Effects of dentinary contamination by endodontic irrigants on bonding strength of adhesive systems

This study aimed to evaluate if 2.5% sodium hypochlorite compromises the adhesion of bonding materials. The factors in the study were the irrigation solutions in two levels: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and saline solution; and the adhesive systems used in three levels: three-step adhesive, universal adhesive, and two-step self-etch adhesive systems. The answer variable used was the microshear bond strength obtained through a universal testing machine and fracture mode. Six groups were obtained (n=10) : Etch-and-rinse/Saline (saline solution + 3-step adhesive system - Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M ESPE); Universal/saline (saline solution + universal adhesive system ­ Prime&Bond,); Self-etch/saline (saline solution + 2-step self-etch adhesive systems - Clearfil SE Bond); Etch-and-rinse/Hypo (sodium hypochlorite 2,5% + 3-step adhesive system - Scotchbond Multiuso); Universal/Hypo (sodium hypochlorite 2,5% + universal adhesive system ­ Prime&Bond); Self-etch/Hypo (sodium hypochlorite 2,5% + 2-step self-etch adhesive system - Clearfil Se Bond). The specimens were obtained from 60 healthy bovine incisors. The crowns were separated from the roots, and the regularization of the buccal surface was performed. The groups received saline solution and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes, respectively. A matrix of 1mm and 3mm oh height was stabilized by Scotch tape to obtain the resin sticks. Afterward, the bond strength test was performed in a universal testing machine at 1mm/min speed. The data were analyzed with normality Shapiro-Wilk, two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's tests (p<0.001). Etch-and-rinse and Self-etch adhesives presented the highest bond strength values after irrigation with saline solution and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, respectively (P < 0.01). The irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite decreased the bond strength values of Etch-and-rinse and Universal (P < 0.01). On the other hand, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite improved the bond strength values of Self-etch (P < 0.01). In conclusion, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite negatively impacted the bond strength of Etch-and-rinse and Universal but improved the adhesion of Self-etch.

Influência de substâncias irrigadoras endodônticas na microdureza da dentina radicular: revisão integrativa / Influence of endodontic irrigation substances on the microdurity of the radicular dentin: integrative review

As soluções de irrigação são essenciais como auxiliares na limpeza e desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares (SCR). Entretanto, essas substâncias químicas podem gerar alterações na composição da dentina. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, os efeitos do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 1%; 2,5%; 3%; 5%; 5,25%; 6% e 17%; digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) a 2% e EDTA 2,5%; 5%; 15% e 17% sobre a microdureza da dentina do canal radicular após sua utilização como solução irrigadora. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa nas bases de dados: PubMed, Cochrane e Lilacs, utilizando-se os seguintes descritores em inglês: "irrigating solutions"; "chelaling agentes"; "dentin microhardness"; "EDTA"; "sodium hypochlorite"; "chlorhexidine gluconate". Foi utilizado o conector "and" associando dentin microhardness aos outros descritores. Critérios de inclusão: Artigos científicos na área da odontologia, escritos em inglês e português que aborda o tema "As soluções de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) e EDTA influenciam na microdureza da dentina radicular?''. Critérios de exclusão: artigos repetidos em mais de uma base de dados, livros, teses de doutorado, dissertações de mestrado, resumos e trabalhos publicados em congresso. Fortes evidências indicam que o hipoclorito de sódio, digluconato de clorexidina e EDTA influenciam na microdureza da dentina radicular, quando utilizadas como solução irrigadora durante o tratamento endodôntico... (AU)

Irrigation solutions are essential as an aid in cleaning and disinfecting the root canal system (SCR). However, these chemicals can cause changes in the composition of dentin. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate, through an integrative review, the effects of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 2.5%; 3%; 5%; 5.25%; 6% and 17%; 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 2.5% EDTA; 5%; 15% and 17% on the microhardness of root canal dentin after its use as an irrigating solution. An integrative review was carried out in the databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Lilacs, using the following descriptors in English: "irrigating solutions"; "chelaling agents"; "dentin microhardness"; "EDTA"; "sodium hypochlorite"; "chlorhexidine gluconate". The "and" connector was used, associating dentin microhardness with other descriptors. Inclusion criteria: Scientific articles in the field of dentistry, written in English and Portuguese that address the topic "Do solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and EDTA influence the microhardness of root dentin?". Exclusion criteria: articles repeated in more than one database, books, doctoral theses, master's dissertations, abstracts and papers published in congress. Strong evidence indicates that sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine gluconate and EDTA influence the microhardness of root dentin when used as an irrigating solution during endodontic treatment... (AU)

Resin push-out bonding strength to root canal dentin: effect of the irrigation solution application prior to post cementation / Resistência de união ao push-out entre resina e dentina radicular: efeito utilização da solução irrigadora antes da cimentação do pino

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different irrigation solutions prior to post cementation on the resin bonding to bovine root dentine. Material and Methods: 60 bovine roots (16 mm) were prepared to 12 mm with specific drill of a double-tapered fiber post system, included in PMMA, and divided into 6 groups, considering the irrigation solutions (IS) prior to cementation: Gr1- saline solution (control), Gr2- NaOCl 0.5 %, Gr3- NaOCl 1 %, Gr4- NaOCl 2.5 %, Gr5- NaOCl 5 %, Gr6- Chlorexidine 2 % (solution). The root canals were irrigated with IS 20 ml during 10 min. Then they were rinsed with 20 ml of distilled water and dried with paper points. One fiber post was molded with polyvinylsiloxane and 60 posts made of resin cement (PRC) were obtained moments before the cementation. The root canal dentin was etched with H2PO3 37 %/15 s + washing/drying, a multi-bottle etch&rinse adhesive system was applied and the PRC were resin luted with dual resin cement (DuolinkTM, Bisco). Each specimen was cut into 4 slices of ±1.8mm in thickness and submitted to push-out test (1 mm/min). Results: ANOVA showed that bond strength was significantly affected by IS (P < 0.0001). The highest bond strengths (MPa) were those for the groups 4 (3.51 ± 1.52) and 5 (3.0 ± 1.16). The groups 1 (0.70 ± 0.30), 2 (0.80 ± 0.24), 3 (1.26 ± 0.57) and 6 (0.90 ± 0.41) were statistically similar to each other. Conclusion: The resin bonding to the root dentine was higher when higher concentrations of hypochlorite solutions were used. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes soluções de irrigação antes da cimentação do pino na resistência de união da resina à dentina radicular bovina. Material e Métodos: Foram preparadas 60 raízes bovinas (16 mm) a 12 mm com broca específica de um sistema de pino de fibra com dupla conicidade, incluídas no PMMA, e divididas em 6 grupos, considerando as soluções irrigadoras (IS) antes da cimentação: Gr1-Solução salina (controle), Gr2-NaOCl 0,5 %, Gr3-NaOCl 1 %, Gr4-NaOCl 2,5 %, Gr5-NaOCl 5 %, Gr6-Clorexidina 2 % (solução). Os canais radiculares foram irrigados com 20 ml de IS durante 10 min. Depois, foram lavados com 20 ml de água destilada e secos com pontas de papel. Um pino de fibra foi moldado com polivinilsiloxano e 60 pinos de cimento resinoso (PRC) foram obtidos momentos antes da cimentação. A dentina radicular foi condicionada com H2PO3 37 %/15 s + lavagem/ secagem, aplicou-se o sistema de adesivo e o PRC foi cimentado com cimento resinoso dual (DuolinkTM, Bisco). Cada amostra foi cortada em 4 fatias de ± 1,8 mm de espessura e submetida a teste push-out (1 mm/ min). Resultados: ANOVA mostrou que a força de união foi significativamente afetada pelo IS (P< 0,0001). As maiores resistências de união (MPa) foram para os grupos 4 (3,51 ± 1,52) e 5 (3,0 ± 1,16). Os grupos 1 (0,70 ± 0,30), 2 (0,80 ± 0,24), 3 (1,26 ± 0,57) e 6 (0,90 ± 0,41) foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. Conclusão: A resistência de união da resina à dentina radicular foi maior quando foram utilizadas concentrações maiores de soluções de hipoclorito. (AU)

Analysis of active chlorine releasing and pH of sodium hypochlorite solutions used in Endodontics

Introduction: The use of a suitable irrigation solution and a correct root system shape effectively contributes to the success of endodontic treatment. Among the irrigating solutions used in Endodontics, sodium hypochlorite has been the most used because of many qualities. However, this substance must have chemical stability of its properties, by maintaining the potential of hydrogen (pH) and chlorine concentrations appropriately. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate active chlorine releasing and pH of some sodium hypochlorite solutions used in endodontic clinical practice. Material and methods: The solutions tested in this study were 0.5% Dakin, 1% Milton, 2% Chlorinated Soda, and household bleaches (Brilux® and Qboa®), which were opened at the same period and first used, with the same storage modus but with different manufacturing dates. The pH was measured with a digital device, and the active chlorine content was obtained through iodometric titration. Results: All solutions presented chlorine content not smaller than that informed in the flasks, ranging from 1% to 2.4%; pH was higher in all solutions, between 9 and 13. Conclusion: Based on the method applied and the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that sodium hypochlorite solutions used specifically in Dentistry (Dakin and Milton solutions and Chlorinated Soda), showed on the labels the hypochlorite content. On the other hand, household bleaches (Brilux® and Qboa®) showed the chlorine content. It was not possible to compare pH authenticity, due to lack of description on the label.

Contenido químico de soluciones después de la irrigación del conducto radicular dentario / Chemical content of solutions after irrigation of the tooth root canal / Conteúdo químico das soluções após a irrigação do canal dentário radicular

Durante el tratamiento endodóntico, la irrigación del conducto radicular permite remover los residuos de los túbulos dentinarios. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el contenido de soluciones de irrigación extraídas del conducto radicular luego de la pulpectomía en dientes con pulpitis y con necrosis pulpar, con el fin de determinar aquéllas menos agresivas sobre la dentina radicular. Se trabajó en 80 dientes humanos superiores unirradiculares y con NaClO 1%, EDTA 17%, Ca(OH)2 1%, clorhexidina 0,2% y agua destilada. Se aspiró el contenido de tres irrigaciones y se determinó pH, proteínas totales, hidroxiprolina, calcio y fósforo. El pH de las soluciones no tuvo cambios significativos. La mayor concentración de proteínas se halló en los aspirados con NaClO de dientes con necrosis y con EDTA de pulpitis, revelando mayor número de bandas por electroforesis con esta última solución. El contenido de hidroxiprolina fue mayor con Ca(OH)2 y con clorhexidina, y el de fósforo con EDTA y con NaClO para ambos tipos de dientes. Se detectó calcio con NaClO y clorhexidina. No hubo resultados diferentes entre dientes con pulpitis y con necrosis pulpar en todas las determinaciones químicas. Las soluciones de NaClO y EDTA resultaron eficaces en la eliminación de restos orgánicos de los conductos radiculares. Sin embargo, NaClO eliminó también calcio y fósforo; y la solución de EDTA, fósforo, posiblemente provenientes de la hidroxiapatita y de complejos proteicos de la dentina.

During endodontic treatment, irrigation of the root canal makes it possible to remove remainders of the dentin tubules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of extracted irrigation solutions of root canals after pulpectomy in teeth with pulpitis and pulp necrosis, in order to determine those Enless aggressive on root dentine. Work was performed on 80 unirradicular upper human teeth, with 1% NaClO, 17% EDTA, 1% Ca(OH)2, 0.2% chlorhexidine and distilled water. The content of three irrigations was aspired and pH, total proteins, hydroxiproline, calcium and phosphor were determined. pH of the solutions showed no significant changes. A greater protein concentration was obtained with NaClO from teeth with necrosis and with EDTA from teeth with pulpitis; the greatest number of electrophoretic bands were revealed with EDTA. The hydroxiproline content was greater with Ca(OH)2 and with chlorhexidine, and that of phosphor was greater with EDTA and with NaClO for both types of teeth. Calcium was detected with NaClO and chlorhexidine. There were no different results between teeth with pulpitis and those with pulp necrosis in all chemical determinations. NaClO and EDTA solutions were effective in the elimination of organic rests from the root canal. Nevertheless, NaClO also eliminated calcium and phosphor, and the EDTA solution eliminated phosphor, possibly originated from hydroxiapatite and from protein complexes of dentin.

Durante o tratamento do endodóntico, a irrigação do canal radicular permite remover os resíduoss dos túbulos dentinários. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conteúdo das soluções de irrigação extraídas do canal radicular após a pulpectomia em dentes com pulpite e com necrose pulpar, com a finalidade de determinar aquelas menos agresivas sobre a dentina radicular. O trabalho foi em 80 dentes humanos superiores unirradiculares e com NaClO 1%, EDTA 17%, Ca(OH)2 1%, clorexidina 0.2% e água destilada. Foi aspirado o conteúdo de três irrigações e se determinou pH, proteínas totais, hidroxiprolina, cálcio e fósforo. O pH das soluções não teve mudanças significativas. A maior concentração de proteínas foi encontrada nas aspirações com NaClO de dentes com necrose e o EDTA da pulpite, revelando maior número de faixas por eletroforese com esta última solução. O conteúdo de hidroxiprolina foi maior com Ca(OH)2 e com clorexidina, e o de fósforo com EDTA e com NaClO para ambos os tipos de dentes. Foi detectado cálcio com NaClO e clorexidina. Não houve resultados diferentes entre dentes com pulpite e com necrose pulpar em todas as determinações químicas. As soluções de NaClO e EDTA resultaram eficazes na eliminação de restos orgânicos dos condutos radiculares. Entretanto, NaClO eliminou também cálcio e fósforo; e a solução de EDTA, fósforo, possivelmente provenientes da hidroxiapatita e de complexos proteicos da dentina.