Discussion on the cultivation of scientific research ability of academic postgraduate students majoring in clinical laboratory diagnostics from the perspective of 4M1E method / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In the current scientific research training of the academic postgraduate students majoring in clinical laboratory diagnostics, there are many problems including insufficient scientific research level, poor scientific research environment and so on. Based on many years of experience on cultivating postgraduate students and starting from the five factors of 4M1E (man, machine, material, method and environment) method, a scientific strategy is proposed, and then the scientific research ability and level of academic postgraduate students majoring in clinical laboratory diagnostics could be improved by exerting its own self-motivation, strengthening the guidance of tutors, improving training tools, heightening scientific thinking, and enhancing environmental friendliness of scientific research.

Comparação entre métodos de diagnósticos para a quantificação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade em pacientes atendidos em um Hospital Universitário / Comparison between diagnostic methods for the quantification of low-density lipoprotein in patients attended at a University Hospital

Introdução: Estudos relatam uma forte ligação entre as dislipidemias e as ateroscleroses. Por esta razão, exames como o perfil lipídico são realizados rotineiramente com o intuito de prevenção e monitoramento dessas doenças. A lipoproteína de baixa densidade possui grande destaque por apresentar maior relação com fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças ateroscleróticas. Métodos diretos de obtenção dos valores dessa lipoproteína são confrontados com resultados obtidos usualmente na rotina, através de equações que fornecem valores estimados. Objetivo: Comparar os métodos de diagnósticos utilizados para a obtenção da lipoproteína de baixa densidade através das Fórmulas de Friedewald e Martin com os resultados obtidos por metodologia automatizada, em pacientes atendidos em um Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora - MG. Material e Métodos: Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso para a obtenção do soro de 208 pacientes. Quantificaram-se os níveis de colesterol total, triglicerídeos e da lipoproteína de alta densidade para a obtenção da lipoproteína de baixa densidade através das equações de Friedewald e Martin. Resultados: Há uma correlação positiva entre os resultados de lipoproteína de baixa densidade calculados pelos métodos de Martin e direto (ρ=0,916), e uma correlação positiva entre os resultados pelos métodos de Friedewald e direto (ρ=0,915). Discussão: Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre os valores de colesterol e de lipoproteína de baixa densidade pelas três metodologias. O método de Bland-Altman foi utilizado para comparação dos resultados obtidos pelas equações e pela metodologia direta. Conclusão: Ainda que as equações de Friedewald e Martin tenham apresentado boa correlação com a lipoproteína de baixa densidade medida por metodologia direta, estudos que relacionam doenças arteriais ateroscleróticas à lipoproteína de baixa densidade devem considerar a quantificação direta desta a fim de abranger os indivíduos com suas diversas especificidades.

Introduction: Studies have reported a strong link between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. For this reason, exams such as the lipid profile are routinely performed for the prevention and monitoring of these diseases. Among the lipid indices, low density lipoproteins should be highlighted because due to their greater relation with risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic diseases. Therefore, direct methods of obtaining low density lipoproteins values, considered more accurate, are confronted with results usually obtained in the routine, through equations that provide estimated values. Objective:We compared the diagnostic methods used to obtain low density lipoproteins through the Friedewald and Martin formulas with the results obtained by automated methodology in patients attended at a University Hospital of Juiz de Fora ­ MG. MaterialandMethods: A total of 208 patients were recruited and venous blood samples were collected to obtain serum. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein were quantified to obtain low density lipoproteins through the Friedewald and Martin equations. Results:A positive correlation between low density lipoproteins results has calculated by Martin and direct methods (ρ = 0.916), and positive correlation between Friedewald results and direct (ρ = 0.915). Discussion: We observed a positive correlation between the values of cholesterol and low density lipoproteins by the three methodologies. The Bland-Altman method has been used to compare the results obtained in search and methodology. Conclusion:Although the Friedewald and Martin equations have a good correlation with low density lipoproteins as measured by direct methodology, studies that relate atherosclerotic arterial diseases to low density lipoproteins should consider the direct quantification of this lipoprotein in order to cover individuals with their different specificities.

Multi-level exploration of the cultivation of logical thinking ability of graduate students in major of clinical laboratory diagnostics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Clinical laboratory diagnostics is an important secondary discipline in clinical medicine.Postgraduate students in clinical laboratory diagnostics are indispensable members of the future medical team.In view of the current situation about insufficiency of logical thinking ability of these graduates,this paper starts from the aspects of thought,theory,practice and effect test,and then enumerates examples to explore the reasonable training strategy of multi-level graduate students' logical thinking ability,in order to benefit the current graduate students in this major.

Analysis of the importance and strategies of scientific research idea education for postgraduate students of clinical laboratory diagnostics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Postgraduate students of clinical laboratory diagnostics are high level laboratory medicine personnel, scientific research idea education is an important aspect for postgraduate students of clinical laboratory diagnostics. It is the key to strengthen the comprehensive quality and improve the ability of innovation. Aiming at the low scientific research results of the academic postgraduate students in this sub-ject and the phenomenon of "heavy clinical, light scientific research" and weak scientific research con-sciousness, the Department of Medical Laboratory of Weifang Medical University relies on the laboratory platform to promote the graduate students to form scientific research thinking and improve scientific research ability by relying on the guidance of the tutors, optimizing the training program and encouraging the graduate students to explore actively, which is helpful for graduate students to develop good scientific research quality and establish correct scientific research concept.

The evaluation of teaching effectiveness of integrated curriculum in laboratory diagnostics for liver disease / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the application of the model centering on organ system teaching in experimental diagnostics and evaluated its teaching effect.Methods A total of 185 clinical medical undergraduates of grade 2012 and 2013from School of Basic Medical Science in Tianjin Medical University joined the integrated curriculum of laboratory diagnostics for liver disease (abbreviated as integrated group).All of the teachers from varied professional fields were reconstituted into integrated teaching group.Training lecture was unified according to the new integrated teaching material.In order to make a contrast,180 clinical medical undergraduates of the grade 2010 and 2011 were involved in traditional laboratory diagnostics curriculum (abbreviated as traditional group).The results of terminal test of the integrated group and traditional group were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 software and Excel 2007.Glossary items,multiple choice,were indicated by scoring rate,and the objective items and subjective items total scores were indicted by real scores.Results Significant difference was found in the scoring rate of the glossary items,objective items,subjective items and the total scores between the two groups (P＜0.01).The records of students were [75.00％ (50.00％,100.00％)],(72.28 ± 22.63),(90.70 ± 22.36),(79.96 ± 18.59) in the integrated group and [66.67％ (33.33％,83.33％)],(61.43 ± 28.85),(72.92 ± 22.14),(69.10 ± 17.95) in the traditional group.The scoring rate in the integrated group was higher than that in the traditional group (P＜0.01).But the records of multiple choice were [100.00％ (0.00％,100.00％)] in the traditional group and [66.67％ (66.67％,100.00％)] in the integrated group.Conclusions The model centering on organ system teaching model is much more reliable and it may improve the teaching quality.

Application of multiple clinical pathway training in clinical teaching of Laboratory Diagnostics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the application and significance of multiple clinical pathway training oriented teaching model in clinical teaching of laboratory diagnostic. Methods Totally 50 medical students enrolled in the Second Military Medical University from September to December in 2015 were divided into experimental group and control group. The course consists of theoretical teaching and experi-mental operation. The pathway group (n=25) were introduced into multiple clinical pathway training oriented teaching method. The theoretical teaching was carried out bysimulation examination application, simulation interpretation and simulation diagnosis and treatment, while the experimental course was carried out by using video teaching combined with actual operation. The control group was taught by traditional teaching method using slide teaching and operation display. The theoretical test including case study and operational skill tests were performed among students in both groups after 10 class hours training . The satisfaction questionnaires were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction of teaching guided by clinical pathway. Differences were compared with independent sample t testing using GraphPad Prism 5.0 statistical software. Results The medical records about professional theoretical test including case study and opera-tional skill test in the pathway group were superior to those in the control group with significant statistical difference (both P<0.05). The records of medical students were (81.84±7.21), (42.00±2.79) in the pathway group and (76.24 ±6.98), (37.00 ±3.71) in the control group. The questionnaire result showed that the pathway group's satisfaction was high, especially with the theoretical knowledge andsceneteaching (higher than 80％). The pathway group believed that multiple clinical pathway training helped to improve learning interest and clinical thinking ability . Conclusions Multiple clinical pathway training oriented teaching model is helpful for the medical students to achieve the basic idea of clinical pathway, improve the profes-sional ability, enhance the interest of learning and the quality of teaching, standardize teaching and promote teaching and learning.

Related investigation and thinking on the course of Laboratory diagnostics in general medical train-ing from the Navy physicians / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate and analyze the application and effect of the course of Labo-ratory diagnostics in general medical training from the Navy physicians. Methods 37 students attending the general medical training in our university in September 2015 were selected as the subject. At the end of the course, the “Questionnaire Survey on Teaching Feedback” was designed and conducted among them to understand the students'!opinions on the arrangement, teaching content and teaching methods of the experi-mental diagnostics. A total of 37 questionnaires were issued and retrieved effectively and the survey data were collected and summarized. Results Among 37 questionnaires, 100%of trainees (n=37) thought it was necessary to set up the Laboratory diagnostics course in the general medical training, 72.9%(n=27) suggested 3 to 4 teaching hours, and on the demand side of teaching content settings, 91.9%(n=34) chose analyses of blood, urine, stool routine tests and then tests of liver and kidney function. The proportions of students to recommend theory teaching, case discussion and practice operation were 24.3% (n=9), 51.4% (n=19) and 48.6% (n=18) respectively. Conclusions The setup of the Laboratory diagnostics course plays an active role in the general medical training from navy physicians. In the future, according to the demand of the general medical training, teachers should optimize the teaching contents and learning hours, improve the teaching methods and enhance the training quality.

Application of interactive online teaching in the laboratory diagnostics teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective In order to investigate the impact of interactive online teaching in Laboratory Diagnosis, a randomized experimental study was conducted among the medical students in Grade 2009.Methods A total of 65 subjects were randomized into the experimental group (N=31) and the control group (N=34).In addition to the standard in-class presentation/discussion and school-wide refined online courses offered in the control group, interactive online teaching was added to experimental group.After completion of the course, the impact of interactive online teaching in the experimental group was compared to that in the control group through a final exam and a question-naire concentrating on motivation of study, problem solving and team working skills.Statistical signifi-cance of the comparison was evaluated using t-test.Results The results from the final exam showed that the average score in the experimental group was higher than the control group (87.20 ± 5.25 vs.82.69 ± 5.76), It is statistically significant (P=0.002).The average scores of short answer and case study questions in the experimental group was higher than the control group (26.16 ± 1.57 vs.25.31 ± 1.73, 18.94 ± 1.05 vs.15.53 ± 1.15), It is statistically significant (P=0.043,P=0.000).The satisfaction evaluation of interest in learning, timely answers to questions, learning, analytical skills, teamwork culture reflected by the questionnaire indicated statistically higher (P=0.041,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000) average scores in the experimental group as compared to its counterparts in the control group (4.30 ± 0.65 vs.3.97 ± 0.62, 4.63 ± 0.49 vs.3.25 ± 0.88, 4.43 ± 0.57 vs.3.49 ± 0.65, 4.46 ± 0.57 vs.3.37 ± 0.73, 4.33 ± 0.66 vs.3.68 ± 0.58).Conclusion Interactive online teaching helps to improve the study performance of medical students in Laboratory Diagnosis.Incorporating interactive online teaching into the current course regarding Laboratory Diagnosis merits recommendation.

History of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics in Poland.

Background: Medical laboratory diagnostics in Poland has a long history, however there is lack of studies in this field. Main Findings: The first clinical laboratories on ethnic Polish territory were founded in the mid. 19th Century. After the World War I, rapid development of laboratories in Poland, similar to pan-European trends, occurred. During the World War II many laboratory professionals were killed and laboratory infrastructures were destroyed or severely damaged. In the post-WW II period, during the communist era, the development of laboratory diagnostics in Poland was not significant due to the lack of access to the latest western technologies. However, some unique solutions to some problems were developed. For example, special M.Sc. studies for laboratory staff were introduced. Towards the end of the 20th Century, in the postcommunist era, significant development of private laboratories was observed with subsequent integration into several companies. In Poland, laboratory diagnostician is a profession of public trust and over 14,000 professionals are registered in The Polish Chamber of Laboratory Diagnosticians. Conclusions: The history of medical laboratories in Poland reflects the development of this key element of healthcare. The recent history has several unique and valuable solutions as teaching laboratory staff in specific medical colleges and organizing them in associations of professionals.

Practice of laboratory diagnostics teaching reform / 中华医学教育探索杂志

There are many problems in the current laboratory diagnostics teaching including unreasonable structure of teaching contents and routinization of teaching methods,etc.This paper explored the laboratory diagnostics teaching reform from the textbooks,teaching subject and teaching focus,in order to better meet the needs of the development of medicine education and clinical practice.

Teaching reform on laboratory diagnostics for eight-year-program clinical medicine majors at undergraduate level / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Supported by Center of Laboratory Medicine of PLA,the Third Military Medical University launched teaching reform on laboratory diagnostics by integrating and optimizing teaching contents,adopting case centered teaching method,introducing thinking modes of evidence-based laboratory medicine and strengthening bilingual teaching.Abilities of students to determine the clinical stage and to evaluate the effect of treatment as well as prognosis of diseases were promoted.

Reform of laboratory diagnostics teaching mode for students of clinical medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Laboratory diagnostics is an important discipline functioning as a bridge between basic and clinical medicine and it is closely associated with the diagnosis of clinical physician.But there are some problems in the laboratory diagnostic teaching including unreasonable curriculum standard,simple teaching method and unpractical theory.This paper explored and summarized the problems and the reform of laboratory diagnostics teaching mode for students of clinical medicine.

The change of PBL teachers’role in Laboratory Diagnostics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Problem-Based Learning(PBL)is a new teaching mode.Application of PBL in Laboratory Diagnostics is a practical teaching reform.Students'learning mainly by themselves is PBL’s main feature.The status and role of teachers have a qualitative change.They are not teaching but guiding.Therefore teachers must realize the change of their roles in PBL.

Exploration and prospect in laboratory diagnosis experiment teaching for international students in China / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In the process of teaching international students laboratory diagnostics,teaching mode has been actively explored. The management of teaching,the foundation of teaching team,the selection of teaching materials and reformation of teaching mode are the key points that affect the teaching quality directly.