Israel y covid-19: ¿cómo se escribirá en el futuro la historia de la epidemia en este país? / Israel and covid-19: how will the history of the epidemic in this country be written in the future?

Resumen El presente artículo representa un intento de reflexionar hipotéticamente sobre la manera en que los historiadores de la ciencia escribirán en el futuro sus investigaciones sobre el desarrollo de la pandemia de la covid-19 en Israel, dentro de un contexto que incluye: la crisis política que vivió el país en esos momentos; la historia de las instituciones de salud pública establecidas desde la época de los primeros colonos judíos en Palestina, a principios del siglo XX, y modificadas ligeramente por una ley de 1994; los esquemas conceptuales desarrollados durante las últimas décadas por historiadores de la salud pública y las pandemias en general.

Abstract This article attempts to hypothetically reflect on how historians of science will write their research on the development of the covid-19 pandemic in Israel in the future, within a context that includes: the political crisis experienced by the country at that time; the history of the public health institutions established from the time of the first Jewish settlers in Palestine, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and slightly modified by a law of 1994; the conceptual schemes developed during the last decades by historians of public health and pandemics in general.

Construction and enlightenment of Israel′s medical and health care risk prevention system / 中华医院管理杂志

Preventing and mitigating major risk exposure is an important task for modern countries to maintain sustained and healthy economic development and overall social stability. In this manuscript, the authors introduced Israel′s current medical and health care risk prevention system, including the regional health emergency response coordination mechanism, hospital′s external emergency rescue capacity building and hospital′s internal security system. Israel′s risk prevention system has been tested by wars and terrorist attacks, as well as many infectious diseases outbreaks. Thus the authors expected that its successful experiences can be introduced as a reference for improving China′s medical and health care risk prevention system.

Política externa, ideologia e emoções na ascensão do partido Likud (1977-1983) / Foreign policy, ideology and emotions in the ascension of Likud party (1977-1983) / Política exterior, ideología y emociones en la ascensión del partido Likud (1977-1983) / Politique extérieure, idéologie et émotions à l'aspension de la partie Likud (1977-1983)

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o processo decisório de política externa de Israel, com destaque para a área de segurança dentro do espectro geral da formulação de políticas, ressaltando a influência de aspectos psicológicos, como as emoções, na ideologia e na política interna israelense. O aspecto pragmático da tomada de decisão de Israel esteve presente em análises como um paradigma indiscutível e, de forma a procurar entender o processo decisório, partiremos da premissa, defendida por Robert Jervis (1976), de que os decisores como seres humanos estão propensos a condições humanas naturais, como as emoções. Procura-se destacar quais atores são responsáveis pela tomada de decisão, quais seus interesses e como ocorre esse processo, utilizando o modelo de análise burocrática desenvolvido por Allison e Zelikow (1999) e teorias de psicologia política. Entendido o processo pretende-se analisá-lo no período do governo Menachem Begin (1977-1983), na ascensão da direita, representada pelo partido Likud, em Israel.

The foreign policy decision-making process can be understood as a complex arrangement between institutions and bureaucracies responsible for decision-making. The problem presented on this dissertation rests on how this arrangement can be understood in the case of Israeli foreign policy. The central argument deals with the character of the decisions taken by the Israeli government, in which the pragmatism of decision-making would be overestimated, since emotions would have a central role in the decision-making process. We seek to highlight which actors are responsible for decision making, what their interests are and how this process occurs, using the model of bureaucratic analysis developed by Allison and Zelikow (1999) and theories of political psychology. Understood the process we intend to analyze it in the period of the Menachem Begin government (1977 - 1983), in the rise of the Likud party. The central objective is to propose a research on the formulation of foreign policy in Israel from the point of view of the responsible institutions and bureaucracies.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proceso decisorio de política exterior de Israel, con destaque para el área de seguridad dentro del espectro general de la formulación de políticas, resaltando la influencia de aspectos psicológicos, como las emociones, la ideología y la política interna israelí. El aspecto pragmático de la toma de decisión de Israel estuvo presente en análisis como un paradigma indiscutible y, para tratar de entender el proceso decisorio, partiremos de la premisa, defendida por Robert Jervis (1976), de que los responsables de la toma de decisiones de los seres humanos están propensos a condiciones humanas naturales, como las emociones. Se busca destacar qué actores son responsables de la toma de decisión, cuáles son sus intereses y cómo ocurre ese proceso, utilizando el modelo de análisis burocrático desarrollado por Allison y Zelikow (1999) y teorías de psicología política. Entendido el proceso se pretende analizar en el período del gobierno Menachem Begin (1977-1983), en la ascensión de la derecha, representada por el partido Likud, en Israel.

L'objet de cet article est d'analyser le processus de prise de décision de politique étrangère d'Israël, en soulignant le domaine de la sécurité dans l'ensemble du spectre de la formulation des politiques, en soulignant l'influence des aspects psychologiques tels que les émotions, l'idéologie et la politique intérieure. Israélien. Le pragmatisme de la prise de décision en Israël a été présenté dans les analyses comme un paradigme incontestable et, afin de comprendre le processus de prise de décision, nous partirons du principe, défendu par Robert Jervis (1976), selon lequel les décideurs sont des êtres humains. conditions humaines naturelles telles que les émotions. Il cherche à mettre en évidence quels acteurs sont responsables de la prise de décision, quels sont leurs intérêts et comment ce processus se produit, en utilisant le modèle d'analyse bureaucratique développé par Allison et Zelikow (1999) et les théories de la psychologie politique. Le processus compris vise à l'analyser pendant la période du gouvernement Menachem Begin (1977-1983), à la montée du droit, représentée par le parti du Likoud en Israël.

Development of acupuncture in Israel / 中国针灸

By collecting and analyzing information regarding the history development, current situation, legislation, health insurance, education and academic organizations of acupuncture in Israel, the development characteristics of acupuncture in Israel were summarized. The overall traditional medicine developed well in Israel, yet acupuncture have only appeared in Israel for 18 years. The proposal of Israeli Acupuncture Legislation Act improved the development of health insurance, education and public awareness of acupuncture in Israel. However, improvement in areas of education, legislation and health insurance are still in need. Suggestions are proposed to improve the education quality, acupuncture legislation, international cooperation, volunteer activities and cultural exchanges. In addition, the legislative process of acupuncture in the countries of "the Belt and Road", especially the Middle East countries, are promoted.

Israeli Arabs develop diverticulitis at a younger age and are more likely to require surgery than Jews / Árabes israelitas desenvolvem diverticulite em idade mais jovem e estão mais sujeitos ao tratamento cirúrgico do que os judeus

BACKGROUND: Only few studies have examined the impact of racial differences on the age of onset, course and outcomes of diverticulitis. AIM: To provide data about the epidemiology of diverticulitis in northern Israel, and to determine whether ethnicity is a predictor of age of onset, complications, and need for surgery. METHODS: Was conducted a retrospective review of the charts of all patients diagnosed with a first episode of diverticulitis in our hospital between 2005 and 2012. RESULTS: Were found 638 patients with a first episode of acute diverticulitis in the eight year interval. Israeli Arabs developed a first episode of diverticulitis at a younger age compared to Jews (51.2 vs 63.8 years, p<0.01). Arabs living in rural areas developed diverticulitis at a younger age than Arabs living in urban centers (49.4 vs 54.5 years, P=0.03). Jewish and Arabic men developed diverticulitis at younger age compared to their female counterparts (59.9 vs 66.09, p<0.01, and 47.31 vs 56.93, p<0.01, respectively). Arabs were more likely [odds ratio (OR)=1.81 ,95% confidence interval (CI)1.12-2.90, p=0.017] than Jews to require surgical treatment (urgent or elective) for diverticulitis. CONCLUSIONS: Israeli Arabs tend to develop diverticulitis at a younger age and are more likely to require surgical treatment for diverticulitis compared to Jews. Arabs living in rural areas develop diverticulitis at a younger age than Arabs living in urban centers. These findings highlight a need to address the root cause for ethnic differences in onset, course and outcome of acute diverticulitis. .

RACIONAL: Somente poucos estudos examinaram o impacto das diferenças raciais na idade de início, curso e os resultados da diverticulite. OBJETIVO: Fornecer dados sobre a epidemiologia da diverticulite no norte de Israel, e determinar se a etnia é preditor de idade de início, complicações e necessidade de tratamento cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de todos os pacientes diagnosticados com um primeiro episódio de diverticulite em nosso hospital entre 2005 e 2012. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 638 pacientes com um primeiro episódio de diverticulite aguda no intervalo de oito anos. Os árabes israelenses desenvolveram o primeiro episódio de diverticulite em idade mais jovem em comparação com os judeus (51,2 vs 63,8 anos, p<0,01). Árabes que vivem em áreas rurais a diverticulite foi desenvolvida em idade mais jovem do que os árabes que vivem em centros urbanos (49,4 vs 54,5 anos, p=0,03). Homens judeus e árabes desenvolveram diverticulite em idade mais jovem em comparação com os seus homólogos do sexo feminino (59,9 vs 66,09, p<0,01, e 47,31 vs 56,93, p<0,01, respectivamente). Os árabes eram mais prováveis ​​do que os judeus de necessitar de tratamento cirúrgico (urgência ou eletiva) para a diverticulite [odds ratio (OR)=1,81, intervalo de confiança de 95% (CI) 1,12-2,90, p=0,017]. CONCLUSÕES: Os árabes israelenses tendem a desenvolver diverticulite em idade mais jovem e são mais propensos a necessitar de tratamento cirúrgico para a diverticulite em comparação com os judeus. Árabes que vivem em áreas rurais desenvolvem diverticulite em idade mais jovem do que os árabes que vivem em centros urbanos. Estes resultados destacam a necessidade de abordar a causa raiz para diferenças étnicas em início, o curso e o resultado da diverticulite aguda. .

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted with presumed microbial keratitis to a tertiary medical center in Israel / Características clínicas e desfechos dos pacientes internados com diagnóstico de ceratite microbiana em um centro terciário em Israel

PURPOSES: Microbial keratitis is commonly diagnosed worldwide, and continues to cause significant ocular morbidity, requiring prompt and appropriate treatment. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with presumed microbial keratitis admitted to The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which the medical records of patients with presumed microbial keratitis admitted during a period of 3 years were reviewed. RESULTS: Keratitis was diagnosed in 276 patients (51% males and 48.9% females). The mean age was 39.29 ± 22.30 years. The hospital length of stay ranged from 1 to 65 days (mean 5.69 ± 5.508). Fortified antibiotics were still used at discharge in 72% of the cases. Overall visual acuity improved significantly from the time of admission to the 1st-week follow up visit showing a p<0.001 on the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Contact lens wearing was present in 36.1% of the patients, although there was no significant relation with severity of the presentation and visual outcome (p>0.05). The degree of hypopyon and cells in the anterior chamber was significantly related to the hospital length of stay (r Spearman=0.31; p<0.001 and r Spearman=0.21; p<.001, respectively) as well as to a worse visual outcome (r Spearman=0.32; p<0.01 and r Spearman=0.18; p=0.01, respectively). Of all patients, 2.3% required an urgent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty, and 1% underwent evisceration. There was no enucleation. CONCLUSION: Treating keratitis aggressively and assuring patient compliance is imperative for a good final visual outcome. Inpatient treatment may have a positive impact on this outcome.

OBJETIVOS: Ceratite microbiana é comumente diagnosticada em todo mundo e ainda continua a causar uma significante morbidade ocular. É necessário tratá-la de forma imediata e apropriada. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as características clínicas e os desfechos dos pacientes com ceratite microbiana presumida que foram internados no Goldschlager Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel. MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal foi realizado onde arquivos hospitalares dos pacientes internados com ceratite microbiana presumida durante um periodo de três anos foram analisados e revisados. RESULTADOS: Ceratite foi diagnosticada em 276 pacientes (51% masculinos e 48,9% femininos). A média de idade foi 39,29 ± 22,30 anos. A duração da internação foi de 1 a 65 dias (média 5,69 ± 5,508). Antibióticos fortificados permaneceram usados na alta em 72% dos casos. A acuidade visual do seguimento da primeira semana após a alta em relação a internação melhorou na media de forma estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001 usando Wilcoxon signed ranks test). O uso de lentes de contato estava presente em 36,1% dos pacientes, porém não houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre a gravidade da apresentação clínica e a acuidade visual nestes pacientes (p>0,05). O grau de hipópio e células na câmara anterior foram estatisticamente significativos em relação ao tempo de internação (r Spearman=0,0.31; p<0,001 and r Spearman=0,21; p<0,001, respectivamente) e para a acuidade visual (r Spearman=0,32; p<0,01 e r Spearman=0,18; p=0,01, respectivamente). De todos os pacientes, apenas 2,3% necessitaram ceratoplastia penetrante urgente e 1% necessitaram evisceração. Não houve enucleações. CONCLUSÕES: Tratar a ceratite de forma agressiva e garantir a aderência do paciente ao tratamento é imperativo para o bom resultado visual final. O tratamento internado pode ter um impacto positivo neste desfecho.

Checklist of Hymenomycetes (Aphyllophorales s.l.) and Heterobasidiomycetes in Israel

A checklist is presented concerning the species composition of Hymenomycetes (Aphyllophorales s.l.) and Heterobasidiomycetes in Israel based on data of previous studies and field sample collections. In total, 242 species are presented, of which five are new records for the Israeli mycobiota, namely Australohydnum dregeanum, Ceriporiopsis consobrina, C. resinascens, Fibroporia vaillantii, and Postia inocybe. The distribution and habitat of each species in Israel are also summarized. This checklist will serve as valuable data for future species diversity studies of these fungi in Israel.

Do persons with intellectual disability have a social life? The Israeli reality: [review]

Living in the community does not, in and of itself, guarantee social integration and inclusion for persons with intellectual disability. Social life and leisure participation can indicate the beginning of such a process and its impact on the quality of life. The present study investigated the social life quality of persons with intellectual disability who live in community settings or with foster families and its impact on their quality of life. The sample consisted of 85 adults with intellectual disability, ranging in age from 18 to 55 years. Forty-five of them lived in community residential settings and 40 lived with foster families in Israel. Five questionnaires were used: 1) a demographic questionnaire; 2) Quality of Life Questionnaire;¹ 3) the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale;² 4) Social Relationships List;³ and 5) Leisure Activities List.³ The main findings showed no significant differences between the two groups in social life or feelings of loneliness. Foster residents were more involved and more independent in their leisure activities than were those who lived in community residences. An association between social life and quality of life was partly confirmed. The need for intervention programs and leisure education programs is discussed.

El hecho de vivir en una comunidad no garantiza, por sí mismo, ni la integración ni la inclusión de los discapacitados intelectuales. Las amistades y la participación en actividades recreativas pueden ser indicadores de que tal proceso comienza a darse y de su impacto en la calidad de vida. El presente trabajo investigó la calidad de vida social de personas con discapacidad intelectual que viven en residencias comunitarias y con familias adoptivas y su impacto en cuanto a calidad de vida. La muestra consistió de 85 adultos con discapacidad intelectual de edad entre 18 y 55 años. Cuarenta y cinco de ellos viven en áreas comunitarias residenciales y 40 con familias adoptivas en Israel. Se utilizaron cinco cuestionarios: 1) un cuestionario demográfico; 2) el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida;¹ 3) la Escala de Soledad Revisada de la UCLA;² 4) el Catálogo de Relaciones Sociales;³ y 5) el Catálogo de Actividades Recreativas.³ En general no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en lo referente al número de amistades o en cuanto a los sentimientos de soledad. Los residentes con familias adoptivas tendieron a involucrarse más y a ser más independientes en sus actividades recreativas que los que vivían en residencias comunitarias. Se confirmó en parte una relación entre vida social y calidad de vida. Se discute la necesidad de programas de intervención y educación de la recreación.