Synthesis of iron nanoparticles, its characterization and anti-microbial activity assessment

We report the efficacy of the Iron nanoparticles (IONPs) and assessed two different approaches for the synthesis of IONPs i.e. Polyol and co-precipitation method and further, evaluate their antimicrobial properties. Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate salts were reduced with ethylene glycol to obtain IONP and Fe+2 and Fe+3 co-precipitation reaction was performed with KOH at optimum heating. Further, synthesized (IONPs) were characterized by hydrodynamic radii measurement done by DLS clearly indicating the size of IONPs is 79.75nm in polyol based and 135.1 nm in co-precipitation method. The biological efficacy in terms of antimicrobial activity was assessed by the Kirby Bauer method, applied for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The ZOI values i.e. Zone of inhibition diameter was found to be clearly visible in both S. aureus and E. coli, indicating bactericidal activity. Further growth kinetics studies and bacterial genotoxicity was also assessed. Hence, IONPs synthesized are proposed to have great potential as an antibacterial agent and can be used in drug delivery.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, its characterization and anti-microbial activity assessment

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most abundant metal oxides nanoparticles. It provides excellent thermal, electrical and chemical stabilities with low biotoxicity; its photo-oxidising and photo-catalytic impact on biological and chemical species is of great importance, thereby making it a promising candidate to be used for in-vitro and in-vivo studies in biomedical field. Hereby, ZnO NPs were synthesized using precipitation method with zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide as starting materials. This study has characterized the synthesized ZnO NPs using different techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy indicating a peak at 365 nm wave length, size of ZnO NPs was determined to be 286.7 nm by measuring hydrodynamic radii using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) phenomena. Further predominant charge existing at surface of the synthesised ZnO NPs was evaluated to be 31.6mV. Anti-microbial activity of ZnO NPs was determined by Kirby-Bauer method for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus and E. colirespectively. Anti-microbial activity was determined as Zone of Inhibition that measures both bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of ZnO NPs and was found to be more potent for Gram-positive (S. aureus)bacteria and its activity increased with increasing concentration of nanoparticles. Growth kinetics was studied to determine percentage growth inhibition, for this optical density was recorded as a function of time in bacterial culture broth with and without treatment. Further DNA fragmentation assay was performed to determine genotoxicity caused by nanoparticles and its effect on genomic DNA of bacteria. Highlighting its potential role as a nano-carrier system for leading antibacterial drugs for enhanced effectiveness of the antibacterial therapies

Neonatal Sepsis is Still a Major Problem in Tertiary Care Hospitals.

In a developing country like India, one of the most important health hazards is neonatal sepsis. The ever full SNCUs of the hospitals are living proof of this. The neonates both early and late are extremely vulnerable to all organisms, both in the community and much more so in the hospital. Neonatal sepsis contributes to infant mortality rate in a very significant way. Nosocomial neonatal sepsis is much more dangerous and contributes to morbidity and mortality in a very big way.METHODSIn this study, neonatal sepsis was assessed by culture of blood, pus from infected umbilical stump, and CSF sample received from SNCU. The isolated organisms were identified phenotypically following our laboratory protocol. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby-Bauer method, following CLSI guidelines.RESULTSIt was found that 48% of the total samples received from SNCU were growth positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in maximum number of cases, 42.85% followed by Staphylococcus aureus 18.53%. Antibiotic sensitivity test by Kirby- Bauer method showed that all Gram-positive cocci were sensitive to vancomycin. There was only one linezolid resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Among the Gram-negative bacilli 100% isolates were sensitive to carbapenems. Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were multidrug resistant.CONCLUSIONSSNCU admitted babies are extremely vulnerable to septicaemia. The ever-changing drug resistant patterns of the infecting organisms is a perineal problem. Thus, infection control measures are to be strictly enforced in this setting.

Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern from clinical isolates at a tertiary care teaching hospital of rural Bengal: a pilot study

Background: Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern from clinical isolates can reveal important information that can help in drafting the hospital antibiotic policy as well as help improve prescribing patterns and patient outcome in a particular region.Methods: Data from the results of the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates of the patients between 1stJuly and 31st December 2018 were collected on a pre-designed and pre tested case study form and analysed with the help of descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 75 blood culture reports were obtained which showed 58 gram positive cultures. Further 46 of the gram positive samples were positive for Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. A total of 305 urine samples were obtained for culture which showed gram negative cultures. Paediatric and medicine wards were the common yielding sites. A total of 242 pus reports were obtained which showed 47 gram positive cultures. A total of 154 wound swab samples were obtained which showed 47 gram positive cultures. For pus and wound swab samples, surgery wards were the common yielding sites. Common gram negative organisms seen were Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Citrobacter sp., Pseudomonas, Proteus and Enterobacter. Gram positive organisms were commonly resistant to Erythromycin, orally active Penicillins, Vancomycin and Teicoplanin and gram negative organisms were commonly resistant to Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Colistin, Fluroquinolones and Meropenem.Conclusions: This study showed that over six months samples of body pus, wound swab, blood culture and urine showed high levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. This would provide an outline for development of an effective hospital Infection Control Policy.

Susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates to eight antimicrobial agents tested by different methods / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter baumannii to antimicrobial agents,and validate the results of different antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods,for improving the quality of antibiotic resistance monitoring data.Methods The susceptibility data of Hebei Provincial Antimicrobial Resistant Investigation Net were analyzed retrospectively and 126 strains ofA.baumannii were collected.The susceptibility ofA.baumannii to piperacillintazobactam,amikacin,gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin,ceftazidime,imipenem,and meropenem was tested by E-test,KirbyBauer method and VITEK system.Results The susceptibility results of the 126 A.baumannii strains showed that the susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam,amikacin,gentamicin,levofloxacin and ceftazidime was significantly different between the three methods (P＜0.05).The categorical agreement,major error,minor error,and very major error of Kirby-Bauer method were within acceptable range.There were evident difference in classification consistency for piperacillin-tazobactam,amikacin,levofloxacin between Kirby-Bauer method and VITEK (P＜0.05).Conclusions Different antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods may lead to different results of resistance monitoring data.Bias may be generated in antibiotic resistance surveillance if different methods are used.The susceptibility results of piperacillin-tazobactam,amikacin,levofloxacin derived from VITEK system should be validated by Kirby-Bauer or E-test method.

In-vitro antimicrobial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antibacterial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty one actinobacterial strains were isolated from salt pans soil, costal area in Kothapattanam, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh. Primary screening was done using cross-streak method against MDRSA. The bioactive compounds are extracted from efficient actinobacteria using solvent extraction. The antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent extracts was performed using Kirby-Bauer method. MIC for ethyl acetate extract was determined by modified agar well diffusion method. The potent actinobacteria are identified using Nonomura key, Shirling and Gottlieb 1966 with Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the fifty one isolates screened for antibacterial activity, SRB25 were found efficient against MDRSA. The ethyl acetate extracts showed high inhibition against test organism. MIC test was performed with the ethyl acetate extract against MDRSA and found to be 1 000 µg/mL. The isolated actinobacteria are identified as Streptomyces sp with the help of Nonomura key.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The current investigation reveals that the marine actinobacteria from salt pan environment can be able to produce new drug molecules against drug resistant microorganisms.</p>

In-vitro antimicrobial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activity of marine actinobacteria against Multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA). Methods: Fifty one actinobacterial strains were isolated from salt pans soil, costal area in Kothapattanam, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh. Primary screening was done using cross-streak method against MDRSA. The bioactive compounds are extracted from efficient actinobacteria using solvent extraction. The antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent extracts was performed using Kirby-Bauer method. MIC for ethyl acetate extract was determined by modified agar well diffusion method. The potent actinobacteria are identified using Nonomura key, Shirling and Gottlieb 1966 with Bergey’s manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Results: Among the fifty one isolates screened for antibacterial activity, SRB25 were found efficient against MDRSA. The ethyl acetate extracts showed high inhibition against test organism. MIC test was performed with the ethyl acetate extract against MDRSA and found to be 1000μg/ml. The isolated actinobacteria are identified as Streptomyces sp with the help of Nonomura key. Conclusion: The current investigation reveals that the marine actinobacteria from salt pan environment can be able to produce new drug molecules against drug resistant microorganisms.

In-vitro antimicrobial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus

To investigate the antibacterial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA). Methods: Fifty one actinobacterial strains were isolated from salt pans soil, costal area in Kothapattanam, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh. Primary screening was done using cross-streak method against MDRSA. The bioactive compounds are extracted from efficient actinobacteria using solvent extraction. The antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent extracts was performed using Kirby-Bauer method. MIC for ethyl acetate extract was determined by modified agar well diffusion method. The potent actinobacteria are identified using Nonomura key, Shirling and Gottlieb 1966 with Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. Results: Among the fifty one isolates screened for antibacterial activity, SRB25 were found efficient against MDRSA. The ethyl acetate extracts showed high inhibition against test organism. MIC test was performed with the ethyl acetate extract against MDRSA and found to be 1 000 μg/mL. The isolated actinobacteria are identified as Streptomyces sp with the help of Nonomura key. Conclusions: The current investigation reveals that the marine actinobacteria from salt pan environment can be able to produce new drug molecules against drug resistant microorganisms.

Relationship of structure and bacteriostasis of 2-(carboxymethoxyl) be nzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone or their complexes / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To study ba cteriostasis activities of ligand (2-(carboxymethoxyl) benzaldehyde benzoyl hyd razone (H 2L)) and their complexes. METHODS: Ligand H 2L and t heir complexes were synthesized. The bacteriostasis activities of H 2L and thei r complexes in vitro were tested with K-B method. RESUL TS: 2-(carboxymethoxyl) benzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone only showed bact eriostasis activities on Staphyloccus aureus and their complexes had dramatic bacteriostasis activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. Bacteri ostasis ring diameter of Cu-complex was largest. CONCLUSION: L igand H 2L complexes have bacteriostasis activities in vitro. B acteriostasis activities of Cu-complex are strongest among the complexes.