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Introduction.Les convulsions fébriles (CF) sont l'une des affections neurologiques les plus courantes de l'enfance. Plusieurs théories, telles que l'anémie ferriprive, ont été proposées comme pathogénie de cette affection. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l'association entre l'anémie ferriprive et les convulsions fébriles chez les enfants âgés de 6 mois à 60 mois.Méthodologie. Il s'agissait d'une étude cas-témoins menée de Janvier à Mai 2021 chez 43 enfants ayant des CF (cas) et 43 enfants fébriles sans convulsions (témoins) admis dans deux hôpitauxà Yaoundé. Les deux groupes étaient appariés en fonction de l'âge et du sexe. Chez tous, le taux d'hémoglobine, le volume globulaire moyen(VGM), la teneur corpusculaire moyenne en hémoglobine (CCMH) et la ferritine plasmatique ont été déterminés.Résultats.L'âge moyen était de 23 mois. Les antécédents familiaux de convulsions fébriles(CF)étaient retrouvés dans 27,9 % des cas. Les CF simples étaient les plus fréquentes (69,8%) avec une prédominance des crises tonicocloniques généralisées (74,4%). Les infections ORL et le paludisme étaient les causes de la fièvre dans 72,1% des cas. Les enfants avec convulsions fébriles avaient trois fois plus de risque d'avoir une anémie comparée aux témoins (P), par contre les valeurs moyennes , TCMH n'étaient pas significativement différents dans les deux groupes. Les deux groupes présentaient une carence martiale mais sans différence significative. Conclusion.Les enfants avec CF présentaient plus d'anémie, mais la carence en fer bien que présente dans les deux groupes l'était sans différence significative
ntroduction.Febrile convulsions (FC) are one of the most common neurological disorders in childhood. Several theories, such as iron deficiency anemia, have been proposed as the pathogenesis of this condition. The aim of this study was to determine the association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsions in children aged 6 to 60 months. Methodology.This was a case-control study conducted from January to May 2021 involving 43 children with FC (cases) and 43 febrile children without convulsions (controls) admitted to two hospitals in Yaoundé. The two groups were matched for age and sex. Hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and plasma ferritin levels were determined in all participants. Results.The average age was 23 months. Family history of febrile convulsions (FC) was found in 27.9% of cases. Simple FC were the most common (69.8%) with a predominance of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (74.4%). ENT infections and malaria were the causes of fever in 72.1% of cases. Children with febrile convulsions were three times more likely to have anemia compared to controls (P= 0.028), however, the average values of MCV and MCHC were not significantly different in the two groups. Both groups had iron deficiency but without significant differences. Conclusion.Children with FC had more anemia, but iron deficiency
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Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Convulsiones FebrilesRESUMEN
Background: In India, iron deficiency anaemia is highly prevalent, particularly among women of reproductive age group. Following early childhood, during adolescence, the risk of iron deficiency and anaemia reappears for both boys and girls, but remains more susceptible to girls because of menstrual loss. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence and predictors of iron deficiency anaemia in adolescent girls in India. Methods: This study was a descriptive form of review of literature on data from comprehensive national nutrition survey (CNNS 2016-2018). CNNS was conducted to collect data on the nutritional status of Indian children from 0-19 years of age. The data collection period was from 26 February 2016 to 24 October 2018 and data was collected using individual and household questionnaires. Results: In the study, prevalence of various levels of anaemia (mild, moderate and severe) was higher in adolescent girls as compared to adolescent boys. Adolescent girls had 31.3% iron deficiency whereas adolescent boys had 11.5% iron deficiency. Anaemia prevalence was also higher in the age group 15-19 years as compared to 10-14 years. Conclusions: It was concluded that iron deficiency anaemia was more prevalent in adolescent girls than boys. Inadequate intake of iron rich foods and vitamin C, less knowledge about anaemia, low socio economic conditions along with poor hygiene and sanitation practices are the major factors that contribute to iron deficiency anaemia.
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Background: Aim of the study was to diagnose and treat pregnant females with iron deficiency anaemia, to reduce the complications associated with anaemia in pregnancy and to compare the efficacy, safety and side effects of iron sucrose with ferrous sulphate in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.Methods: The subjects for study were enrolled on fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After detailed history, examination and investigations of patient the dose of intravenous iron sucrose was calculated by using the following formula: dose of iron: 2.4 x Hb deficit (11-patient’s actual Hb) x body weight in kg + 500. The following investigations were done on day 1: (a) complete blood count (CBC)- Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC and PCV; (b) urine examination. Patients was randomly allocated into two groups. Group-A: oral group- containing 150 pregnant females. Group-B: intravenous group- containing 150 pregnant females.Results: Majority of women (48%) were from lower middle class and lower class (30%). Only 5.3% were from higher socioeconomic class (p value 0.0001). Maximum women (60%) were primigravida and 40% were multigravida. which indicates that most ladies enter pregnancy with poor iron reserves. Improvement in the mean haemoglobin levels after 4 weeks of treatment was statistically significant in both the groups (p value 0.0001). Similarly rise in the mean PCV levels after 4 weeks of the treatment was significantly associated in both the groups (p value 0.0001). There was slight rise in the mean MCV and MCH after 4 weeks. Peripheral blood film had changed from microcytic hypochromic to normocytic normochromic after 4 weeks of the treatment in both the group (p value 0.004). Presence of side effects with the oral and parenteral treatment were 81.3% and 12% respectively (p value 0.0001).Conclusions: From our study, it can be concluded that intravenous iron sucrose has lesser side effects along with better absorption.
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Background: Aim of the study was to diagnose and treat pregnant females with iron deficiency anaemia, to reduce the complications associated with anaemia in pregnancy and to compare the efficacy, safety and side effects of iron sucrose with ferrous sulphate in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy.Methods: The subjects for study were enrolled on fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After detailed history, examination and investigations of patient the dose of intravenous iron sucrose was calculated by using the following formula: dose of iron: 2.4 x Hb deficit (11-patient’s actual Hb) x body weight in kg + 500. The following investigations were done on day 1: (a) complete blood count (CBC)- Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC and PCV; (b) urine examination. Patients was randomly allocated into two groups. Group-A: oral group- containing 150 pregnant females. Group-B: intravenous group- containing 150 pregnant females.Results: Majority of women (48%) were from lower middle class and lower class (30%). Only 5.3% were from higher socioeconomic class (p value 0.0001). Maximum women (60%) were primigravida and 40% were multigravida. which indicates that most ladies enter pregnancy with poor iron reserves. Improvement in the mean haemoglobin levels after 4 weeks of treatment was statistically significant in both the groups (p value 0.0001). Similarly rise in the mean PCV levels after 4 weeks of the treatment was significantly associated in both the groups (p value 0.0001). There was slight rise in the mean MCV and MCH after 4 weeks. Peripheral blood film had changed from microcytic hypochromic to normocytic normochromic after 4 weeks of the treatment in both the group (p value 0.004). Presence of side effects with the oral and parenteral treatment were 81.3% and 12% respectively (p value 0.0001).Conclusions: From our study, it can be concluded that intravenous iron sucrose has lesser side effects along with better absorption.
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Background: Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anemia in pregnancy. The standard treatment in majority of the institutions is oral iron, with blood transfusion reserved for severe or emergency cases. However, it is unreliable in the treatment of severe anemia. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron administration for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Methods: Hundred women with gestational age between 30 and 34 weeks with established iron deficiency anaemia with hemoglobin between 6-8g/dL were randomized to receive either oral ferrous sulphate 200 mg thrice daily or required dose of intravenous iron sucrose 200 mg in 200 ml NS on alternate days. Hemoglobin was measured at recruitment and on 2nd week, 4th week and at 37 weeks. Adverse drug reactions were also noted in both the groups. Results were analyzed by student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Haemoglobin values varied significantly with time between the two groups at second week, 4th week and at term (p<0.005). When compared to iron sucrose group, the oral iron group had significant gastro-intestinal adverse effects. Conclusions: Intravenous iron sucrose treated iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy faster, and more effectively than oral iron therapy, with no serious adverse drug reactions.
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Background: Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anemia in pregnancy. The standard treatment in majority of the institutions is oral iron, with blood transfusion reserved for severe or emergency cases. However, it is unreliable in the treatment of severe anemia. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron administration for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Methods: Hundred women with gestational age between 30 and 34 weeks with established iron deficiency anaemia with hemoglobin between 6-8g/dL were randomized to receive either oral ferrous sulphate 200 mg thrice daily or required dose of intravenous iron sucrose 200 mg in 200 ml NS on alternate days. Hemoglobin was measured at recruitment and on 2nd week, 4th week and at 37 weeks. Adverse drug reactions were also noted in both the groups. Results were analyzed by student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Haemoglobin values varied significantly with time between the two groups at second week, 4th week and at term (p<0.005). When compared to iron sucrose group, the oral iron group had significant gastro-intestinal adverse effects. Conclusions: Intravenous iron sucrose treated iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy faster, and more effectively than oral iron therapy, with no serious adverse drug reactions.
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Background: Anaemia during pregnancy is considered to be a serious health concern. Whilst oral supplementation is most prevalent, it is also possible to provide iron parentally to replace the deficit.Methods: An observational study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of a tertiary care hospital, in Maharashtra. Total 110 women with iron deficiency anaemia were randomly divided into two groups using computer generated random numbers. Group A received oral iron therapy and group B received intravenous sucrose therapy. The haemoglobin and serum ferritin were assessed before and after treatment.Results: In the oral iron therapy group the age ranged between 19.3 to 27.1 years and in intravenous iron therapy group from 19.2 and 26.5 years. Baseline (0 day) haemoglobin in oral iron therapy group was 8.21�12 gm/dl and 8.36�14 gm/dl in intravenous iron group. The mean difference of 3.38 gm/dl was seen in the intravenous therapy group at 8th weeks against the mean difference of 1.63 gm/dl in oral iron therapy group. The mean difference of serum ferritin 18.92 礸/l was found in the oral iron therapy at the 8th week while the mean difference of 63.79 礸/l was seen in the intravenous therapy group.Conclusions: The intravenous sucrose therapy is found to be safe and effective alternative treatment for iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy though the cost of treatment is significantly higher than the oral therapy.
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Background: The field of nutrition of women in India that has been sadly neglected pertains to the adolescent girls. The adolescent girls, the young women, the mothers to be, represent an age group which experience a crucial phase of growth. Iron deficiency anaemia is a highly prevalent and seemingly intractable problem, particularly among females of reproductive age group in developing countries. Following early childhood, during the adolescent growth spurts, the risk of iron deficiency and anaemia reappears for both boys and girls, after which it subsides for boys but remains for girls because of menstrual loss. Aim of the study was to find the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among school going adolescent girls in the field area of National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore. Methods: The present study is an observational, cross-sectional, school health survey undertaken to know the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescent girls in the field area of NIUM. The present study was completed within a period of 6 months from August 2008 to January 2008. Prevalence of IDA was determined on the basis of RBC indices (MCV, MCHC) and erythrocyte morphology, evaluated from the points of anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, hypochromia and microcytosis on peripheral blood smear examination. Results: In the study population (240 girls), 25% (60) subjects were affected with various grades of anaemia, i.e., 20.4% (49) were mildly anaemic and 4.6% (11) moderately anaemic. There was no case of severe anaemia. The prevalence of IDA was seen in 11.6% of study population. Conclusions: The present study provides an indication to initiate the anaemia prophylaxis measures for adolescent girls in India including nutrition education in schools. Adolescent girls should be a target group in any programme that builds demand for sustaining iron supplementation or higher dietary intake.
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Objective@#To investigate the effects of lactoprotein iron chelates on rats with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), so as to provide insights into developing and utilizing novel iron supplements.@*Methods@#Seventy weaning female SPF-graded rats of the SD strain were randomly divided into the control group (A), model group (B), ferrous sulfate group (C), lactoferrin group (D), lactoferrin iron chelate group (E), Casein oligopeptide iron chelate group (F) and whey protein oligopeptide iron chelate group (G), with 10 rats in each group. The rats in group A were fed with normal diet, and the others were fed with poor iron diet for IDA modeling. The corresponding interventions were given by intragastric administration once a day. The iron ion concentrations of group C, E, F and G were 2.0 mg/kg, and the protein and oligopeptide concentrations of group D, E, F and G were 2 000 mg/kg. Body weight and hemoglobin of rats were measured weekly during 21-day intervention. At the end, peripheral blood samples were collected, and blood routine, iron metabolism and liver function indicators were determined. @*Results@#After the intervention, among blood routine indicators, the rats in group C, E, F and G showed elevated hemoglobin, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit, and decreased free protoporphyrin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration when compared with the rats in group B (all P<0.05); among iron metabolism indicators, the rats in group C, E and G showed elevated serum ferritin, the rats in group C, E, F and G showed elevated serum iron, the rats in group C, D, E, F and G showed decreased unsaturated iron binding capacity and total iron binding capacity when compared with the rats in group B (all P<0.05); among liver function indicators, the rats in group E and G showed decreased alanine transaminase when compared with the rats in group B (both P<0.05). @*Conclusions@#Lactoprotein alone could not completely improve IDA in rats compared with traditional iron supplement (ferrous sulfate). Lactoprotein iron chelate, especially whey protein oligopeptide iron chelate, could significantly improve IDA, iron reserve and liver function damage in rats.
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While trying to save the patient via blood transfusion, the safety of the blood donor is paramount. This study evaluated the pre-and post-donation ferritin and packed cell volume (PCV) of donors attending University of Calabar Teaching Hospital.Method: The study adopted descriptive longitudinal approach. A total of 18 donors with age range of 18 48years were enrolled and followed up for 30 days post-donation. The serum ferritin was analyzed using ELISA method while the PCV was analyzed using the microhematocrit method. Difference between means was performed using repeated measure ANOVA while post hoc was done using Bonferroni adjustment. Prediction of return to baseline values were performed using logistic regression. Alpha value was placed at 0.05 There was a decline in ferritin and packed cell volume from pre-to post-donation. The decline in ferritin was imminent until day 14 when recovery was initiated. Significant difference was observed between the pre-donation ferritin and the rest of the days except day 30. There was also a decline in PCV from pre-donation all through with recovery noticeable after day 7. The PCV of the pre-donation was only comparable to the day 30 post-donation. Approximately 5.6% (n=1) of the subjects was iron deficient pre-donation.Approximately 25% (n=4) of the subject have returned to baseline PCV while 0% of the subjects have returned to baseline ferritin at day 30 post-donation.Conclusion: For the safety of the donor, donation interval should be widened, and iron supplement followed up
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Humanos , Trastornos de Adaptación , Ferritinas , Donantes de Sangre , Anemia FerropénicaRESUMEN
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant vascular disorder, characterised by multiple telangiectasesof the skin and mucous membranes with recurrent nasal and gastrointestinal bleedings and arteriovenous malformations of various organ systems. It is also called as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The occurrence of telangiectases in the stomach and small bowel can result in chronic bleeding and anaemia. We report a rare case of 39 year old female with Osler Weber Rendu syndrome associated with portal hypertension. She had recurrent nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding, and presented with complaints of progressive dyspnea NYHA class III. On further evaluation she was found to have portal hypertension, which is a rare association.
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In present global worming most common disease in women is anaemia.This condition also seen in during pregnancy also. In my study also find out which miasmas are more prominent during pregnancy may be responsible for iron deficiency anaemia.
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Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is associated with unfavourable consequences both for the mother and the fetus and is a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.Methods: The study was conducted over a period of one year in which 100 pregnant females who met the inclusion criteria were administered ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) preparation.Results: There was significant rise in mean haemoglobin and serum ferritin after transfusion of ferric maltose in the patients with very less adverse effects.Conclusions: FCM, because of its high efficacy and safety can revolutionize the management of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in pregnancy.
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Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia and nutritional disorder worldwide. Oral iron therapy and blood transfusion has many drawbacks like noncompliance and risk of transmittable infections and transfusion reaction. The modern alternative therapy is treatment with intravenous iron. Present study compares the efficacy, safety and tolerability between intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron in iron deficiency anemia during 20-36 weeks of pregnancy.Methods: It was a randomized controlled study between December 2017 to September 2019. 200 patients attending antenatal OPD in Al Ameen Medical College, with haemoglobin levels between 7-9.9 gm/dl and serum ferritin of <15 ng/ml were enrolled. In intravenous group, 200 mg iron sucrose in 100ml normal saline was infused alternate day till the required dose was met. The oral group received 200 mg of oral iron ascorbate along with folic acid 1.5 mg per day for 6 weeks. Treatment efficacy was assessed by Hb and serum ferritin after 3 and 6 weeks.Results: Out of 200 patients, an increase in Hb was observed in both groups, rising from 9.7 g/dl to 10.3 g/dl and 10.9 g/dl after 3 weeks and 6 weeks respectively in oral group and from 8.6 g/dl to 9.8 g/dl and 10.8 g/dl after 3 weeks and 6 weeks respectively in intravenous group. Similar results were seen in ferritin levels. Rise in Hb and ferritin levels were greater in intravenous group than in oral group.Conclusions: Intravenous iron sucrose appears to be a better treatment option in comparison with oral iron, without serious side effects, better compliance and improved efficacy in correction of anaemia of pregnancy.
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Background: Mild microcytic hypochromic anaemias due to iron deficiency (IDA) and beta thalassemia trait(β-TT) continue to be a cause of significant burden to the society, particularly in the poorer developing countries. The objective of the present study was to study the RBC based indices in patients of marked anisopoikilocytosis in determining the etiology of it, to standardize few automated red cell parameters, and also objective grading of RBC morphology on peripheral smear and interpreting its utility in indicating a diagnosis. Also, to establish a relation between value of RBC indices with that of degree of anisocytosis.Methods: A total of 500 patients diagnosed with mild microcytic hypochromic anaemia on complete blood count and peripheral blood film were included in the study. Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH and RDW obtained from the electronic cell counter were used to calculate discrimination indices by various mathematical formulae. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Youden’s index (YI) were calculated.Results: Green and King index demonstrated the lowest sensitivity of 70.51%. Mentzer index demonstrated the highest specificity of 96.80%. The highest and lowest PPV were found for Mentzer index (97.09%) and Sehgal index (92.81%) respectively. Sehgal’s index demonstrated the highest NPV of 95.96% and lowest NPV was exhibited by G and K (87.9%). The highest and the lowest values for Youden’s index were shown by Sehgal’s index (87.82%) and G and K index (68.47%).Conclusions: Sehgal’s index followed by Mentzer index are highly sensitive and reasonably specific in differentiating β-TT from IDA and none of the indices is 100% sensitive and specific. Though HbA2 estimation is the gold standard for diagnosing β-TT, in developing countries, Sehgal index followed by Mentzer et al, index can be used to screen mild microcytic hypochromic anaemia cases to eliminate as many false positive cases as possible to reduce the financial cost.
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Background: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) continues to be a very common problem in developing countries leading to a spectrum of adverse events in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy, side effects and tolerance of ferric carboxymaltose as compared to available iron preparations for the prophylaxis and treatment of mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy.Methods: One-year clinical study (from June 2017 to May 2018). A total 100 patients were enrolled after matching inclusion and exclusion criteria. The efficacy assessment was performed during 4, 8, and 12 weeks of starting therapy. If the patient is not responding to therapy in either arm as documented by no rise or fall in haemoglobin levels patients may be removed from study for other therapy. Treatment duration up to 12 weeks. Safety and efficacy follow-up visit at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Institutional ethics committee permission was taken.Results: On intra-group comparisons there was significant increase in haemoglobin levels at 8 and 12 weeks in oral iron group as compared to day 1 haemoglobin levels while there was significant increase in haemoglobin levels at 4, 8 and 12 weeks in IV iron group as compared to day 1 haemoglobin levels. On intergroup comparisons between oral and IV iron group, there was significant increase in haemoglobin levels at 4, 8 and 12 weeks in IV iron group as compared oral iron group haemoglobin levels.Conclusions: Intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose causes significant improvement in haemoglobin more quickly and more effective in correcting iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy compared to oral treatment in terms of increase in haemoglobin levels at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is safe and effective option for pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia.
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Iron deficiency anaemia is a common entity in India. Diabetic parameters may fluctuate with respect to the haemoglobin variants and nutritional anaemia. However, the exact association between them has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to estimate and compare the diabetic parameters and the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) among anaemics and non-anaemics in non- diabetic patients.METHODSA comparative study was done in the Department of General Medicine, over a period of one-and-a-half years where 50 non-diabetic IDA patients as cases and 50 non- diabetic non-anaemic patients as controls were enrolled in the study. Iron profile and HbA1c levels were measured and compared at baseline. IDA patients were treated with iron supplements and the effects on the HbA1c levels after 3 months of treatment of iron deficiency were noted and analyzed. The data was entered in MS Excel spreadsheet and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. A P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.RESULTSWe found that anaemic patients had significantly higher fasting and random blood sugar levels with more patients in the pre-diabetic range as per HbA1c levels. The glycosylated Hb levels were significantly higher in Group A patients. (p<0.05). After initiating IDA treatment, there was a significant improvement in all the haematological parameters at 3 months follow up. There was a significant decrease in the HbA1c levels after three months of anaemia treatment. (p<0.0001).CONCLUSIONSIron deficiency anaemia has an inverse correlation with HbA1c levels. After correction of iron deficiency in the anaemic subjects, in most of the cases, the HbA1c levels declined to near normal values.
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Fungiform papillae are red/pink, mushroom shaped projections located on the tip and dorsolateral part of tongue. It harbours several taste buds. Pigmented fungiform papillae is a not so common benign condition which involves pigment deposition in fungiform papillae. Authors report a case of 35 years female who presented with history of blackish spots over tongue for past 10 years with no other associated symptom. Patient had conjunctival pallor (moderate) and rest of the examination was normal. Investigations showed iron deficiency anaemia with Hb. of 9.5 mg/dl. A clinical diagnosis of Pigmented Fungiform Papillae (PFP) with associated Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) was made. Patient was explained in detail about the benign nature of disease and was put on oral iron therapy. Follow up after 2 months was advised.
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Background: One of the important factors associated with maternal and foetal complications during pregnancy is Anaemia. Various oral preparations of iron are available, and each has different bioavailability, efficacy and adverse effects. Lactoferrin is a naturally existing iron-binding multifunctional glycoprotein, and a member of a transferrin family, thus belonging to those proteins capable of binding and transferring iron. Lactoferrin has considerably less gastrointestinal side effects than ferrous sulfate and is very useful as well as promising alternative to ferrous sulphate.Methods: Prospective randomized controlled study. Total 100 females with 24 to 36 weeks of pregnancy with haemoglobin between 8 to 10 grams were included out of which 50 patients were given ferrous sulphate 200 mg BD and 50 patients were given lactoferrin 250 mg BD daily for 8 weeks. Various haematological parameters and the adverse effects of both the drugs were studied at registration, 4 weeks and 8 weeks and compared.Results: Thus, after this study authors can say that the rise in haemoglobin with lactoferrin was 1.58 g/dl while with ferrous sulphate it was 1.67 g/dl at 8 weeks. Adverse effects were much lesser in Group A taking lactoferrin compared to Group B.Conclusions: Thus, lactoferrin has the advantage over ferrous sulphate in having less side effects and increasing the compliance and thus the efficacy of the drug compared to ferrous sulphate.
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Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) with its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality, has become an important public health problem. The incidence and prevalence of CKD is increasing worldwide, including India. CKD is associated with a variety of hematological abnormalities, include anaemia, infections and bleeding diathesis. Anaemia is the most consistent hematological abnormality and is associated with poor quality of life and poor cardiovascular outcomes.Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional observational study was done to detect the prevalence of haematological abnormalities, correlation of anaemia with CKD stage and evaluation of iron deficiency. Newly diagnosed CKD (stages 3 to 5) patients were included in this study. Presence of anaemia (Hb%, haematocrit, MCV, peripheral smear), iron deficiency (TSAT, serum ferritin), thrombocytopenia, leucocyte count and coagulation abnormalities (PT, APTT) in different stages of CKD were studied.Results: All the subjects in study group had anaemia which was normocytic and normochromic and of moderate degree in most patients. The severity of anaemia progressed with stage of the disease. Iron deficiency was significantly prevalent (52% in the study population, with transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20%). WBC count was not significantly altered. There was mild thrombocytopenia in a few patients. Bleeding time or other in vitro tests of platelet function were not measured. The coagulation parameters, PT and APTT, were not significantly altered.Conclusions: All CKD patients should be screened for iron deficiency anaemia for its early treatment and to decrease morbidity.