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This article summarized Professor Liu Qiquan's clinical experience in treating urethral syndrome from the perspective of"regulating the five internal organs to calm the spleen and stomach".It is believed that urethral syndrome is located in the urethra,and its core pathogenesis is disharmony between the spleen and stomach,obstruction of dampness,and unfavorable water channel.Therefore,"tranquilizing the spleen and stomach"should be carried out throughout the treatment.At the same time,the occurrence of the disease is closely related to the disorder of the five internal organs.External sensation,internal injury,emotion,diet,fatigue and visceral disorders will affect the function of the five internal organs and then the disease will occur.In clinical practice,based on the idea of"regulating the five internal organs to calm the spleen and stomach",according to the symptoms and manifestations of the patients,the treatment can be guided by comprehensively using the methods of raising the clear and lowering the turbid to harmonize the stomach and dredge the drench,nourishing the heart and clearing the heart to purge heat and dredge the drench,benefiting the lung and purging heat to relieve dampness and dredge the drench,tonifying the kidney and warming the yang to dissipate qi and dredge the drench,dredging the liver and clearing the liver to promote the flow of qi and dredge the drench,which can make the five internal organs harmonious,benefit the waterways.Finally,the symptoms would be reduced and the disease would be cured.
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Introduction@#Women’s disease slows down and becomes chronic, causing diseases that spread throughout the body and affect the organs.@*Objective@#To compare and contrast the treatment of gynecological “Qisu” syndromes in previous reports.@*Methods@#“Four medical tantras” and other sources were the main material. The article was written using search methods, comparison methods, and analysis-synthesis methods. The topic and methodology of the research was approved at the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities. No conflict of interest.@*Conclusion@#</br>1. In the “Four medical tantras”, the general symptoms and each category of gynecological “Qisu” syndromes, the prescriptions for each treatment are described in detail, and the treatment is clearly written. </br>2. In the “Four medical tantras”, Lhantav, Durvun Rashaan, Khukh Binderiiya, Jiduininnor, and the Encyclopedia of Chinese Medicine /Mongolian Medicine/, the gynecological “Qisu” syndromes are described by each category, and the treatment prescriptions are analyzed and written in detail. In other sources, treatment is based on general symptoms. The treatment of gynecological “Qisu” syndromes includes 33 names of drugs medicines. In the general treatment gynecological “Qisu” syndromes in most of the reports, Chatsargana-17, Gishuune-6, 14, 17, Basberuu-7, Zomshin-4, 6, 7, Oyyu-13, Yaanag nukhur-13, Jonsh-11, Melreg tsetseg-7, Braisum-17, Rashnamjil, Dedbon-14, Agshirga-3, Jambrai-6 drugs are mentioned and the treatment of each category is coordinated with the condition. </br>3. Gynecological “Qisu” syndromes is a disease of the whole body characterized by the majority of blood and bile /mkhris pa/. Dispersing the disease with blood, the internal organs vascular diseases is damaged in a different way, and the blood characteristic is predominant, and the bile/mkhris pa/ is combined, internal organs vascular diseases.
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Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of syndromes caused by the disorder of metabolism of various substances in the body. The main clinical manifestations are dyslipidemia, central obesity, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. With the changes of diet structure and habits, the incidence rate of MS is increasing, and the patients are younger. It is an important factor in many diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, cirrhosis and some cancers. MS has seriously affected people's lives and health. Central obesity and insulin resistance are recognized as important pathogenic factors. At present, the pathogenesis of MS and its components has not been fully understood. The clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome are complex and diverse. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) believes that the occurrence of metabolic syndrome is related to such factors as proper diet, emotional disorders, excessive escape and little movement, old age and physical deficiency. TCM scholars have studied the pathogenesis of MS in such pathological factors as phlegm and blood stasis, such visceral functions as liver, spleen and kidney, roles of Qi and blood, and emotional factors. As the basic substance of organism, Qi is closely related to the process of metabolism. The occurrence of MS is closely related to the rise and fall of Qi moving to and from the body as well as the abnormal gasification function of the transformation of Qi. Qi is derived from the five internal organs, which are respectively called Heart Qi, liver Qi, spleen Qi, lung Qi and kidney Qi. The "Qi of the five internal organs" is involved in the whole process of the generation, transportation and excretion of the essence of the body. Based on the "Qi of five internal organs", this paper discusses the pathogenesis of MS with phlegm, blood stasis and water drink as pathological factors.
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Diabetic complications may in part be due to inflammation. Diabetes can also develop in non-obese people.Nonetheless, organ inflammation in non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus animals has never been investigated. The GotoKakizaki rats were divided into two groups: diabetes and diabetes treated with metformin. The glycemia parameterswere then determined. Serum and internal organs, including the liver, kidney, and brain were collected to determinethe levels of inflammatory cytokine and mRNA expression. The research found an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6)and IL-1β cytokine levels in the liver of the diabetic group, which corresponds with the mRNA expression of bothcytokines. The metformin group significantly reduces the mRNA expression of liver IL-6. In the kidney, there was anincrease in IL-6 cytokine levels in the diabetic group, while the metformin group could reduce the mRNA expressionlevel of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In addition, there were IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines level increased in thebrain of the diabetic group. IL-1β mRNA expression levels increased in the diabetic group and were reduced by themetformin treatment. The metformin treatment reduced serum TNF-α cytokines. In summary, this study demonstratedthat internal organ inflammation in non-obese diabetic rats, which could provide evidence for organ inflammation,may potentially explain diabetic complications.
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Diabetic complications may in part be due to inflammation. Diabetes can also develop in non-obese people.Nonetheless, organ inflammation in non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus animals has never been investigated. The GotoKakizaki rats were divided into two groups: diabetes and diabetes treated with metformin. The glycemia parameterswere then determined. Serum and internal organs, including the liver, kidney, and brain were collected to determinethe levels of inflammatory cytokine and mRNA expression. The research found an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6)and IL-1β cytokine levels in the liver of the diabetic group, which corresponds with the mRNA expression of bothcytokines. The metformin group significantly reduces the mRNA expression of liver IL-6. In the kidney, there was anincrease in IL-6 cytokine levels in the diabetic group, while the metformin group could reduce the mRNA expressionlevel of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In addition, there were IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines level increased in thebrain of the diabetic group. IL-1β mRNA expression levels increased in the diabetic group and were reduced by themetformin treatment. The metformin treatment reduced serum TNF-α cytokines. In summary, this study demonstratedthat internal organ inflammation in non-obese diabetic rats, which could provide evidence for organ inflammation,may potentially explain diabetic complications.
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Based on the inheritance, the research group summarized the transmissive pathogenesis of depression in three typical stages, formulating the stepward treatment units which included Chinese medicine, acupuncture and TCM characterized psychotherapy, and formed a sequential treatment plan that balanced the principle of strengthening healthy Qi to eliminate pathogens, active and passive treatment, physical therapy and psychotherapy. Based on the retrospective analyses, ten typical clinical syndromes have been formed, constituting the pattern differentiation of "Three Phases, Five internal organs and Ten syndromes" for depression, which sysmatically showed the TCM syndrome differentiation. This work promoted the experiences and methods of treating depression by Chinese medicine.
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Objective To investigate features of skin lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc),and to analyze the relationship of skin manifestations with clinical classification,autoantibodies and internal organ involvement.Methods Clinical data were collected from 120 patients with SSc in Department of Dermatology of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University and Department of Scleroderma of Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital between 2012 and 2014,and analyzed retrospectively.Results Among the 120 patients with SSc,118 (98.3％) had Raynaud's phenomenon,116 (96.7％) had skin sclerosis,including 101 (84.2％) with sclerosis of skin over the dorsum of fingers,90 (75％) had swollen skin,including 84 (70％)with swollen fingers,77 (64.2％) had poikiloderma,75 (62.5％) had thinned lip,74 (61.7％) had telangiectasia,63 (52.5％) had radial furrowing around the mouth,57 (47.5％) had mask-like face,49 (40.8％) had hyperplasia of nail cuticle,35 (29.2％) had petechiae of the nailfolds,25 (20.8％) had depressed fingertip,24 (20.0％) had atrophy of the finger pulp,24 (20.0％) had distal finger shortening,and 15 (12.5％) had fingertip ulcer.Anti-Scl-70 antibody and anti-centromere antibody (ACA) were positive in 42 (35.0％) and 31 (25.8％) patients respectively.The incidence of swollen fingers,fingertip ulcer,atrophy of the finger pulp was significantly higher in the anti-Scl-70 antibodypositive group than in the-negative group(P ＜ 0.05),and the incidence of sclerosis of skin over the dorsum of fingers,poikiloderma,fingertip ulcer and atrophy of the finger pulp was all significantly higher in the antiScl-70 antibody-positive group than in the ACA-positive group (P ＜ 0.05).The main internal organ involvement included interstitial lung disease (50％,44/88),cardiac involvement (47.8％,55/115),pulmonary arterial hypertension (35.7％,41/115),esophageal involvement (28.3％,34/120) and kidney involvement (9.2％,11/120).Patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) showed significantly higher incidence of cardiac involvement and poikiloderma compared with those with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) (P ＜ 0.01).Swollen fingers,sclerosis of skin over the dorsum of fingers,poikiloderma,telangiectasia,lip thinning,and radial furrowing around the mouth most commonly occurred in patients with early SSc,and swollen fingers and sclerosis of skin over the dorsum of fingers were highly correlated with the occurrence of pulmonary arterial hypertension.Telangiectasia,depressed fingertip and fingertip ulcer were significantly correlated with the occurrence of interstitial lung disease,and atrophy of the finger pulp was significantly correlated with the occurrence of cardiac involvement (both P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Raynaud's phenomenon,swollen fingers,sclerosis of skin over the dorsum of fingers,poikiloderma,telangiectasia,lip thinning and radial furrowing around the mouth can be helpful for the early diagnosis of SSc.Pulmonary arterial hypertension commonly occurs in the early stage of SSc.Depressed fingertip and fingertip ulcer indicate the occurrence of interstitial lung disease,and the atrophy of the finger pulp indicates cardiac involvement.
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[Objective]This paper is to detail the system thinking of syndrome differentiation and treatment of eczema from the spleen and provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of eczema.[Methods]Combined with the understanding of eczema in Chinese and western medicine, detailing the ideas of syndrome differentiation and treatment of eczema from the spleen,which includes the etiology and pathogenesis, the basic rule and its application ideas, to reconcile the five internal organs, the syndrome differentiation of physique and caring spleen and stomach.[Results]The basic pathogenesis of eczema is the weak spleen loss the transport function.In clinical treatment,the main method to complement the spleen is preserving its transport function.On the basis of complementing the spleen,different times have different rules.It should clarify the rule of complementing the spleen to get rid of the wet evil.Types of hot evil or hot and wet evil,the rule is to get rid of the hot and wet evil.After symptom relief,herbs to complement the spleen should be added.Types of wet evil or blood deficiency resulting in wind evil,the rule is to complement the spleen to get rid of the wet evil.Attention to regulating the function of organs, not specifically treating the spleen,but make the spleen as the center to reconcile the five internal organs. The weak spleen is the physical tendencies of eczema patients. Individual differences have targeted treatment to correct the physique bias.Medication and daily life always pay attention to caring spleen and stomach.Diagnosis and treatment of eczema from the spleen can have guiding signficance. [Conclusion]The thinking of syndrome differentiation and treatment of eczema from the spleen has a guide to clinical significance,is worthy of further study and popularization.
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Objective] To summarize clinical experience of Chen Yi’s Yi Zhi Zhu Kao Gao Fang. [Methods] By means of analyzing the principle of prescription,syndrome differentiation and characteristics,combined with typical cases, experiences of Chen Yi’s Yi Zhi Zhu Kao Gao Fang were summarized. [Results] Chen Yi emphasizes the key of Yi Zhi Zhu Kao Gao Fang on balancing the five internal organs, analyzing the heart, liver, spleen and kidney’s function. He uses the way of regulating liver-qi for easy mood, nourishing heart and appeasing spirit to sequence sleeping, strengthening spleen and stomach to regulate middle energizer, replenishing qi to consolidate the superficial resistance, tonifying kidney to consolidate the constitution, respectively. Taking it in low dosage in long time can get the purpose of Yi Zhi Zhu Kao. [Conclusion] Chen Yi ’s Yi Zhi Zhu Kao Gao Fang has clear theory, rigorous formula, curative effect and worth passing on promotion.
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To explore the origin and prevention of myopia from disfunction of internal organs and obsrtuction of channels.According to the research of ancient literature on relationship between internal organs/channels and myopia,and in the combination with research on neuroelectrophysiology,hemorheology molecular biology and clinic study,the feasibility of treatment on myopia from dysfunction of internal organs and obstruction of channels were analyzed.Dysfunction of internal organs and obstruction of channels played an increasingly important role in the occurring and developing of myopia.In the treatment of myopia,the role of internal organs and channels must be emphasized.
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"Absorbing image "is an important method in establishing fundamental theoretical system of TCM.The term and concept of "nomenclature according to manifestations" is the starting point of theoretical thoughts and the results of scientific studies."Testing viscera via the state of internal organs" is a method of "understanding the interior from the exterior",which makes TCM surpass productivity level and practical tools of that time,finally aquire knowledge.The huge theoretical system of TCM is constructed on the basis of "classification according to manifestation",discovering unknown fields according to infinite knowledge.
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This study was conducted to measure the lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the scalp hair, cerebellum, cerebrum, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen of the 60 Korean autopsy subjects and assess the relationship among those samples. The mean lead level in the scalp hair was 12.29+/-12.51 microgram/g and no significant difference was detected in lead concentrations between the two sexes. Among the internal organ tissues the cerebrum contained the highest level of lead. This is followed by the cerebellum, spleen and liver respectively. After which the kidney and lung showed a close similarity at relatively low concentrations and the heart contained the lowest concentration. There was also no significant variation found between sexes in a comparison of lead in the internal organ tissues. The concentrations of cadmium in kidney were 127.33+/-89.36 microgram/g and considerably higher than those in the other internal organs. The liver contained the next highest level of cadmium. In both sexes, the consistent difference was noted in the cadmium concentrations of the kidney, heart and spleen. Yet female cadmium level was higher than the male's. The concentrations of mercury in the kidney and liver were 1.26+/-2.89 microgram/g, 0.59+/-0.54 microgram/g and considerably higher than those in the other internal organs. The mean mercury level in the scalp hair was 1.29+/-0.64 microgram/g and no marked difference was noted in both sexes. The lead concentration in the spleen increased with advancing age, though not statistically significance, and most of the internal organ tissues that were examined showed no evidence of increased lead concentration with age. The kidney, cerebrum, spleen and cerebellum showed increased cadmium concentrations with age. Also as well as the internal organ tissues that were examined showed no evidence of increased mercury concentration with age. The lead concentrations in the liver and lung were higher in the urban area than in the rural area, but the lead concentration in the kidney was higher in the rural area. No difference was noted in tissue cadmium and mercury concentrations as to the area of residence either. The physical workers had greater concentrations of lead in cerebellum than did housewives or the unemployed. Yet no difference was noted in the other tissues between the two groups. In the cerebellum, cerebrum, heart, and spleen, the physical workers had greater concentrations of cadmium than students or mental workers. Also physical workers had greater concentrations of cadmium in lung than housewives or the unemployed. In contrast to lead and cadmium, both the housewives and the unemployed had higher concentrations of mercury in cerebellum and cerebrum than physical workers, but there was no difference was noted in the other tissues between the two groups. In the lead concentration, there was no statistically significant correlation between the scalp hair and examined internal organ tissues. There was a close relationship between lead levels in cerebellum and cerebrum (r=0.465, p<0.01), as well as a relationship between the cerebellum and the kidney(r=0.300, p<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the cadmium levels in the scalp hair and in the examined internal organ tissues. Positive correlations were found between the cadmium concentrations in the cerebellum and the cerebrum(r=0.5543, p<0.01), heart(r=0.480, p<0.01), kidney(r=0.376, p<0.01) and spleen(r=0.408, p<0.01). Also positive correlation was found between in the cerebrum and the heart(r=0.377, p<0.01), kidney(r=0.484, p<0.01), liver(r=0.265, p<0.05), lung(r=0.458, p<0.01) and spleen (r=0.483, p<0.01). There was also no statistically significant correlation between the mercury levels in the scalp hair and in the examined internal organ tissues. Positive correlation was found between the mercury concentrations in the cerebellum and cerebrum(r=0.760, p<0.01), heart(r=0.270, p<0.05), liver(r=0.425, p<0.01), lung (r=0.488, p<0.01) and spleen (r=0.534, p<0.01), and also positive correlation was found between in the cerebrum and heart(r=0.376, p<0.01), liver(r=0.350, p<0.01), lung(r=0.554, p<0.01) and spleen (r=0.489, p<0.01). Various epidemiological studies reported usefulness and reliability of using scalp hair as a monitor of a environmental pollutants. In this study, there was statistically significant correlation of lead, cadmium and mercury levels in most of the tissues that were examined, but there was no statistically significant correlation between the lead, cadmium and mercury levels in the scalp hair and most of examined internal organ tissues. The findings of this study would suggest that it is still uncertain to using scalp hair as a biological monitoring.