withcontinued breast feeding until at least the age of two years.Study aimed to find out the complementary feeding practicesamongst mothers of children aged six months to two years.Material and Methods: A cross sectional study ofcomplementary feeding practices amongst mothers of childrenaged six months to two years in an urban setting. Therefore atotal of 154 subjects were taken into the study. The study wasconducted from Jan 2014 – Sep 2015.Result: Among the studied children, 59.7% were males and40.3% were females. Almost more than half of the childrenwere in the age groups of more than 9 months and only 18.2%were in the age group 6 – 8 months.Conclusion: This study suggested that accurate informationand education should be given to mothers and caregiversabout appropriate breast-feeding and complementary feedingpractices to prevent malnutrition and improve the health statusof the children
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Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) are essential to address the increasing burden of malnutrition and for the overall development of the children. The present study was conducted to estimate the proportion of optimal infant and young child feeding practices among rural children aged 0 to 23 months and study the associated socio demographic factors.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 children in the age group of 0 to 23 months in a rural field practice area of a medical college in Puducherry. Data on IYCF practices were collected using a standardized tool developed by WHO. Core and optional IYCF indicators were calculated. Chi-square test and Fishers’ exact test were used as tests of significance.Results: Almost 88.0% of infants were initiated early on breastfeeding and 90.8% were exclusively breastfed for six months. Children who were continuously breastfed at one year and two years were 77.4% and 22.4% respectively. About 75.0% were introduced with solid or semisolid foods at 6 to 8 months of age. Among children aged 6 to 23 months, 77.3% had the recommended minimum dietary diversity, 81.3% had the minimum meal frequencies, while 57.7% received the minimum acceptable diet and only 39.4% consumed iron rich foods. Gender was significantly associated with the practice of continued breastfeeding at one year, adequate minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency.Conclusions: The core and optional IYCF indicators were acceptably good in the initial six months of life but thereafter showed suboptimal levels, which should be emphasized among the mothers or primary care givers.
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@#Introduction: The Penan people are largely settled in rural and remote areas of Sarawak with high rates of undernutrition among the children. The study aimed to determine the nutritional status and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices of Penan children. Methods: Subjects consisted of 121 children, aged between 0-23 months, from 15 Penan longhouses in Belaga district. Malnutrition was assessed using anthropometric measurements of children and categorised according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Standards (2006). Feeding practices were assessed using questionnaires based on WHO IYCF Indicators (2008). Results: The prevalence of underweight was 29.8%; stunting 43.0% and wasting 5.8%. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months was 44.4%. About 86% of infants aged 6-8 months were already given solid, semi-solid and soft foods. The proportion of children aged 6-23 months achieving minimum dietary diversity (MDD) was 76.6%, while minimum meal frequency (MMF) was 83.0% (breastfed and non-breastfed). Among the children who achieved MDD, 64.9% of their meals were derived from 4-5 food groups. More than half (55.3%) of all subjects (breastfed and non-breastfed) received minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Achievement of iron-rich foods (IRF) indicator was 77.7%. There was no significant association between the IYCF indicators of MDD, MMF and MAD and underweight, stunting and wasting. Conclusion: A high prevalence of poor nutritional status was recorded among the Penan children. While the IYCF indicators apparently showed satisfactory complementary feeding practices, future studies should assess quantitatively the intake of complementary food among Penan infants and young children.
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Objective To investigate the effect of urinary training on urination control in infants using nappies after birth.Methods Stratified sampling method was used to investigate the daytime urination control and the using of diapers by children in kindergartens of 6 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province,China.The survey was conducted among parents of healthy children.Results In a total of 12 250 questionnaires,11 697 had response,and 10 562 valid questionnaires were collected,and the effective recovery rate was 86.22％.After the birth of infants,the age of toilet training was divided into 6 groups (0-＜ 3 months old group,3-＜ 6 months old group,6-＜ 12 months old group,12-＜ 18 months old group,18-＜ 24 months old group and no toilet training group).Results showed that toilet training within 12 months leads to higher urinary control rate compared with toilet training after 12 months and no toilet training till the age of 2 years old,70.56％ (4 831/6 847 cases) in contrast with 59.02％ (1 545/2 618 cases) and 42.48％ (466/1 097 cases),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =114.76,335.48,all P ＜ 0.000 1).Within 12 months,there was no statistical difference in the urinary control rate between subgroups at 2 years of age(all P ＞0.05).After 12 months,the urination control rate decreased with the start time delayed till 2 years of age,and the urinary control rate at the age of 2 years old n different groups was 59.97％ (1 314/2 191 cases) and 54.10％ (231/427 cases) respectively.The results of other ages(0.5,1.0,1.5 years old) were similar to those of 2 years old.There was no difference between the groups of different genders (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The use of diapers in infants before the age of 1 year to start urinary training is conducive to the development of urinary control in infants.
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Objectives To analyze the clinical characteristics and signiflcance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) combined with secondary thrombocytosis in infants and young children. Methods Clinical features, laboratory and imaging data of the infants and young children with MPP were collected, and compared between the two groups of children with and without secondary thrombocytosis. Results Sixty-seven (67) infants and young children with secondary thrombocytosis (28 males and 39 females, with onset at 2 years and 2 months after birth in average) and 269 infants and young children with normal platelet counts (138 males and 131 females, at 2 years and 3 months after birth in average) were included. Signiflcant longer durations of hospitalization(P =0.018) and fever(P =0.000), higher temperature peak(P =0.000), as well as higher morbidity of refractory MPP(P =0.001) and more complications(P =0.000)were observed in the group of MPP with secondary thrombocytosis. Moreover, the laboratory data of white blood cell count(P =0.000), C-reactive protein(P =0.000),procalcitonin (P =0.000), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(P =0.000)and higher morbidity of multiple pathogen infection(P =0.033) were observed between the two groups.Conclusions More severe clinical manifestations and higher complication morbidity could be observed in the group of MPP combined with secondary thrombocytosis, implicating the value of platelet count in clinical assessment of MPP in infants and young children at early stage.
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Background: The first two years of life involve rapid physical, cognitive and social development that requires optimal nutrition. Tribal populations are the most backward section of the society. In West Bengal, the Santal tribe contributes to 51.8% Scheduled Tribe population of the state. Aims & Objective: The present study was conducted to assess infant and young child feeding practice among Santal women in Bhatar block of Burdwan District, West Bengal in India. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive study of cross-sectional design. Bhatar block was purposively selected and 10 villages inhabited by Santals were chosen purposively. Data were collected by interview method using a pre-designed pre-tested schedule from 120 mothers having children of 0-23 months of age. WHO indicators for assessing infant and child feeding practices were used. Results: Breast feeding was initiated within one hour of birth in 48.33% cases, 46.15% babies were exclusively breastfed and in 47.37 % cases breastfeeding was continued at 1 year of the baby. Solid, semisolid or soft foods were correctly introduced at 6-8 months in 46.67% infants. Only 30.85% mothers maintained minimum dietary diversity while 41.49% mothers maintained minimum meal frequency. Conclusion: The poor status of indicators of Infant and child feeding practice found in present study may be attributed to high rate of illiteracy and poor socio-economic condition among Santal women. Therefore intense total literacy campaign, income generating activities and health education by health personnel is the need of the day.