Determinantes das irregularidades na gestão pública municipal: o caso dos municípios do estado de São Paulo / Determinantes de las irregularidades en la gestión pública municipal: el caso de los municipios del estado de São Paulo / Determinants of irregularities in municipal public management: the case of municipalities in the state of São Paulo

Resumo O controle externo municipal exercido pelos Tribunais de Contas permite, por meio da divulgação dos relatórios de auditoria, conhecer as irregularidades encontradas nas contas dos governos municipais. Elas têm sido analisadas empiricamente, do ponto de vista de sua classificação em termos de gravidade, mas poucos são os estudos que visam identificar os fatores que influenciam tais falhas. Constatada essa lacuna, o principal objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores que possam influenciar lapsos na gestão pública municipal apontados pela auditoria do Tribunal de Contas. Este artigo contribui para aprofundar a pesquisa em torno desse tema e para a melhoria da gestão nos municípios. Trata-se de uma análise exploratória, baseada em modelos econométricos para dados em painel. A amostra inclui 179 municípios paulistas, com dados relativos aos anos de 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 e 2019. Os resultados sugerem que as recomendações e as determinações do Tribunal de Contas, bem como lacunas nos controles internos, influenciam irregularidades em municípios pequenos, médios e grandes. O volume de transferências legais e constitucionais recebidas influenciam os municípios pequenos e médios, ao passo que o produto interno bruto (PIB) municipal tem influência nos municípios médios.

Resumen El control municipal externo que ejercen los Tribunales de Cuentas permite, a través de la divulgación de informes de auditoría, conocer las irregularidades encontradas en las cuentas de los gobiernos municipales. Estas han sido analizadas empíricamente, desde el punto de vista de su clasificación en términos de gravedad, pero existen pocos estudios que tengan como objetivo identificar los factores que influyen en tales fallas. Verificada esta brecha, el objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar factores que puedan influir en las fallas en la gestión pública municipal señalados por la auditoría del Tribunal de Cuentas. Este artículo contribuye a profundizar en la investigación sobre este tema y a mejorar la gestión en los municipios. Se trata de un análisis exploratorio, basado en modelos econométricos para datos de panel. La muestra incluye 179 municipios de São Paulo, con datos de los años 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 y 2019. Los resultados sugieren que las recomendaciones y determinaciones del Tribunal de Cuentas, así como las lagunas en los controles internos, influyen en las irregularidades en los municipios, pequeños, medianos y grandes. El volumen de transferencias legales y constitucionales recibidas influye en los municipios pequeños y medianos, mientras que el producto interno bruto (PIB) municipal influye en los municipios medianos.

Abstract The municipal external control exercised by the Courts of Accounts reveals the irregularities found in the accounts of municipal governments through the disclosure of audit reports. They have been empirically analyzed from the point of view of their classification in terms of severity, but few studies aim to identify the factors that influence such failures. Having verified this gap, the main objective of this study is to identify factors that may influence lapses in municipal public management pointed out by the audit of the Court of Accounts. This article contributes to further research on this topic and to improving management in municipalities. This is an exploratory analysis based on econometric models for panel data. The sample includes 179 municipalities in São Paulo, with data for 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. The results suggest that the recommendations and determinations of the Court of Accounts and gaps in internal controls influence irregularities in small, medium, and large municipalities. The volume of legal and constitutional transfers received influences small and medium-sized municipalities, while the municipal gross domestic product (GDP) influences medium-sized municipalities.

Awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among College Going Females in Gurgaon: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives:?Women not only take care of family members, they are also source of power and symbol of progress in a society. At the same time, physical and mental well-being of women relies on healthy lifestyle and adequate reproductive health knowledge. With growing incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), it is crucial to increase awareness about the disease among women at an early age in life. The present survey investigates awareness level of college going females about PCOS. Materials and Methods?428 females were recruited from 3 colleges in district Gurgaon, Haryana, India, based on convenience sampling. The respondents filled a self-completion questionnaire containing sociodemographic details, menstrual cycle details, and questions related to PCOS. Statistical Analysis?Descriptive statistics was used to calculate frequency and percentage of variables. Pearson's chi-square test of independence was used to identify factors associated with awareness of PCOS. A p-value of?<?0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results?The mean ±SD age of respondents was 19.9?±?1.7 years (range?=?18–24 years). Only 78 females (18.22%) had heard about PCOS. Being knowledgeable was significantly associated with mother's education (p?=?0.001), length of menstrual cycle (p?=?0.022), and family history of PCOS (p?<?0.001). Conclusion?The present study indicates awareness of PCOS among college going females was very poor. There is an urgent need of increasing awareness about PCOS among young adult college going females not only for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of the disease but also to prevent its long-term consequences.

A cross sectional study to determine polycystic ovarian disease among students of a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: India now has highest number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus globally and speedy rise of the incidence of obesity in children is the major reason for increasing insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and polycystic ovarian syndrome. But proportion for PCOD is unknown in community. Objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of PCOD among students in Tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among students of aged 16-24 years in a teaching hospital in Kerala. Sample sizes of 256 students were randomly selected from various batches of medical and paramedical courses. Occurrence of hyper androgenic features and menstrual irregularities were evaluated, and they were physically examined. The diagnosis of PCOS was made based on Rotterdam’s criteria. Epi-info 7 was used for analysis.Results: Seventy-five students (30%) met the criteria to be diagnosed as polycystic ovarian syndrome. Twenty students (10%) had a history of thyroid dysfunction. The other clinical features of hyperandrogenism were like acne (25%), oily skin (13.5%), and increased hair growth (7%), male pattern thinning of hair (9.75%).Conclusions: PCOD can be assumed of as a forerunner syndrome that, if screened for, can help in early identification of risk of highly morbid conditions, in adolescent girls.

Faltas frecuentes a la Ley 576 de 2000 presentadas al Tribunal de Ética Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en Colombia durante el periodo 2014-2017 / Frequent Infringements of Law 576 of 2000 Presented to the Tribunal of Professional Ethics Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics in Colombia during the 2014-2017 Period / Ofensas frequentes à Lei 576 de 2000 submetidas ao Tribunal de Ética Profissional de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia na Colômbia durante o período 2014-2017

Resumen La medicina veterinaria como profesión en Colombia se remonta a 1884. En 1985 se conformó el Consejo Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia y Zootecnia de Colombia (Comvezcol), y posteriormente, mediante la Ley 576 de 2000, se creó el código de ética para el ejercicio profesional de la medicina veterinaria, medicina veterinaria y zootecnia y zootecnia, así como el Tribunal Nacional de Ética Profesional (Trinadep), con el fin de tramitar las quejas, adelantar investigaciones e instruir las acciones disciplinarias contra los profesionales de las ciencias animales. En Colombia no se han encontrado reportes que permitan realizar un análisis de las faltas al código de ética, por lo cual en este artículo se busca describir las faltas más frecuentes denunciadas en el periodo 2014-2017. Para ello se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las sanciones impuestas por el Trinadep por infracción de la Ley 576 de 2000. Según los datos obtenidos durante el periodo de estudio, se sancionaron 96 profesionales, de los cuales el 53,13 % fueron médicos veterinarios, y el 42,71 % fueron médicos veterinarios zootecnistas. Se observó una mayor tasa de infracción en hombres (75 %). Los artículos 5 (22,3 %), 13 (20,56 %), 61 (19,51 %), 27 (12,2 %) y 20 (9,06 %) fueron los que más se infringieron. Estos datos permiten concluir que es necesaria la concientización de estudiantes y profesionales en algunos aspectos del desempeño profesional, como lo son el diligenciamiento adecuado de la historia clínica y los consentimientos informados, el uso debido de ayudas diagnósticas y el uso de terapéuticas acordes con el individuo.

Abstract Veterinary medicine as a profession in Colombia dates back to 1884. In 1985, the Professional Council of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of Colombia (Comvezcol) was formed, and subsequently, through Law 576 of 2000, the code of ethics for the professional practice of veterinary medicine and zootechnics was created, along with the National Tribunal of Professional Ethics (Trinadep), in order to process complaints, conduct investigations, and determine disciplinary actions against animal science professionals. In Colombia, no reports were found that would allow analyzing non-compliance with the code of ethics; consequently, this article seeks to describe the most frequent infringements reported in the period 2014-2017. To this end, a retrospective study of the sanctions imposed by Trinadep was carried out regarding non-compliance with Law 576 of 2000. According to the data obtained during the study period, 96 professionals were sanctioned; 53.13% of them were veterinarians, and 42.71% were zootechnical veterinarians. A higher rate of infraction was observed in men (75%). Articles 5 (22.3%), 13 (20.56%), 61 (19.51%), 27 (12.2%), and 20 (9.06%) were the most frequently infringed. These data allow concluding that it is necessary to raise awareness among students and professionals on some aspects of professional performance, such as the proper completion of clinical history and informed consents, the proper use of diagnostic aids, and the use of therapeutics in accordance with the individual.

Resumo A medicina veterinária como profissão na Colômbia remonta-se a 1884. Em 1985 conformou-se o Conselho Profissional de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Colômbia (Comvezcol), e posteriormente, mediante Lei 576 de 2000, foi criado o código de ética para a prática profissional da medicina veterinária e zootecnia, bem como o Tribunal Nacional de Ética Profissional (Trinadep), a fim de processar reclamações, conduzir investigações e instruir ações disciplinares contra profissionais das ciências animais. Na Colômbia não tem se encontrado relatórios que permitissem uma análise das violações do código de ética, pelo qual este artigo visa descrever as violações mais frequentes no período 2014-2017. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das sanções impostas pelo Trinadep por violações da Lei 576 de 2000. De acordo com os dados obtidos durante o período de estudo, 96 profissionais foram sancionados, dos que 53,13% foram médicos veterinários e 42,71% foram médicos veterinários zootécnicos. Observou-se maior taxa de infracção em homens (75%). Os artigos 5 (22,3 %), 13 (20,56 %), 61 (19,51 %), 27 (12,2 %) e 20 (9,06 %) foram os mais violados. Estes dados permitem concluir que é necessária a sensibilização de alunos e profissionais em alguns aspectos do desempenho profissional, como são o preenchimento adequado da anamnese e o consentimento informado, o uso correto de auxílios diagnósticos e o uso de terapêuticas acordes com o indivíduo.

Occurrence of hypothyroidism and its correlation with reproductive health problems: a cross sectional study

Background: Thyroid dysfunction is 10 times more common in women than in men. Hypothyroidism among women of reproductive age group is linked to menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), miscarriage and infertility. Several studies are available in the literature reporting regarding impact of hypothyroidism on one or the other isolated problems of reproductive health problems.Methods: This cross-sectional study is conducted including 290 participants having various reproductive health problems attending the gynaecology OPD of a rural based tertiary care hospital of Tamil Nadu during the year 2017-2018.These participants were investigated for thyroid dysfunction and its correlation of hypothyroidism with reproductive health problems viz. menstrual irregularities, Polycystic ovarian diseases (PCOS), infertility and pregnancy loss was studied.Results: It was observed that 80.6% of the 290 participants were euthyroid and 16.97% were hypothyroid, who presented with menstrual irregularities like menorrhagia (28.6%), oligomenorrhea (20.8%), amenorrhoea (21.3%), PCOS (28.6%), infertility (21.6%) and 23.8% hypothyroid women had pregnancy losses of varying number.Conclusions: In present study the occurrence of hypothyroidism was found to be 16.89%. Since hypothyroidism has close association with problems like menstrual irregularities, PCOS, miscarriages and infertility, thyroid function test should be routinely recommended for these women. Thyroid dysfunction can be corrected with simple, cost-effective treatment.  This will help in improvement in pregnancy outcome and also avoid subjecting women for major surgeries for menorrhagia.

A Study on Assessment of Clinical, Radiological Parameters in Women Suffering from PCOD

Background: PCOS patients who fail to respond to CC are considered as clomiphene resistant. Approximately 15%–40% of women with PCOS, it is very common. Obesity, insulin resistance, ( 50%–70% of females with PCOS) and hyperandrogenemia are some major factors which postulated for CC resistance. Methods: In this study 50 females were included on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The duration of study was over a period of 3 month. This study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology, K M Medical College & Hospital, Mathura Result: This result revealed that 56% cases had elevated LH, 36% had hypothyroidism followed by 16% hyperprolactinemia & 4% hypoprolactinemia. Conclusion: This study suggested that, Obesity and overweight are the most important modifiable risk factor which causes 70% of cases to prevent PCOS, weight reduction is one of the most important step.

Predictors and symptomatic burden of uterine fibroids among women in South-Eastern India: a cross-sectional survey analysis

Background: Uterine fibroid is the most common pelvic tumor in women of reproductive age and are asymptomatic in at least 50% of affected women. Various risk factors are associated with development of uterine fibroids during this reproductive age. The present study established various associated risk factors increases the prevalence of uterine fibroid among reproductive age group and clinical symptoms burden of diagnosed case.Methods: A cross sectional study design was used to collect samples for a period of six months in an OPD basis. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the 362 sample of reproductive age group (15-45 years) women in a tertiary care hospital, Southeastern India. Women diagnosed with uterine fibroid by ultrasonography were included as cases. Symptomatic features and associated risk factors of UF were collected through structure interview schedule.Results: Point prevalence of uterine fibroid among women in reproductive age group during the period of six months was 20%. Majority of them were in the age group of 30-39 years. Demographic factor such as overweight and obesity and consume dairy products daily has increased the prevalence of UF, whereas use of oral contraceptive pills and normal BMI had inverse relationship with UF risk. Most of the cases reported of having menstrual disturbances like heavy bleeding, passes blood clots during menstruation, prolonged period, urinary symptoms and pressure symptoms were considered independent predicting factors for the occurrence of uterine fibroid.Conclusions: Uterine fibroid is more prevalent among women of reproductive age causing various bleeding and renal symptoms that can have negative impact on quality of women’s life.

Não conformidades observadas em depósitos de hipermercados e supermercados da região leste do município de São Paulo / Non conformities observed in deposits of hypermarkets and supermarkets in the eastern region of the city of São Paulo

Manter um estoque de produtos pode trazer diversos benefícios ao estabelecimento, no entanto, o armazenamento realizado de forma inadequada pode causar danos à saúde e gerar insatisfação por parte do consumidor, bem como levar a perdas econômicas. Neste trabalho, foram levantadas as irregularidades verificadas nos depósitos, incluindo câmaras frias, de hipermercados e supermercados inspecionados por equipe da vigilância sanitária da região Leste do Município de São Paulo no período de 2011 a 2013. Verificou-se que as não conformidades mais comumente encontradas nos depósitos secos foram as más condições em que produtos impróprios para o consumo eram mantidos e, em câmaras frias, a ausência de planilhas de controle de temperatura dos equipamentos. Outras situações que infringem normas referentes às Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Manipulação de Alimentos foram observadas de forma expressiva nos estabelecimentos, como más condições de higiene ambiental, desorganização, disposição inadequada dos produtos e presença de pragas. Os resultados indicam que os cuidados higienicossanitários no armazenamento são tão importantes quanto nas etapas de fabricação e transporte para que não sejam comprometidas a qualidade e segurança dos produtos, devendo, para isso, ocorrer ações como capacitação contínua dos colaboradores e manutenção constante da estrutura física.

Storing products can bring many benefits to commercial establishments, however, storage made improperly may cause harm to healthy and bring insatisfaction by consumers, as well as leading to economic losses. In this work, were raised irregularities verified in deposits, including cold chambers of hypermarkets and supermarkets inspected by the health surveillance team of the east zone of São Paulo city from 2011 to 2013. It was found that the most common non compliances found in dry deposits were the bad conditions that unfit for consumption products were maintained and, in cold chambers, the absence of equipments temperature control spread sheets. Other situations that infringe Good Manufacturing Practices rules were observed meaningly in the establishments, such as bad hygiene conditions, disorganization, products improper arrangement and presence of pests. Results indicate that hygienic sanitary caution in storage is as important as at manufacture and transportation stages, so that products quality and safety is not compromised, shall, for that occur actions like continuous employee training and constant maintenance of physical infrastructure.

Manifestaciones hematológicas, etiopatogenia y exámenes de laboratorio en la enfermedad por virus Ébola / Hematologic manifestations, pathogenesis and laboratory tests in Ebola virus disease

La enfermedad por el virus del Ébola es una dolencia con frecuencia fatal, causada por una de las cinco cepas altamente contagiosas de este virus que afecta, tanto a animales como a seres humanos, cuya tasa de letalidad puede llegar al 90 por ciento. Desde su detección se han producido varios brotes, incluido el último en abril de 2014. Una de las manifestaciones más importantes es el síndrome hemorrágico que suele darse en las últimas etapas de la enfermedad, cuadro que no ocurre en todos los pacientes afectados. Se describen las principales manifestaciones hematológicas presentes en esta entidad, así como algunos aspectos de su etiopatogenia y exámenes de laboratorio útiles en el manejo de estos pacientes(AU)

Ebola virus disease is an often-fatal infection caused by one of the five strains of the Ebola virus that affects both animals and humans. The fatality rate can reach 90 percent and since its detection, there have been several outbreaks, including the last in April 2014. One of the most important manifestations is the hemorrhagic syndrome which usually occurs in the late stages of the disease, condition that is not present in all affected patients. Major hematologic manifestations in this entity, as well as some aspects of its pathogenesis and useful laboratory tests in the management of these patients are described(AU)

A rational approach to the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome during adolescence / Uma abordagem racional do diagnóstico da síndrome dos ovários policísticos na adolescência

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction, with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and signs. Three different sets of diagnostic criteria have been established in order to define this disease in adult women, but there is controversy regarding the use of these criteria in adolescence. During puberty, the adult criteria for ovulatory dysfunction does not seem applicable, because an irregular menstrual pattern and a decreased ovulatory rate is a physiologic event during this period of life. Also, a higher prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) may be observed during this period, so PCOM is not a useful criterion to define PCOS in young women. These findings suggest that a key factor to diagnose to PCOS during adolescence is hyperandrogenism. In addition, since PCOM is not clearly associated with hyperandrogenism during this period of life, the term "polycystic ovarian syndrome" during adolescence creates confusion and may be misleading.

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é uma desordem que afeta pacientes por toda a vida e é caracterizada por hiperandrogenismo e disfunção ovariana, com um amplo leque de sintomas e sinais clínicos. Três diferentes conjuntos de critérios diagnósticos foram estabelecidos para definir essa doença em mulheres adultas, mas existem controvérsias relacionadas ao uso desses critérios na adolescência. Durante a puberdade, o critério de disfunção ovariana usado em adultos não parece aplicável, porque um padrão menstrual irregular e uma menor taxa de ovulação são eventos fisiológicos nesse período da vida. Além disso, uma maior prevalência de morfologia ovariana policística (MOP) pode ser observada nesse período, de forma que a MOP não é um critério útil para se definir a SOP em mulheres jovens. Esses achados sugerem que o hiperandrogenismo é um fator-chave para o diagnóstico da SOP na adolescência. Além disso, como a MOP não está claramente associada com o hiperandrogenismo durante esse período da vida, o termo "síndrome dos ovários policísticos" durante a adolescência cria confusão e pode ser errôneo.

Meiose e viabilidade polínica em acessos de Capsicum annuum e Capsicum baccatum / Meiosis and pollen viability in accessions of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum baccatum

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento meiótico e a viabilidade polínica em quatro acessos das espécies Capsicum annuum e Capsicum baccatum. Em todos os acessos, foram observados 12 bivalentes, confirmando o número e nível de ploidia relatados na literatura para essas espécies. Os resultados mostraram uma divisão celular normal, porém algumas anormalidades foram detectadas, tais como migração precoce dos cromossomos em metáfases I e II, cromossomos retardatários em anáfase I e divisão assincrônica. Os acessos estudados apresentaram um índice meiótico variando de 75,6 a 93,6 por cento, e a viabilidade polínica em todos os acessos foi superior a 90 por cento, demonstrando que as irregularidades meióticas observadas não comprometeram a viabilidade destes.

The objective of this research was to study the meiotic behavior and pollen viability in four accessions of species Capsicum annuum and Capsicum baccatum. In all accessions, twelve bivalents were observed, confirming the number and ploidy level reported in the literature for these species. The results showed a normal cell division although some abnormalities had been detected, as early chromosome migration at metaphases I and II, later chromosomes at anaphase I and asynchronous division. The studied accessions presented a meiotic index (MI) that varied from 75.6 to 93.6 percent and the pollen viability in all accessions was higher than 90 percent, demonstrating that the meiotic irregularities observed didn't affect their viability.

Irregularidades menstruales y de hormonas sexuales en mujeres que se les diagnosticó la diabetes tipo 1 antes de la menarquia o después de esta / Menstruation disorders and sexual hormones in women diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before menarche or after it

INTRODUCCIÓN: la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 es una enfermedad crónica, cada vez más frecuente, que afecta todo el organismo. El conocimiento de la función del eje gonadal en diabéticos, hoy día gana mayor importancia, no solo por la repercusión de esta enfermedad en la salud reproductiva. OBJETIVO: identificar la frecuencia de irregularidades menstruales, determinar los niveles de hormonas sexuales y establecer la influencia de esta enfermedad sobre la edad de la menarquia. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal a 74 mujeres con edades entre 15 y 35 años, todas atendidas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Distribuidas en 2 grupos: A y B, ambos con n= 37; A: diagnosticadas como diabéticas antes de la presentación de la menarquia y B: posterior a esta. Se confeccionó un cuestionario de datos generales e historia clínica puberal y menstrual; se determinó glucemia en ayunas, hemoglobina glucocilada y hormonas sexuales; se compararon los grupos mediante la t de Student y chi cuadrado. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo una elevada frecuencia de dismenorrea, menorragia y tensión premenstrual, además de la pérdida de correlación entre algunas hormonas sexuales. La presencia más temprana de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 determinó mayor edad de la menarquia, niveles más bajos de gonadotropinas (LH y FSH) y oligoamenorrea. CONCLUSIONES: que la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 diagnosticada antes de la menarquia parece interferir en la maduración y función posterior del eje gonadal femenino, lo cual condiciona más frecuencia de dismenorrea e irregularidades menstruales(AU)

INTRODUCTION: type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease frequent and frequent affecting the entire organism. Knowledge on gonadal axis function in diabetic persons nowadays has a great significance, not only due the repercussion of this disease in reproductive health. OBJECTIVE: to identify the menstrual irregularities frequency, to determine the sexual hormones levels and to establish the influence of this entity on the menarche age. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 74 women aged 15 and 35, all seen in the Diabetes Care Center of Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, which were distributed in two groups: A and B, both with n= 37; A: diagnosed with diabetes before the menarche appearance and B; after it. We designed a questionnaire of general data and puberal and menstrual medical records; we determined the presence of fasting glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin and sexual hormones; both groups were compared using the t Student and chi2 tests. RESULTS: we achieved a high frequency of dysmenorrhea, menorrhhea and premenstrual tension, as well the loss of a correlation among some sexual hormones. Earlier presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus determined a greater age of menarche, lower levels of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and oligomenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosed before menarche seems to interfere with maturation and subsequent function of female gonadal axis, which conditioned a greater frequency of dysmenorrhea and menstrual irregularities(AU)

Female genital TB and HIV co-infection.

HIV-induced immunosuppression paves the way for several infections, tuberculosis being very common in our country. Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB), presenting as menstrual irregularities, is a diagnostic challenge in an adolescent female when these may be considered normal. The present case is of a young female who presented with menstrual irregularities, diagnosed subsequently as a case of genital tuberculosis. Microbiological relapse after anti-tubercular treatment of six months caused suspicion of a co-existing immunodeficiency and investigations revealed HIV co-infection; thus emphasizing the need of HIV testing in all patients of tuberculosis for timely diagnosis and treatment support thereafter.

Low prevalence of disordered eating patterns and menstrual irregularities in chinese female athletes / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of disordered eating patterns (DEP) and menstrual irregularities in Chinese female athletes (n=881) and nonathletic controls (n=147), by using Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and written questionnaires. The athletes were divided into the following 6 categories : technical, endurance I (leanness is considered important for athletic performance) and II (leanness is less important), aesthetic, ball-game and power sports. The prevalence of DEP in the athletes estimated by EAT-26 was low (technical 1.5%, endurance I 3.3%, endurance 11 1.6%, aesthetic 3.0%, ball-game 3.0% and power sports 0.9%), and didn't significantly differ from that in nonathletic controls (0.7%) . Amenorrheic athletes were not observed in endurance I and II, aesthetic, or ball-game sports and very low prevalence rates for amenorrhea were found in the athletes in technical (0.5%) and power sports (0.4%) . These figures represent no significant differences between athletes and nonathletes in the prevalence rates of amenorrhea. It was suggested that a low prevalence of DEP in Chinese athletes stems from low socioculturally- and socioeconomically-imposed desires to be thin and low requirements for weight loss to improve athletic performance. Also, the present data suggest that the low incidence of amenorrhea in Chinese athletes is partly associated with the low prevalence of DEP.