Safety and efficacy of ketamine xylazine along with atropine anesthesia in BALB/c mice

Anesthetics are an indispensable prerequisite for surgical intervention and pharmacological animal studies. The objective of present study was to optimize the dose of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) along with atropine sulfate (A) in order to achieve surgical tolerance in BALB/c mice. Several doses of ketamine (100, 150, 200 mg/kg) and xylazine (10, 15, 20 mg/kg) were mixed and combination of nine doses (K/X: 100/10, 100/15, 100/20, 150/10, 150/15, 150/20, 200/10,200/15,200/20) were evaluated (n=9 per combination). A constant dose of atropine (0.05 mg/kg) was also used to counter side effect. Time-related parameters were evaluated on the basis of reflexes. KX at dose 200/20 mg/kg produced surgical tolerance in all nine mice with duration 55.00±6.87 minutes. The induction time 0.97±0.09 minutes, sleeping time 90.67±5.81 minutes and immobilization time (102.23±6.83 minutes) were significantly higher than all combination. However, this combination was considered unsafe due to 11 % mortality. While, KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg results in none of the mortality, so was considered as safe. Moreover, this combination produces surgical tolerance in 89 % mice with duration (30.00±7.45 minutes). It was concluded that KX at dose 200/15 mg/kg along with atropine 0.05 mg/kg is safe for performing surgical interventions in BALB/c mice.

Experimental observation of aesthetic effects of introducing diazepam into combined aesthesia of Sumianxin and Ketamine hydrochloride / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To observe the effectiveness of introducing Diazepam into combined aesthesia of Sumianxin and ketamine hydrochloride .Method A total of 80 rabbits of both genders for operation were randomly divided into A , B and C groups .The A group was injected with Sumianxin intramuscularly ( 0.3 mL/kg by weight ) .The B group was injected with Sumianxin and ketamine hydrochloride intramuscularly ( 0.3 mL/kg by weight ) .The C group was injected with Diazepam intravenously ( 1.5 mL/kg by weight ) combined with Sumianxin and ketamine hydrochloride injected intramuscularly (0.3 mL/kg by weight).The aesthetic effects, induction time, anesthesia maintaining time, total anaesthetic dose and operation time were observed , recorded and compared .Result The induction time of the C group was significantly shorter than A and B groups (P<0.01).The initial anesthesia maintaining time of the C group was the longest among the three (P<0.01) with least total anaesthetic dose (P<0.01).The operation time of the C group was the least with best aesthetic effects (P<0.01).Conclusion Introducing Diazepam into combined aesthesia of Sumianxin and ketamine hydrochloride can improve the aesthetic effects .Therefore , this is an optional aesthetic method for time-consuming animal operation or sensitive surgical sites of rabbits .

Study on Pharmacodynamic of Ketamine Hydrochloride for Intranasal Administration by Adding Different Absorption Enhancers / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the formulation of ketamine hydrochloride for intranasal administration that was of effective anesthetic effect.METHODS: Using ketamine hydrochloride injection as basic preparation,various nasal absorption enhancer or viscosity modifiers(0.5%,1% and 2% azone,EDTA,carbomer,2-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin,carboxymethyl cellulose) were added to make different nasal drops.After intranasal administration,the anesthetic effect was evaluated to find the optimum formulation.The behavior of anesthetic induction period and anesthetic index were used to evaluate the anesthetic effect.RESULTS: The perfect anesthetic effect was achieved when the formulation was prepared by adding 1% azone in ketamine hydrochloride injection(at a dose of 10 mg?kg-1).The anesthetic time was long.The muscle relaxing time,eyelid reflecting disappearing time,pain disappearing time and righting reflecting disappearing time were(21.4?7.1) min,(11.4?4.6) min,(15.6?5.7) min and(12.0?4.8) min,respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Optimal formulation of ketamine hydrochloride for intranasal administration was obtained when 1% azone was added as an absorption enhancer.