Acrilamida en los alimentos: Valores de referencia, recomendaciones y acciones de mitigación

RESUMEN Diversas agencias internacionales han considerado que la acrilamida puede producir efectos dañinos en la salud de la población debido a una serie de estudios toxicológicos realizados en modelos animales, en los cuales se observan efectos cancerígenos, genotóxicos, neurotóxicos, inmunológicos y en la salud reproductiva. A pesar de la creciente preocupación en diversos países sobre los potenciales efectos en salud humana, los organismos encargados de determinar límites toxicológicos no han definido aún los límites máximos de acrilamida que pueden estar presente en los diferentes tipos de alimentos para que sean inocuos para la población. El objetivo de esta actualización es revisar las regulaciones existentes sobre la acrilamida y enfatizar la necesidad de establecer límites que la industria alimentaria pueda aplicar efectivamente, además de la necesidad de contar con valores máximos diarios tolerables para prevenir los efectos nocivos para la salud de la población.

ABSTRACT Several international agencies have considered that acrylamide can induce deleterious effects in human health due to a series of toxicological studies conducted in animal models, in which carcinogenic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, immunological and reproductive effects have been observed. Despite a growing concern about these effects on human health, agencies responsible for determining toxicological limits in various countries have not yet defined the maximum levels of acrylamide that may be present in the different types of food to be safe for the population. The objective of this updated review is to evaluate the existing regulations on acrylamide and emphasize the need to establish limits that the food industry can effectively apply, in addition to the need to have tolerable daily maximum values to prevent harmful effects on the population health.

Relation Between NLR, LMR, PLR and Prognosis of Osteosarcoma / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To explore prognostic value of pre-treatment NLR, PLR and LMR in patients with osteosarcoma. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and survival data of 70 patients with osteosarcoma who received the same treatment regimen and calculated the NLR, PLR and LMR at initial diagnosis of osteosarcoma. ROC analysis was used to analyze the AUC and confirm the optimal cut-off value. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for survival curves. Cox regression models were employed to determine the independent prognostic factors. Results NLR=3.025, LMR=4.82 and PLR=111.5. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients with high NLR were 42.0% and 28.0%, while those in the low NLR group were 73.9% and 60.2% (P=0.002). The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients in the high LMR group were 71.1% and 55.3% (P < 0.001), while those in the low LMR group were 33.3% and 10.4%. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients with high PLR were 30.8% and 23.8%, while those in the low PLR group were 63.6% and 56.6% (P=0.001). Univariate analysis showed that NLR, PLR, LMR and lung metastasis were significantly correlated with patients' death (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that NLR and LMR were independent prognostic factors affecting the overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. Conclusion NLR and LMR levels are the prognostic indicators of patients with osteosarcoma. Patients with NLR > 3.025 and LMR < 4.82 have a short survival period, which may need more aggressive chemotherapy and close follow-up to improve clinical treatment results.

Estimativa de ingestão de agrotóxicos organofosforados pelo consumo de frutas e hortaliças / Estimation of organophosphate pesticide ingestion through intake of fruits and vegetables

Resumo Introdução A agricultura no Brasil caracteriza-se pelo uso elevado de agrotóxicos. Os inseticidas organofosforados estão entre a classe de agrotóxicos mais intensamente aplicados. Objetivo: Estimar a ingestão de resíduo de agrotóxicos organofosforados por crianças e adultos, considerando o consumo da população brasileira e a recomendação diária de frutas e hortaliças (FH). Método Foram calculados a Estimativa Diária de Ingestão (EDI) e o percentual da Ingestão Diária Aceitável (%IDA) de acordo com a metodologia proposta pela WHO e FAO, em que %IDA > 100 caracteriza um possível risco de ingestão de agrotóxicos. Os dados sobre a concentração do agrotóxico no alimento foram obtidos do Programa de Análise de Resíduo de Agrotóxicos. Os dados sobre consumo do alimento e o peso corpóreo da população em estudo foram obtidos da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2008-2009. A recomendação de ingestão de FH preconizada para uma dieta saudável foi de 400 gramas/dia. Resultados Com base no consumo alimentar da população brasileira, apenas o agrotóxico metidationa excedeu o parâmetro toxicológico de segurança para crianças. Caso o consumo de FH pela população brasileira alcançasse a recomendação da WHO, seis agrotóxicos excederiam o %IDA para crianças: diazinona, dicofol, dimetoato, metamidofós, metidationa e protiofós. Já para adultos, três agrotóxicos excederiam o %IDA: dicofol, metamidofós e metidationa, deflagrando o uso indiscriminado desses inseticidas. Conclusão A promoção do consumo de FH deve vir acompanhada de programas de monitoramento da comercialização, do uso desses agentes químicos e dos seus resíduos nos alimentos.

Abstract Background The agriculture of Brazil is characterized by the high use of pesticides. Among the most intensely applied pesticides is the class of organophosphate insecticides. Objective: Estimate organophosphate pesticide ingestion in children and adults considering the consumption and daily recommended intake of fruits and vegetables (FV). Method Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and percentage of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) were calculated according to the methodology proposed by WHO and FAO, where % ADI >100 features possible risk of pesticide ingestion. Data on pesticide residue in food obtained from the Pesticide Residue Analysis Program were used. National diet and body weight data of the studied population were obtained from the Household Budget Survey of 2008-2009. The recommended FV intake for a healthy diet used in this study was 400 grams/day. Results Based on the Brazilian population's daily food intake, methidathion was the only pesticide to exceed the toxicology standard for children. If the FV intake reached the level recommended by WHO, six pesticides would exceed the %ADI for children: diazinon, dicofol, dimethoate, methamidophos, methidathion and prothiofos, and three pesticides would exceed the %ADI for adults: dicofol, methamidophos, and methidathion, showing the excessive use of these chemicals. Conclusion Encouragement of FV consumption must be accompanied by programs that monitor the commercialization and use of these pesticides, as well as their residues in food.

Prognostic value of the combined preoperative plasma levels of fibrinogen and lym-phocyte to monocyte ratio (F-LMR) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:This study aims to evaluate the correlation of combined preoperative plasma levels of fibrinogen (Fbg) and lym-phocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) (F-LMR) with the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after complete resec-tion. Methods:The clinical data of 589 patients with NSCLC who underwent complete resection in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to select the cut-off values of Fbg and LMR. Based on the cri-teria of F-LMR, we divided the patients into three groups:F-LMR 0 score, F-LMR 1 score, and F-LMR 2 score. The association between F-LMR and the clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed by theχ2 test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the prognostic factors, and the log-rank test was used to determine the differences in survival rates. Prognostic factors were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses (Cox's proportional hazards regression model). Results:According to the ROC curve, the cut-off values of Fbg and LMR were 3.48 g/L and 3.23, respectively. F-LMR 0 score had n=215, F-LMR 1 score had n=228, and F-LMR 2 score had n=146. Pre-operative F-LMR was closely related to age, gender, smoking history, tumor location, surgical type, pathological stage, pathological type, and tumor size (P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that tumor location, surgical type, pathological stage, tumor size, F-LMR score, LMR, and Fbg were associated with survival (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the pathological stage [disease-free sur-vival (DFS): hazard ratio (HR)=1.700, 95%confidence interval (CI)=1.483-1.950, P<0.001;overall survival (OS):HR=1.703, 95%CI=1.486-1.952, P<0.001] and F-LMR score (DFS:HR=1.264, 95%CI=1.077-1.484, P=0.004;OS:HR=1.301, 95%CI=1.107-1.528, P=0.001) were the independent prognostic factors of NSCLC patients. Conclusion:The preoperative F-LMR score may be a useful blood marker for predicting the prognosis of patients with NSCLC with radical resection.

Prognostic value of the combined preoperative plasma levels of fibrinogen and lym-phocyte to monocyte ratio (F-LMR) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:This study aims to evaluate the correlation of combined preoperative plasma levels of fibrinogen (Fbg) and lym-phocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) (F-LMR) with the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after complete resec-tion. Methods:The clinical data of 589 patients with NSCLC who underwent complete resection in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to select the cut-off values of Fbg and LMR. Based on the cri-teria of F-LMR, we divided the patients into three groups:F-LMR 0 score, F-LMR 1 score, and F-LMR 2 score. The association between F-LMR and the clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed by theχ2 test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the prognostic factors, and the log-rank test was used to determine the differences in survival rates. Prognostic factors were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses (Cox's proportional hazards regression model). Results:According to the ROC curve, the cut-off values of Fbg and LMR were 3.48 g/L and 3.23, respectively. F-LMR 0 score had n=215, F-LMR 1 score had n=228, and F-LMR 2 score had n=146. Pre-operative F-LMR was closely related to age, gender, smoking history, tumor location, surgical type, pathological stage, pathological type, and tumor size (P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that tumor location, surgical type, pathological stage, tumor size, F-LMR score, LMR, and Fbg were associated with survival (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the pathological stage [disease-free sur-vival (DFS): hazard ratio (HR)=1.700, 95%confidence interval (CI)=1.483-1.950, P<0.001;overall survival (OS):HR=1.703, 95%CI=1.486-1.952, P<0.001] and F-LMR score (DFS:HR=1.264, 95%CI=1.077-1.484, P=0.004;OS:HR=1.301, 95%CI=1.107-1.528, P=0.001) were the independent prognostic factors of NSCLC patients. Conclusion:The preoperative F-LMR score may be a useful blood marker for predicting the prognosis of patients with NSCLC with radical resection.

Detection of antimicrobial and anthelmintic residues in bulk tank milk from four different mesoregions of Minas Gerais State - Brazil / Detecção de resíduos antimicrobianos e anti-helmínticos no leite de tanque de quatro mesorregiões do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil

Avaliou-se a presença de resíduos antimicrobianos (ceftiofur, estreptomicinas, quinolonas, tetraciclinas, tianfenicol e tilosina) e anti-helmínticos (benzimidazóis, aminobenzimidazóis, levamisol, avermectinas, tiabendazóis, moxidectina e triclabendazóis) em, respectivamente, 70 e 83 amostras de leite cru provenientes de quatro mesorregiões (Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, Central Mineira, Oeste de Minas e Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte) do estado de Minas Gerais. Este estudo demonstrou a presença de quinolonas (2,86por cento), estreptomicinas (2,86por cento) e tetraciclinas (11,43por cento) nas amostras de leite cru analisadas. Ademais, observou-se expressiva porcentagem de amostras de leite cru positivas para os anti-helmínticos amino- benzimidazóis (55,42por cento), levamisol (53,57por cento), avermectinas (60,24por cento), tiabendazóis (67.47por cento), moxidectina (73,49por cento) e triclabendazóis (45,78por cento), e em menor porcentagem os benzimidazóis (6,02por cento). Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os resíduos de antimicrobianos e anti-helmínticos no leite em Minas Gerais devem ser constantemente monitorados pelas autoridades competentes com intuito de oferecer aos consumidores um alimento sem riscos à saúde humana...

Determinación de niveles residuales de tetraciclina en canales bovinas por la técnica de ELISA en el frigorífico Friogan (La Dorada) / Determination of residual tetracycline levels in bovine carcasses by means of ELISA in the Friogan slaughterhouse (La Dorada, Caldas, Colombia)

En las políticas sanitarias colombianas se estableció la importancia del control de residuos de medicamentos veterinarios, considerando la preocupación mundial por sus implicaciones en salud pública. El trabajo buscó detectar y cuantificar las concentraciones de residuos de tetraciclinas en músculo de 114 animales sacrificados en FRIOGAN (La Dorada, Caldas) por ELISA, siendo referencia los LMR de la Unión Europea (100 ppb) y del Codex Alimentarius (200 ppb). El 61,5% de las muestras presentaron concentraciones superiores a 100 ppb y el 23,7% a 200 ppb. Los resultados sugieren que fallan las Buenas Prácticas en la Administración de Medicamentos en la producción primaria y que existen falencias en la inocuidad cárnica.

The Colombian sanitary policies have established the importance in the control of veterinary medicines residues, considering the world-wide concern due to its public health implications. The objective of this research was to detect and to quantify, by means of ELISA, the tetracycline residue concentrations in the muscle of 114 slaughtered animals at the Friogan slaughterhouse (La Dorada-Caldas), using the MRL of the European Union (100 ppb) and the Codex Alimentarius (200 ppb) as reference. The results showed that 61.5% of the samples presented concentrations above 100 ppb and 23.7% above 200 ppb. These results suggest that the Good Practices of Medicine Administration are failing, and that there are errors in meat innocuousness.