Enfermeiros imigrantes no Brasil: de 1973 a 2021 / Immigrant nurses in Brazil: from 1973 to 2021 / Enfermeros inmigrantes en Brasil: de 1973 a 2021

Objetivo: Atualizar o censo dos enfermeiros imigrantes no Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo e quantitativo sobre a dimensão e as características do censo dos enfermeiros imigrantes, segundo os estados e as regiões de destino, países de origem, idade e sexo. Os dados foram obtidos da base de dados do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem e analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: Do total de 176 imigrantes, 145 são mulheres e 31 são homens, mostrando a prevalência feminina na profissão de enfermagem. Destes, 96 são peruanos, 126 sul americanos, 28 europeus, 9 cubanos, 5 norte americanos 8 imigrantes originários de diversos países. Conclusão: O censo de 1973 a 2021 mostra a predominância de imigrantes peruanos, com alta concentração na região norte e sudeste do Brasil, respectivamente no estado do Amazonas e de São Paulo. (AU)

Objective: To update the census of immigrant nurses in Brazil. Methods: descriptive and quantitative study on the dimension and characteristics of the census of immigrant nurses, according to the states and regions of destination, countries of origin, age, and sex. Data were obtained from the Federal Nursing Council database and analyzed descriptively. Results: Of the total of 176 immigrants, 145 are women and 31 are men, showing the female prevalence in the nursing profession. Of these, 96 are Peruvians, 126 South Americans, 28 Europeans, 9 Cubans, 5 North Americans, and 8 immigrants from different countries. Conclusion: the census from 1973 to 2021 shows the predominance of Peruvian immigrants, with a high concentration in the north and southeast of Brazil, respectively in the state of Amazonas and São Paulo. (AU)

Objetivo: Actualizar el censo de enfermeros inmigrantes en Brasil. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo sobre la dimensión y características del censo de enfermeras inmigrantes, según estados y regiones de destino, países de origen, edad y sexo. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la base de datos del Consejo Federal de Enfermería y analizados descriptivamente. Resultados: Del total de 176 inmigrantes, 145 son mujeres y 31 son hombres, mostrando el predominio femenino en la profesión de enfermería. De estos, 96 son peruanos, 126 sudamericanos, 28 europeos, 9 cubanos, 5 norteamericanos y 8 inmigrantes de diferentes países. Conclusion: el censo de 1973 a 2021 muestra el predominio de inmigrantes peruanos, con una alta concentración en el norte y sureste de Brasil, respectivamente en el estado de Amazonas y São Paulo. (AU)

Mortalidad entre Jóvenes Inmigrantes Nicaragüenses en Costa Rica, 2000-2017 / Mortality of young Nicaraguan inmigrants in Costa Rica during the 2000-2017 period

Introducción: La pobreza, discriminación y el aislamiento social, son elementos que afectan a las personas inmigrantes nicaragüenses residentes en Costa Rica, condiciones que pueden afectar las tasas de mortalidad observada en esta población migrante. Objetivo: Determinar las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades y causas externas en población joven inmigrante nicaragüense y nativos costarricenses en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos: Con la información de defunciones entre el año 2000 y 2017 y la población del Censo 2011 se calcularon tasas de mortalidad y posteriormente el riesgo relativo (RR) de diferentes causas de mortalidad. Los resultados se compararon con un estudio que analizó este fenómeno entre 1998-2008. Resultados: El 64% de las defunciones de inmigrantes son por causas externas, versus el 57% de los locales. Con respecto a los datos de hace 10 años, hay una disminución de 2 puntos porcentuales de las defunciones por causas externas entre los inmigrantes. Los inmigrantes tienen RR mayores de mortalidad por causas externas (otros accidentes 1,85, homicidios 1,72, accidentes vehiculares 1,22 y suicidios 1,14). Se destaca una disminución de 0,27 y 0,15 del RR de los homicidios y alcoholismo. Conclusiones: Los patrones de mortalidad de los inmigrantes empiezan comportarse como el de la población costarricense.

Introduction: Poverty, discrimination, and social isolation are some elements that affect Nicaraguan immigrants residing in Costa Rica, conditions that have an impact on the mortality figures observed in this migrant population. Objective: To determine mortality rates caused by diseases and external reasons in both the young Nicaraguan immigrant population and native Costa Rican natives. Materials and methods: Data on deaths between 2000 and 2017 and the 2011 Census information of the Costa Rican population were used to calculate mortality rates and the relative risk (RR) associated with different causes of mortality. Results were compared to a study that analyzed this phenomenon between 1998-2008. Results: Compared to the deaths in the Costa Rican population (57%), 64% of deaths in immigrants are due to external causes. With respect to the data from 10 years ago, there is a 2-percentage point reduction in deaths of immigrants caused by external reasons. Immigrants show higher RRs of mortality due to external causes (other accidents 1.85, homicides 1.72, car accidents 1.22, and suicide 1.14). A reduction of 2.27 and 0.15 in the RR of homicides and alcoholism, respectively, is highlighted. Conclusions: Mortality patterns in immigrants begin to behave as those of the Costa Rican population.

Testing the Latino paradox in Latin America: A population-based study of Intra-regional immigrants in Chile / Evaluación de la "paradoja latina" en Chile utilizando datos de la encuesta de salud de 2006

Background: Several studies in high-income countries report better health status of immigrants compared to the local population ("healthy migrant" effect), regardless of their socioeconomic deprivation. This is known as the Latino paradox. Aim: To test the Latino paradox within Latin America by assessing the health of international immigrants to Chile, most of them from Latin American countries, and comparing them to the Chilean-born. Material and Methods: Secondary data analysis of the population-based CASEN survey-2006. Three health outcomes were included: disability, illness/accident, and cancer/chronic condition (dichotomous). Demographics (age, sex, marital status, urban/rural, ethnicity), socioeconomic-status (SES: educational level, employment status and household income per-capita), and material standards (overcrowding, sanitation, housing quality). Crude and adjusted weighted regression models were performed. Results: One percent of Chile's population were immigrants, mainly from other Latin American countries. A "healthy migrant" effect appeared within the total immigrant population: this group had a significantly lower crude prevalence of almost all health indicators than the Chilean-born, which remained after adjusting for various demographic characteristics. However, this effect lost significance when adjusting by SES for most outcomes. The Latino paradox was not observed for international immigrants compared to the local population in Chile. Also, health of immigrants with the longest time of residency showed similar health rates to the Chilean-born. Conclusions: The Latino paradox was not observed in Chile. Protecting low SES immigrants in Chile could have large positive effects in their health at arrival and over time.

Antecedentes: Hay estudios que informan un mejor estado de salud de los inmigrantes en comparación con la población local (efecto del "migrante sano"), independientemente de su posición socioeconómica (PSE). Esto se conoce como la paradoja latina. Objetivo: Probar la paradoja latina dentro de América Latina en Chile. Material y Métodos: Análisis secundario de datos de la encuesta CASEN 2006. Tres resultados de salud se incluyeron: discapacidad, enfermedad/accidente, cáncer/enfermedad crónica (variables dicotómicas). Se consideraron datos demográficos (edad, sexo, estado civil, zona urbana/rural, grupo étnico), PSE (nivel educativo, situación laboral y el ingreso familiar per cápita), y condiciones materiales (hacinamiento, saneamiento, calidad de la vivienda). Modelos de regresión ponderados crudos y ajustados fueron analizados en STATA 11.0. Resultados: El uno por ciento de la población de Chile eran inmigrantes, principalmente de otros países de América Latina. Un efecto de "inmigrante sano" apareció dentro de la población inmigrante total: este grupo tenía una prevalencia cruda significativamente menor que la población chilena en todos los indicadores de salud. Sin embargo, este efecto de migrante sano pierde su significación al ajustar por PSE. Además, la salud de los inmigrantes con más tiempo de residencia mostró tasas similares de salud a la de origen chileno. Conclusiones: La paradoja latina no se observó en Chile. La protección de los inmigrantes de baja PSE podría tener grandes efectos positivos en su salud.

Trastornos mentales comunes y uso de servicios de salud en población inmigrante / Mental disorders among immigrants in Chile

Background: Chile is receiving immigrant populations coming from other Latin-American countries. Aim: To determine the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) among immigrants who live in Independencia, a quarter in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in the primary health care clinic and in the state-funded school of Independencia. A representative sample of 282 adults and 341 children were interviewed. Mental disorders were diagnosed using CIS-R and MINI structured interviews. Results: The interviewed immigrants came mostly from Peru. The prevalence of mental disorders in the adult population was 17.8 percent and among children, it was 29.3 percent. Conclusions: The adult immigrants have a lower prevalence of mental disorders than the Chilean population but it increases among children. Barriers of access to health services, that should be solved, were detected.