Status of River Water in India: A Review

Water means life which is a cyclic, inexhaustible, renewable prime natural resource. It is both a basic human need and a valued asset possessed by all living creatures. Hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere are all sources of water around the world. Water covers 71 % of the earth’s surface but only 1% of water is potable. Rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna and Sabarmati are revered throughout India. River water is critical for commercial and industrial development, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, new multipurpose dams and tourism attractions. However, the presence of different contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, organic waste, chemical waste and direct sewage discharge has harmed the river's water quality. In India, river water pollution is a major issue that has harmed not only human and animal health, but also the economy of the country. In this review, a substantial number of studies on river water pollution in India are examined. Data on various physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are carefully analysed and interpreted, and it is discovered that river water in India is severely polluted. Furthermore, after careful interpretation of data and discussions published in research articles, this review explains the interrelationships among distinct physical and chemical parameters. EC and TDS are complementary to each other and temperature has a direct impact on pH and DO levels. Also, BOD and DO are reciprocally related with each other. This review provides a concise set of guidelines for assessing river water pollution and calculation of water quality index.

Relationship between the high sensitivity C-reactive protein and anxiety levels in hospitalized patients with cardiovascular-related diseases and hypertension / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the relationship between the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and anxiety levels in patients hospitalized with cardiovascular-related diseases and hypertension.Methods:A total of 221 patients hospitalized with cardiovascular-related diseases in the Fuwai Hospital were selected by a voluntary sampling method from September to December 2021. Participants were divided into hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups ( n=119 and n=102) based on the diagnosis of hypertension in their inpatient medical records. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and the levels of serum hs-CRP were estimated by automatic immunoanalyzer. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between hs-CRP and anxiety. Results:In the hypertensive group, the risk of anxiety in patients with abnormal hs-CRP (>3 mg/L) was 4.239 times (95% CI: 1.569-11.748, P=0.005) higher than those in normal hs-CRP (≤3 mg/L). In turn, compared with patients without anxiety, those with anxiety had 3.878 times greater probability of experiencing abnormal hs-CRP (95% CI: 1.495-10.062, P=0.005), while those with mild anxiety and moderate to severe anxiety had 4.525 times (95% CI: 1.392-14.714, P=0.012) and 3.286 times (95% CI: 0.911-11.357, P=0.070) greater odds of experiencing abnormal hs-CRP, respectively. No similar significant association was seen in the non-hypertensive group. Conclusion:There is an interrelationship between elevated hs-CRP and anxiety in hospitalized patients with cardiovascular-related diseases and hypertension.

Estudio morfométrico y ecuaciones de predicción del peso corporal en llamas (Lama glama) Ch'aku y Q'ara / Morphometric study and body weight prediction equations in llamas (Lama glama) Ch'aku and Q'ara

RESUMEN: En el estudio se utilizó una población de 180 llamas de ambos sexos (machos y hembras) clasificados por edades (dientes de leche; dos dientes y cuatro dientes). Se registraron datos del peso corporal y las siguientes medidas morfométricas: En la cabeza: Longitud de la cabeza (LC); ancho de cabeza (ACa) y longitud de oreja (LO). En el cuello: Longitud del cuello (LCU); Perímetro de cuello anterior (PCuA) y perímetro de cuello posterior (PCuP). En el tronco y extremidades: Altura a la cruz (AC); altura de la grupa (AGRU), diámetro dorso esternal (DDE), perímetro torácico (PT), longitud del cuerpo (LOCU), longitud de la cruz a la grupa (LCG), longitud de grupa (LGRU), perímetro de caña anterior (PCA); perímetro de caña posterior (PCP). Los datos fueron procesados utilizando el software estadístico R. Concluyendo que los rasgos de conformación en llamas (Lama glama) Ch'aku y Q'ara están influenciados por la edad, sexo y raza. Los modelos de regresión simple y múltiple para la predicción del peso corporal fueron significativos.

SUMMARY: The study used a population of 180 llamas of both sexes (males and females) classified by age (milk teeth; two teeth and four teeth). Body weight data and the following morphometric measurements were recorded: Head: Head length (CL); head width (ACa) and ear length (LO). On the neck: Neck length (LCU); anterior neck circumference (PCuA) and posterior neck circumference (PCuP). On the trunk and limbs: Height at withers (AC); height at rump (AGRU), sternal dorsal diameter (DDE), thoracic perimeter (PT), body length (LOCU), length from withers to rump (LCG), rump length (LGRU), anterior canine perimeter (PCA); posterior canine perimeter (PCP). The data were processed using R statistical software. It was concluded that conformation traits in Ch'aku and Q'ara llamas (Lama glama) are influenced by age, sex and breed. Simple and multiple regression models for body weight prediction were significant.

Endodontic–orthodontic Interrelationships: A Clinician’s Guide

The multidisciplinary approach to the management of clinical situations holds the utmost importance for the success of dental treatment. Endodontic involvement of cases undergoing orthodontic treatment is not uncommon. Similarly, orthodontic treatment of already endodontically treated teeth also poses challenges to the clinicians. This article discusses in brief such endodontic–orthodontic interrelationships and the guidelines for managing complex cases where both these streams of dentistry are involved.

Equipe de enfermagem e complexidades do cuidado no processo de morte-morrer / Nursing team and the complexities of care in in the death/dying process / Equipo de enfermería y complejidades del cuidado en el proceso de muerte-morir

Resumo Compreender como os trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem se percebem na inter-relação complexa no cuidado ao indivíduo enfermo e seu familiar cuidador no processo de morte e morrer. Pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida em Hospital Universitário no período de março a junho de 2016, inspirada na metodologia de Leininger. Participaram 24 familiares cuidadores e 47 trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem como informantes gerais, dos quais 18 como informantes-chave. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, cujo enfoque foi a autopercepção da equipe no referido processo, contemplando os obstáculos e a complexidade nessas inter-relações no ambiente hospitalar. Mediante análise, com base no referencial teórico da complexidade de Edgar Morin, destacam-se como principais obstáculos: a sobrecarga de trabalho, o despreparo do profissional e a falta de apoio institucional. Quanto à complexidade das relações, destacam-se questões relacionadas: à competência profissional do cuidado, às necessidades das famílias, à valorização dos trabalhadores e sua repercussão para a inter-relação com o indivíduo enfermo e familiar cuidador. Acredita-se que tal estudo poderá levar os profissionais de enfermagem a uma reflexão e avaliação do seu fazer diário em relação aos cuidados com os indivíduos em seu processo de morte e morrer e seu familiar cuidador.

Abstract To understand how the nursing team workers perceive themselves in the complex interrelationship in the care provided to the ill individual and their family member who acts as carer in the death/dying process. This qualitative research was conducted in a university hospital between March and June 2016 and inspired by the Leininger methodology. A total of 24 family members who were carers and 47 nursing team workers as general informants, 18 of which were key informants. Data collection was performed through semistructured interviews, whose focus was the self-perception of the team regarding the aforementioned process, contemplating the obstacles and the complexity of these interrelationships in the hospital setting. Through an analysis based on Edgar Morin's theoretical framework of complexity, the work overload, the lack of competence on the part of the professional, and the lack of institutional support stand out as the main obstacles. Regarding the complexity of the relationships, questions related to the professional competence regarding the care, the needs of the family, the appreciation of the workers and its repercussion to the interrelationship with the ill individual and their relative that acts as carer stand out. We believe this study can cause the nursing professional to reflect upon and assess their daily practices in relation to the care provided to the individuals in their death/dying process and to their relatives that act as carers.

Resumen Comprender como los trabajadores del equipo de enfermería se perciben en la interrelación compleja en el cuidado al individuo enfermo y su familiar cuidador en el proceso de muerte y morir. Estudio cualitativo, desarrollado en Hospital Universitario en el período de marzo a junio de 2016, inspirado en la metodología de Leininger. Participaron 24 familiares cuidadores y 47 trabajadores del equipo de enfermería como informantes generales, de los cuales 18 como informantes-clave. La obtención de datos fue realizada por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuyo enfoque fue la autopercepción del equipo en el referido proceso, contemplando los obstáculos y la complejidad en esas interrelaciones en el ambiente hospitalario. Mediante análisis, con base en el referencial teórico de la complejidad de Edgar Morin, se destacan como principales obstáculos: la sobrecarga de trabajo, la falta de preparación del profesional y la falta de apoyo institucional. En cuanto a la complejidad de las relaciones, se destacan cuestiones relacionadas: a la competencia profesional del cuidado, a las necesidades de las familias, a la valorización de los trabajadores y su repercusión para la interrelación con el individuo enfermo y familiar cuidador. Se cree que tal estudio podrá llevar a los profesionales de enfermería a una reflexión y evaluación de su rutina diaria en relación a los cuidados con los individuos en su proceso de muerte y morir y su familiar cuidador.

Enfermeiros do trabalho: experiência interdisciplinar em saúde do trabalhador / Enfermeros del trabajo: experiencia interdisciplinaria en salud ocupacional / Occupational health nurses: interdisciplinary experience in occupational health

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação profissional dos enfermeiros do trabalho com os demais integrantes do Serviço Especializado em Engenharia de Segurança e em Medicina do Trabalho (SESMT) e caracterizar ações conjuntas desses profissionais em saúde do trabalhador. Método: qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, com 34 profissionais de sete empresas da Macrorregião Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. Realizadas entrevistas e observações para Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: os SESMTs são multiprofissionais e intersetoriais. Os enfermeiros possuem relações de trabalho de natureza interpessoal, técnica/jurídica, de gestão e logística/organizacional, influenciadas pela divisão tanto técnica do trabalho quanto do próprio ambiente de trabalho da equipe, o que distancia áreas, gera conflitos e fragmenta as ações do serviço. Conclusão: há desafios para que o SESMT desenvolva um trabalho condizente com os seus objetivos legais, uma vez que equipe e empresas precisam compreender a importância da interdisciplinaridade para o sucesso das ações na atenção à saúde e segurança do trabalhador.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la relación profesional de los enfermeros del trabajo con otros miembros del Servicio Especializado en Ingeniería de Seguridad y Medicina del Trabajo (SESMT) y caracterizar las acciones conjuntas de estos profesionales de la salud ocupacional. Método: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo con 34 profesionales de siete empresas de la Macro Región Sur, estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Se realizaron entrevistas y observaciones para análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: los SESMT son multidisciplinarios e intersectoriales. Los enfermeros tienen relaciones de trabajo de naturaleza interpersonal, técnica/legal, de gestión y logística/organizacional influenciados por la divisióntécnica del trabajo y el propio entorno de trabajo en equipo, lo quecrea distanciaentre las zonas,conflictos y fragmenta las acciones del servicio. Conclusión: existen desafíos para el SESMT desarrollar un trabajo consistente con sus objetivos legales, pues el personal y las empresas necesitan entender la importancia de la interdisciplinariedad para el éxito de las acciones de atención de salud y seguridad del trabajador.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the relationship of occupational health nurses with the other members of the Specialized Service in Safety Engineering and Occupational Medicine (SESMT) and characterize joint actions of these professionals in occupational health. Method: qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study with 34 professionals of seven companies from the South Macroregion of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Interviews and observations were conducted for content analysis of Bardin. Results: the SESMTs are multidisciplinary and intersectoral workers. Nurses have working relations of an interpersonal, technical/legal, and management of logistics/organizational nature, influenced by the technical division of work and by the division in the work environment of the staff, which distances areas, generates conflicts, and fragments the actions of the service. Conclusion: SESMT faces challenges to develop a work befitting their legal objectives, once staff and companies need to understand the importance of interdisciplinarity for the success of actions on the workers' health and safety.

Inter-relação menopausa e doença periodontal / Interrelationship between menopause and periodontal disease

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de compreender melhor a relação entre menopausa e doença periodontal, seus efeitos sobre o periodonto e terapias propostas. Material e métodos: foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados PubMed e Bireme com as palavras-chave postmenopausal, estrogen, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, periodontitis. Resultados: a relação entre menopausa e doença periodontal tem plausibilidade biológica e evidências clínicas dos efeitos dessas alterações sobre a doença periodontal. A terapia de reposição hormonal, o uso de bifosfonatos e a administração de doses subantimicrobianas de doxiciclina têm sido propostos como tratamento, mas o efeito benéfico dessas terapias ainda não é consenso. Conclusão: de acordo com esta revisão da literatura, a menopausa afeta a doença periodontal em mulheres que estão nesse período, pelo menos em parte. Entretanto, apesar das evidências indicando tal associação, a inter-relação menopausa/doença periodontal e os tratamentos propostos permanecem incertos.

Objective: to conduct a literature review to better understand the relationship between menopause and periodontal disease, their effects on periodontium and proposed therapies. Material and methods: electronic searches were conducted in PubMed and Bireme databases with keywords postmenopausal, estrogen, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, periodontitis. Results: the relationship between menopause and periodontal disease has biological plausibility and clinical evidence of the effects of these changes on periodontal disease. Hormone replacement therapy, the use of bisphosphonates and administration of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline have been proposed as treatment, but the benefi cial effect of these therapies is still no consensus. Conclusion: according this literature review, menopause affects the periodontal disease in women who are in this period, at least in part. However, despite the evidence indicating this association, the interrelationship menopause/periodontal disease, as well as the treatments, remain uncertain.

Effects of an Education Program for Effective Nursing Intershift Handoff Communication on Nurses' Intershift Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Interrelationship Stress among Clinical Nurses: A Pilot Study / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an education program for effective nursing intershift handoff communication (NIHC) on nursing intershift performance, self-efficacy, and interrelationship stress among clinical nurses. METHODS: The study was a pilot study using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 40 clinical nurses from Seoul/ Gyeonggi Province. The handoff dialogue pattern was developed by three professors and one doctoral student in 2014, and was based on an education program for effective (NIHC) from dialogue analysis. The education program as an experimental treatment was provided for 3 1/2 hoursto clinical nurses. Measures included nursing intershift performance scale, self-efficacy scale, and interrelationship stress scale. Collected data was processed and analyzed with SPSS PC+ Version 21. RESULTS: There were significant differences in nursing intershift performance (hand over: t=-12.18,p<.001; undertaking: t=-6.88, p<.001), self-efficacy (hand over: t=9.42, p<.001; undertaking: t=8.13, p<.001), and interrelationship stress (hand over: t=11.46, p<.001; undertaking: t=10.49, p<.001) between pre and post-test. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that this education program can be utilized as a manual, and can be applied to improve nursing intershift performance and self-efficacy, and to decrease interrelationship stress for effective (NIHC) among clinical nurses. Findings will also help to reduce incorrect performances and increase work efficiency in clinical practice for nurses.

Interrelationships among egg, larvae and maternal characteristics in Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus

This study was aimed to observe the correlations among egg, larvae and maternal characteristics of Persian sturgeon. A total of 41 females were used and the variables including fertilization rate, incubation survival rate, larvae survival rate during yolk sac absorption (before feeding), and larvae survival rate after first feeding were determined. As a result, fertilization rate was positively correlated with three variables: incubation survival, larvae survival during yolk sac absorption, and GSI (gonadosomatic index). Also, maternal size (age, weight, total length) did not show a significant relation (P > 0.05) with incubation survival, larvae survival during yolk sac absorption and larvae survival at first feeding stage.

Eosinophil and Tissue-invasive Parasitic Helminth / 한양의대학술지

Eosinophils are primarily tissue resident cells, and play important roles in host's immune responses and maintenance of chronic infection during infection with tissue-invasive parasitic helminth. Such parasite secretes particular molecules to evade eosinophil-mediated helminthotoxicity. Continuous competition between eosinophil and parasite leads to stable equilibria between them. Recent evidence provides a concept that not only eosinophils contribute to parasite's survival but also parasite modulates host's immune response. Therefore, it is important to know complex interrelationship between eosinophil and parasite to understand how gently parasite talk to eosinophils and how carefully eosinophils listen to parasite's voice. In this regard, this review examin papers about eosinophil-mediated tissue inflammatory responses in response to helminthic parasite.

The Life of Medical Historian Miki Sakae, and the (History of Korean Medicine and of Diseases in Korea) / 의사학

Miki Sakae was a Medical historian, who is well known for his studies of Korean medicine. He authored the renowned trilogy which dealt with subjects of Korean medicine and diseases, namely the (History of Korean Medicine and of Diseases in Korea), (Bibliography of Korean Medical Books), and (The Chronological Table of Medical Events in Korea), during the Japanese Occupation period. He was born in 1903 in Osaka, Japan, and graduated from the Kyushu College of Medicine. In 1928 he was assigned to the Gyeongseong Imperial University's College of Medicine as a professor, and also served as Chief of the Suweon Provincial Hospital while he was staying in Korea. During the 18-year period of his stay, he widely collected medical books of Korea and also thoroughly studied them. He returned to Japan in 1944 due to the illness of his father, but continued his studies of Korean medicine, and in 1955 published the (History of Korean Medicine and of Diseases in Korea) for the first time. Following such accomplishment, (Bibliography of Korean Medical Books) was published in 1956, the next year, and finally (The Chronological Table of Medical Events in Korea) was published a few decades later, in 1985. Since the 1950s, aside of continuing to study and author the history of Korean medicine, he had also engaged himself in a joint effort associated with the members of the Medical History Association of Japan (which also included the alumni of the Kyushu College of Medicine) in a group study of Huseya Soteki the first Japanese Experimental Physiologist. He also attempted at establishing an academic branch which could be referred to as Experimental Historical Studies of Medicine, by recreating the experiments of Huseya Sotek with his own son.Later he also expanded his interest and studies to the medical history of the world and also the area of Medical Ethics. But his ultimate interest and passion were always targeted at the Medicine of Korea, and the one consistent position he maintained during his entire life regarding the Korean medicine, was that 'One can only talk about the medicine of China and Japan when he or she is well versed in the medicine of Korea'. And his lifetime achievement, (History of Korean Medicine and of Diseases in Korea) was authored upon the basis established by such conviction and philosophy. First, in this book the perspective of Cultural Transmission, which considers the flow of cultural qualities and assets to be ordinarily flowing from highly developed regions to less developed ones, was firmly maintained.