An analysis of the performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank

Rural development was once equated with agriculture, allied sectors, and infrastructure. Rural development has become a strategy to enhance the rural poor's economic and social existence. It concerns rural development. Rural development is the process through which rural society progresses up the economic ladder, improving its social and economic standing. The study tries to analyse the financial performance of the Karnataka State Co-Operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank. The study relies on secondary data extracted from numerous NABARD Annual Reports, Sahakari Soudha, the Department of Cooperatives, Bangalore, and other publications and periodicals. The research spans a decade, from 2006 to 2021. Several statistical measures, including mean, percentage, and growth rate, are employed to evaluate the study. The study found that between the research periods, the KSCARD bank deposits, reserve money, total loan disbursed, and total share capital have all increased; however, the loan recovery percentage has fallen throughout the same period. In general, the KSCARD is an organisation that makes significant contributions to the growth of rural communities.

FARMERS UTILISATION OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT PROVIDED BY CANARA BANK

Bank ?nance is an important engine of the growth for economic development in country. The resources at the command of Canara Bank must be effectively geared to the promotion of economic development in a developing manner, which also suffers from acute shortage of resources. In a planned economy, it is important that the allocation of bank credit must be in accordance with the priorities of the plan. It is recognized that agricultural development pre-supposes a greater ?ow of inputs as well as institutional and organizational reforms. Agricultural credit is one of the most crucial inputs in all agricultural development programmes

Implementación de la Informatización del Servicio de Préstamo de Literatura Docente / Implementation of computerization in the textbook lending service

RESUMEN Introducción: el servicio de préstamos de libros del almacén de literatura docente constituye uno de los servicios más importantes dentro de las universidades de las Ciencias Médicas. En estos centros, no existe una aplicación que gestione los procesos de esta área. El préstamo se hace mediante tarjetas individuales por usuarios, su procesamiento enlentece el proceso en los tiempos de mayor flujo de usuarios. La presente investigación, implementación, es continuación de la Informatización del Servicio de Préstamo de Literatura Docente en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río. Objetivo: implementar la informatización del Servicio de Préstamo de Literatura Docente en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río. Métodos: se utilizaron métodos teóricos como: el histórico-lógico y análisis de los documentos relacionados con el proceso de gestión de la literatura docente. Resultados: se implementó y probó una Aplicación, previamente diseñada, que brinda las funcionalidades necesarias para gestionar el préstamo y control de la literatura docente en el almacén. Su uso mejora la calidad del servicio de préstamos, permite tener un control riguroso la literatura existente y brindar respuestas rápidas y precisas a todas las informaciones solicitadas por el nivel superior. Conclusiones: se obtuvo un producto novedoso ya que no existen antecedentes en la universidad de Ciencias Médicas. Con su realización se logró informatizar el proceso de préstamo de literatura docente en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río y su aplicación mejora la calidad del servicio que reciben estudiantes y profesores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: lending service from the textbook store constitutes one of the most important processes within the University of Medical Sciences. In these centers, no applications have been designed to manage the processes of book-lending. It is made through individual cards by users; this slows down the process in the times of greater flow of users. The present research establishes the implementation of computerization, and the continuance of Informatization in the textbook- lending service at Pinar del Rio University of Medical Sciences. Objective: to implement the computerization in the textbook-lending service at Pinar del Rio University of Medical Sciences. Methods: theoretical methods: historical-logical and analysis of documents related to the process of management of the textbooks. Results: a previously designed application was implemented and tested, which provides the necessary functions to manage and control the textbooks in the book store. Its implementation improves the quality of the lending service and allows having an accurate control of all the textbooks, providing at the same time faster and accurate responses to all the information requested by the higher level. Conclusions: a novel product was obtained since there is no background in the University of Medical Sciences. With its implementation the process of management of the textbooks at Pinar del Río University of Medical Sciences was computerized, and its application improves the quality of the service for both students and professors.

Likelihood of Chiikiwaku Medical Student Loan Repayment and Its Associated Factors / 医学教育

This study used a self-administered questionnaire to assess the likelihood of chiikiwaku medical student loan repayment and its associated factors. If chiikiwaku repayment is high, then it can have a negative effect on the chiikiwaku program, which was established to distribute doctors to outlying areas. A total of 112 students (37.8%) reported that the likelihood of repayment was "high" or "somewhat high." The factors statistically associated with repayment likelihood were female gender (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-6.8), applying forchiikiwaku mainly due to the higher medical school acceptance rate (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-6.8), private medical school (OR 10.3, 95%CI 2.6-40.3), and stress related to obligation or repayment (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.3-4.3). The results suggest that to decrease the rate of loan repayment it is important to improve the process of selecting chiikiwaku students and to modify the chiikiwaku system to support students experiencing stress.

Likelihood of Chiikiwaku Medical Student Loan Repayment and Its Associated Factors / 医学教育

This study used a self-administered questionnaire to assess the likelihood of chiikiwaku medical student loan repayment and its associated factors. If chiikiwaku repayment is high, then it can have a negative effect on the chiikiwaku program, which was established to distribute doctors to outlying areas. A total of 112 students (37.8%) reported that the likelihood of repayment was "high" or "somewhat high." The factors statistically associated with repayment likelihood were female gender (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-6.8), applying forchiikiwaku mainly due to the higher medical school acceptance rate (OR 2.9, 95%CI 1.2-6.8), private medical school (OR 10.3, 95%CI 2.6-40.3), and stress related to obligation or repayment (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.3-4.3). The results suggest that to decrease the rate of loan repayment it is important to improve the process of selecting chiikiwaku students and to modify the chiikiwaku system to support students experiencing stress.

Los microempresarios y los cuentagotas en Villavicencio

El artículo tiene como propósitos: Identificar causas por las cuales algunos microempresarios, no acceden a créditos a través de la banca o entidades autorizadas, describir características de microempresarios y "cuentagotas" inmersos en este sistema de crédito. Inicia con revisión documental a través de autores que establecen teorías referidas al crédito informal y el comportamiento de los dos actores. Se diseñaron y aplicaron encuestas a 380 microempresarios ubicados en diferentes zonas de la ciudad. Se registra las principales razones por las cuales el microempresario no acude a un banco: miedo del reporte a centrales de riesgo, temor de embargo, tramitología, carencia de requisitos previos ignorancia respecto de cultura de pago y ahorro, urgencia del crédito. Los estratos sociales de microempresarios que acceden a este tipo de créditos son inferiores al estrato 3, bajos niveles de escolaridad y escasamente tienen formación técnica, edad promedio 37 años, actividad principal comercio representado en pequeños y grandes almacenes. El 70% de usuarios son casados o en unión libre y como casos críticos, se reportan madres cabeza de hogar. La modalidad que opta el agiotista para captar cliente es estableciendo vínculos de amistad y confianza. El 20% de los microempresarios manifiestan que el usurero es una opción expedita para obtener rápidamente un préstamo; sin formalidades ni averiguaciones sobre el propósito del crédito. Usuarios de esta modalidad de crédito por lo general no superan montos de $ 2 millones y asumen obligaciones que exceden los intereses legales y se comprometen con pagos diarios.

This article was aimed at identifying the causes due to which some micro-entrepreneurs do not apply to banks or authorised entities for credit; it describes the characteristics of the micro-entrepreneurs and the moneylenders/loan sharks immersed in this credit system. It begins with a documentary review regarding authors who have established theories related to informal credit and both actors' patterns of behaviour. Surveys were designed and 380 micro-entrepreneurs located in different areas of the city answered the questions therein. The main reasons why micro-entrepreneurs do not ask for loans from banks were fear of being reported to risk centres, fear of their goods being seized, red tape/tiresome paperwork, lack of prior requirements, ignorance regarding a culture of payment and saving and the urgency regarding the need for immediate credit. The social strata of micro-entrepreneurs trying to gain access to this type of credit was found to be lower than stratum 3 (Colombia has 6 strata for tax/economic rating purposes), they had low educational levels and little technical training, they were 37 years-old on average and their main commercial activity was represented in small and large shops/outlets. Los microempresarios y los cuentagotas en Villavicencio 103 It was found that 70% of lenders were married or living with a partner and female heads of households were reported as critical cases. Haggling forms an important part of loan sharking and the mode adopted to capture clients is to establish bonds of friendship and create confidence; 20% of the micro-entrepreneurs stated that the usurer represents an expeditious option for obtaining a loan quickly, without becoming immersed in formalities or inquiries about the purpose of such credit. People/borrowers resorting to this type of credit usually did not ask for sums exceeding $ 2 million pesos and thus had to assume obligations exceeding legally set interest rates and committed themselves to making daily payments (incurring extra interest for non-fulfilment).

O artigo tem as seguintes finalidades: Para identificar as principais razões por que alguns empresários não têm acesso a empréstimos bancários e outras entidades jurídicas do Estado, descrever as características de microempresários e contagotas imersos neste sistema de crédito. Ela começa com uma revisão da literatura através de autores estabelecidos referindo ao crédito eo comportamento das duas teorias atores informal. As pesquisas foram aplicados a 380 microempresários em diferentes áreas da cidade foram concebidos. Verificou-se que as principais razões pelas quais o empreendedor não frequentam um banco, são dadas por: medo do relatório de crédito de dados, o medo do embargo, a burocracia, a falta de informações sobre os procedimentos exigidos pelo banco, a falta de cultura pagamento e poupança, o quão rápido você precisa do dinheiro. Estratos sociais de microempresários que acessam esses empréstimos são estrato inferior 3, a maioria destes com uma formação técnica, a idade média é de 37 anos, cuja atividade principal é o comércio representado em pequenas e grandes lojas. 70% deles são casados ou em coabitação casos como críticas, as mães solteiras são. A forma do conta-gotas para pegar o cliente é estabelecer laços de amizade e confiança. 20% dos empresários afirmam que a contagotas é a melhor maneira de obter rapidamente um empréstimo, porque isso gera confiança e não detém sobre questões não ver o destino final do dinheiro. Aqueles que acessam a queda de empréstimos a gota emprestado em pequenas quantidades que variam de menos de US $ 2000.000 e pagar juros usurários de 20% por dia.

Aprovação de empréstimos a governos subnacionais no Brasil: há espaço para comportamento político oportunista? / Approval of loans to state governments in Brazil: is there room for opportunistic political behavior? / Octroi de prêts à des gouvernements sous-nationaux au Brésil: peut-il y avoir une conduite politique opportuniste?

The aim of this study was to test whether political influence comes into play in the approval of loans to State governments by the Brazilian National Senate. Although all the requests for loans submitted to the Senate during the period under study were approved, we demonstrate that the time required for approval depends on the political relationship between the applicant (State Governor) and the Senate members occupying key positions in the review process. Using "survival analysis" technique, we observed that when the State Governor requesting the loan and the Senator reporting on the matter belong to the same party coalition that helped elect the Governor, loans are approved in less time. On the other hand, approval takes longer if the partisan relationship is broken during the loan review process. Finally, we observed that the more loan applications from a single State in the previous six months, the longer the approval time for a new request. This analysis considered all State loan applications reviewed by the Brazilian Senate from 1989 to 2001.

Dans cet article, on cherche à vérifier s'il y a une influence politique dans le processus d'octroi de prêts à des gouvernements sous-nationaux (les États brésiliens) à l'intérieur du Sénat. Bien que toutes les demandes soumises au Sénat pendant la période de 1989 et 2001 aient été approuvées, il reste le fait que le délai pour cette approbation dépend des relations politiques entre le demandeur (le Gouverneur) et les sénateurs qui se trouvent aux postes-clé de l'acheminement de ces demandes. En utilisant la technique "d'analyse de survie" (Survival Analysis), on a pu constater que, si le gouverneur demandeur et le sénateur chargé de son dossier appartiennent à la même coalition ayant élu le gouverneur, le délai d'approbation en sera d'autant plus court. Par contre, ce même délai pourra s'étirer si, pendant le processus, ces rapports sont rompus. On a aussi vérifié que les États qui présentent un grand nombre de demandes pendant une période donnée auront plus de difficultés à se voir approuver une nouvelle demande. On a pris en compte dans cette analyse les autorisations parvenues au Sénat entre 1989 et 2001.

Legalization of Government Subsidized Student Loan / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Government Subsidized Student Loan is a policy adopted by the government,which aims to help the poor students to go to college.However,the result turns out that the policy doesn't achieve the expectant target for many reasons.This paper analyses the reasons and introduces three methods for promoting the healthy development of the Government Subsidized Student Loan.They are: establishing the personal credit system for college students,ensuring the remedy right of loan and designing reasonable procedure of Government Subsidized Student Loan.

Construction of the Defense Measures Against University Loans Risks / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This article analyses the forms and reasons of university loans risks and proposes some defense measures.The authors also present some other fund-raising ways to relieve the pressure of university loans risks.

⌜Medical Termonology ; the 4th Edition⌟and the Properties of Technical Terms

This paper demonstrates the properties of technical terms in general and introduces the efforts to refine the medical terms in contemporary Korean. There are many Sino-Korean terms which are too difficult to comprehend in the medical field. In the ⌜Medical Termonology ; the 4th edition⌟, we suggest many original Korean words be substituted for the Sino-Korean words. This suggestion has been made with cautin and it is hoped that the new terms will gradually replace the traditional Sino-Korean terms.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WORLD BANK LOAN PROJECT ON SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONTROL IN QIANJIANG CITY / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and -benefit of the World Bank Loan Project on Schistosomiasis Control in Qianjiang City. Methods According to the national scheme the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of the project were analysed. Results After the project was carried out for 9 years, poputation schistosome infections rate decreased by 56.48%; cattle infections rate decreased by 48.08%; snail areas reduced 1224 hm 2(42.76%). Infected snail areas reduced 273 hm 2(17.13%). Snail infections rate decreased by 97.04%. The investment for infections rate decreased by 1% in 100 people was 1384.47 yuan. The investment for infections rate decreased by 1% in 100 head of cattle was 3386.96 yuan. The investment to reduce 1 hm 2 snail ares was 8935.63 yuan. Conclusion For one yuan investment, the benefit was 7.96 yuan and the total of the net benefit was 106784700 yuan in 9 years.

EFFECTIVENESS OF WORLD BANK LOAN SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONTROL PROJECT IN 9 YEARS, IN HUNAN PROVINCE / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To analyse the effects of Word Bank Loan Schistosomiasis Control Project in Hunan Province from 1992 to 2000. Methods The administrative villages in Hunan endemic areas were divided into heavy, moderate and low zones respectively, based on human infection rates. Control strategies including a major approach of chemotherapy to inhabitants and bovines with praziquantel, complemented with health education as well as snail control by environment modification, were adopted in each endemic zone. Schistosomiasis prevalence surveillance was carried out in 50 moving pilots selected from endemic villages in each zone every year. Results At the beginning of the programm, there were total of 35 endemic counties (cities, districts, farms) and 471 endemic towns in Hunan Province. Up to 2000, 8 endemic counties (farms) reach the transmission interruption criteria, and 25 counties and 300 towns reach the transmission control criteria. Heavy endemic villages decreased from 762 to 271, while moderate endemic villages from 1728 to 1053, and low endemic villages increased from 1447 to 2716. Human infection rates dropped from 11.59% to 5.64%. Conclusion The schistosomiasis epidemic situation decreased obviously after implementing the project in Hunan Province.