RESUMEN
Se presentan dos esculturas prehispánicas de la cultura azteca, la primera en forma de cráneo a la cual se le tallaron y colocaron ojos de diferentes tipos de piedra, también una dentadura completa y bien alineada hecha de jade. En la zona del occipital se distingue el grabado de un rey desconocido, el cual porta un arete, un penacho y un cetro. La segunda escultura es una charola de piedra tallada con incrustaciones de piedras preciosas de jade y rubí que muestra la imagen del mismo rey sostenida por tres personajes parcialmente desdentados padeciendo de dolor dental. Estos eventos demuestran la importancia de la salud bucal en la población prehispánica, particularmente en la cultura azteca, al igual que la relevancia de los aspectos mágicos y religiosos en torno a la muerte.
It is described a couple prehispanic carved solid stone sculptures of theAztec culture, the fi rst one with a human skull shape, with carved andmounted stone eyes, as well as a complete and fi ne lined jade denture.It is also remarked on its occipital area a fi gure of carved unknownking, wearing a mobile stone earring, a feather cap, and a cane. Thesecond stone sculpture is a carved stone plate with jade and ruby carvedmounted stones. This sculpture also shows the same mentioned kingimage, which is supported by three no complete dental (toothless) maleservants, that resemble the three men suff ering dental discomfort. Thesecouple sculpture pieces show the magical and religious aspects of themighty importance of the death to the Aztecs.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Escultura/historia , Historia de la Odontología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/historia , Cráneo , Diente Artificial , Arte/historia , MéxicoRESUMEN
Objective To study the effect of Jade -Screen Powder (JSP)on regulating expression of 5 microRNAs associated with helper T cells in asthmatic mouse model.Methods Forty Balb /c mice were randomly di-vided into 4 groups,1 0 mice for each group,namely normal control,asthma model,JSP treatment and Dexamethasone treatment.The mouse models of allergic inflammation on both upper and lower airways were established by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge.Interleukin(IL)-1 3 and IL -1 7 expressions were detected from lung homogenates by ELISA.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was also performed to observe the pathological changes in the lung tissue.The expressions of miR -1 46a,miR -1 46b,miR -21 0,miR -1 26 and miR -21 a were detected by quantitative real time PCR from splenocytes.Results The lower levels of IL -1 3 [(6.382 ±1 .690)μg/L]and IL -1 7 [(24.21 2 ± 1 .250)μg/L]were found in JSP treatment group compared with those in the asthma model group [(20.1 54 ±7.960)μg/L;(50.31 2 ±5.770)μg/L,rseparately],there was significant difference in IL -1 3 between JSP group and the asthma model group,as well as IL -1 7 (t =3.785,P =0.005;t =9.891 ,P =0.000).Same findings were found in Dexamethasone treated group as well [IL -1 3:(9.366 ±3.460)μg/L,IL -1 7:(29.1 32 ±4.960)μg/L;t =2.779, P =0.024;t =6.225,P =0.000].However,upregulation of miR -21 0 was observed in JSP treatment group (2.052 ± 0.871 )compared with that in the asthma model group (4.034 ±1 .379)(3.95 folds,t =2.71 8,P =0.026).Mean-time,the expression of miR -1 26 in JSP group (4.920 ±0.924)and Dexamethasone group (3.862 ±1 .51 0)in-creased compared with asthma model group (6.024 ±0.447)(2.1 5 folds,t =2.405,P =0.043,and 4.48 folds,t =-3.069,P =0.01 5).Conclusions Th2 and Th1 7 T cells participate in the pathogenesis of asthma and the asthmatic process can be inhibited by JSP.JSP may affect the helper T cells by regulating miR -21 0 and miR -1 26.
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Muiraquitãs arc frogshape stone artifacts made mainly in greenstones like jade, used by peoples of Tapajó/Santarém and Conduri tradition/culture from Lower Amazon region, which were extinguished by european colonizators. They used as amulets, symbol of power and as trade materials. The majority of studiers believe that the greenstone jade come from Asia and reinforce the peopling of South America from Asia through North America. Mineralogical and chemical analyses over ten pieces of muiraquitãs from Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia from Universidade de São Paulo and from prof. Amarilis Tupiassu show that they are made of tremolite for MPEG and prof. Amarilis and acti-nolite, talc and pyrphyllite for MAE. Tremolite and actinolite are the most common minerals of the nephritic jade, which is not too rare. The microchemical analysis aggree with the mincralogical determinations and show that the jade from MAE contain sulphate and ferrous iron and differ from the jade of muiraquitã of MPEG. Both jade can not be correlated with the jade of Baytinga (Amargosa-BA). Tremolite and actinolite are common minerals in proterozoic formations of Amazon region and dismitified the asking for an asian provenience of raw material of muiraquitãs as well as the interpretation of a peopling move from Asia to South America trough North America.
Os muiraquitãs são artefatos líticos com formas batraquianas confeccionados principalmente em pedra verde, tipo jade, utilizados pelos povos Tapajó/Santarém e Conduri do Baixo Amazonas, dizimados pelos colonizadores europeus. Eram utilizados como amuletos e como símbolo de poder e ainda como objeto de troca. Supunha-se que o jade viera da Ásia. Estudos mineralógicos e químicos em dez peças do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia (MAE) da Universidade de São Paulo e profa. Amarilis Tupiassu mostram que os muiraquitãs do MPEG e da profa. Amarilis são confeccionados em tremolita e os do MAE em actinolita, talco e pirofdita. Tremolita e actinolita são os minerais mais comuns de jade nefrítico, que não é assim tão raro. As microanálises químicas confirmam as determinações mineralógicas e ainda mostram que o jade do MAE contém sulfato e ferro ferroso. Tanto o jade do MPEG como do MAE diverge daquele de Baytinga (Amargosa-BA). Rochas ricas cm tremolita e actinolita são muito comuns no Proterozóico da Amazônia, encontrados tanto ao norte como ao sul da bacia, próximo na região do Baixo Amazonas, sendo desnecessário invocar uma fonte asiática para o jade dos muiraquitãs. Portanto se tornam vulneráveis às interpretações etnográficas e antropológicas com base em área asiática como fonte para a matéria-prima destes artefatos.
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Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Jade Maid Decoction(JMD),a Chinese herbal prescription for nourishing yin and clearing stomach-heat,on experimental periodontitis.Methods Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomized into the model group,JMD group(oral use of JMD 23 g?kg-1?d-1),external application group(periodontal injection of minocycline hydrochloride ointment 50mg),and the combination group(oral use of JMD and periodontal injection of minocycline hydrochloride ointment).Experimental periodontitis was induced by ligation method.The treatment lasted 6 weeks.Gingival bleeding on probing(BOP) and probing pocket depth(PPD) were detected each week after medication,and pathological examination of the mandible was used to confirm the therapeutic effect after treatment.Results Gingival BOP was reduced to various degrees at different time in the three medication groups,and the effect was obvious in the combination group;PPD was also decreased to various degrees,and the difference of PPD between the three medication groups and the model group was significant after treatment for 4 weeks(P
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Objective To test experimentally Fluoro-Jade B(FJB) stain method for detecting degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia. Methods Kainic acid(KA)-lesion model by stereotaxical injection of KA into striatum of rats,MPTP-lesion model by injection of MPTP into intraperitoneal cavity of mice,as well as KA-lesion model of cultured striatal cells were firstly prepared.FJB stain dye was then used to visualize degeneration of neurons in above KA-or MPTP-lesion models. Results KA-or MPTP-induced degenerative neurons including cell bodies and processes could be clearly visualized by FJB stain dye.In the brain sections,FJB-positive stained degenerative neurons were numerously observed in the striatum of KA-lesion rats and the substantia nigra pars compacta of MPTP-treated mice,but not detected in the control animals.Moreover,degenerative neurons were also detected with FJB stain in cultured striatal neurons.Semi-quantitative analysis on percentage(?s) of FJB-positive neurons constituting total cultured striatal neurons in unit area showed that degenerative neurons of KA-lesion group (8.42?1.09)% was evidently more than that of controls (3.42?0.45)%,P