RESUMEN
Objective To investigating the microbial communities and physicochemical properties of soil and distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshlands along the Yangtze River basin at different types of land use, and to examine the effects of soil microorganisms and physicochemical properties on snail distribution, so as to provide insights into snail control and schistosomiasis prevention in marshland along the Yangtze River basin. Methods Marshlands with four types of land use were selected along the Yangtze River basin on April 2021, including poplar forest-crops integrated planting, reed areas, agricultural cultivation lands and ditches. The distribution of snails and physicochemical properties of soil were investigated in marshlands with different types of land use, and the V3 to V4 regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene, fungal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) gene and algal ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene in soils were subjected to high-throughput sequencing. The occurrence of frames with living snails and density of living snails were compared in marshland with different types of land use. The associations of soil microorganisms and physicochemical properties with the density of living snails were examined using Pearson correlation analysis, and the contributions of soil microorganisms and physicochemical properties to the density of living snails were evaluated using variance partitioning analysis. Results In marshlands with four types of land use, the greatest occurrence of frames with living snails [(4.94 ± 2.14)%] and density of living snails [(0.070 ± 0.026) snails/0.1 m2] were seen in ditches, and the lowest were found in [(1.23 ± 1.23)%] agricultural cultivation lands [(0.016 ± 0.019) snails/0.1 m2]. A total of 2 phyla, 5 classes, 8 orders, 9 families and 11 genera of algae were detected in soils at four types of land use, with Chlorophyta as the dominant phylum and Pseudoneochloris as the dominant genus. A total of 44 phyla, 134 classes, 281 orders, 338 families and 516 genera of bacteria were detected in soils at four types of land use, with Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota as the dominant phyla and uncultured Acidobacterium, MND1, Mitrospira, Haliangium and Sphingomonas as dominant genera. A total of 11 phyla, 41 classes, 108 orders, 223 families and 408 genera of fungi were detected in soils at four types of land use, with phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota presenting high relative abundances and genera Cladorrhinum, Mortierella and Humicola presenting high relative abundances. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the density of living snails correlated negatively with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (r = −0.965, P < 0.05) and soil electronic conductivity (r = −0.962, P < 0.05) and positively with soil moisture (r = 0.951, P < 0.05). Variance partitioning analysis demonstrated that the physicochemical properties and microorganisms of soil contributed 69% and 10% to the density of living snails, respectively. Conclusion The diversity of microbial communities varies in soils at different types of land use in marshland along the Yangtze River basin, and the physicochemical properties and microorganisms of soils may affect the distribution of O. hupensis snails.
RESUMEN
Abstract The spatial and temporal patterns and dynamics of biological community structure can be better understood through the lens of metacommunity theory, in which the effect of local (deterministic processes, ecological niche theory) and regional (stochastic processes, neutral theory) processes are evaluated as the main predictors of phytoplankton. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of local environmental characteristics, spatial, and landscape predictors on the phytoplankton community in lakes of the Araguaia River floodplain. We evaluated the following questions: (i) What is the specific importance of physical and chemical water characteristics (local environmental predictors), dispersive processes (spatial predictors), and land use and occupancy (landscape predictors) in the phytoplankton metacommunity structure, both for taxonomic and functional groups? (ii) Does the buffer size used in land use and land cover measurement around the sampling units show differences in phytoplankton community prediction? All the predictors could explain the phytoplankton structure but the spatial were the most important. The buffers showed different predictive abilities, with taxonomic classification being related to larger sizes of buffers and functional groups the opposite. The great influence of spatial predictors can be explained by source-sink dynamics, where dispersal is so strong that it can diminish the effects of local predictors and guarantee a large flux of organisms to sink communities. In conclusion, dispersive processes have been shown to strongly influence the spatial structuring of the phytoplankton metacommunity and we highlight the need to consider buffers' size when assessing the landscape's effect on phytoplankton communities.
Resumo Os padrões espaciais e temporais e a dinâmica da estrutura da comunidade biológica podem ser compreendidos por meio das lentes da teoria de metacomunidades, no qual o efeito dos processos locais (processos determinísticos, teoria do nicho ecológico) e regionais (processos estocásticos, teoria neutra) são destacados como os principais preditores do fitoplâncton. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de preditores ambientais locais, espaciais e de paisagem sobre a comunidade fitoplanctônica em lagos da planície de inundação do Rio Araguaia. Avaliamos as seguintes questões: (i) Qual é a importância específica das características físicas e químicas da água (preditores ambientais locais), dos processos dispersivos (preditores espaciais) e do uso e ocupação do solo (preditores de paisagem) na estrutura da metacomunidade fitoplanctônica, tanto para grupos taxonômicos quanto funcionais? (ii) O tamanho do buffer usado na medição do uso e da ocupação do solo ao redor das unidades de amostragem mostra diferenças na previsão da comunidade fitoplanctônica? Todos os preditores explicaram a estrutura do fitoplâncton, mas os espaciais foram os mais importantes. Os buffers mostraram diferentes habilidades preditivas, com a classificação taxonômica sendo relacionada a tamanhos maiores de buffers e grupos funcionais, o oposto. A grande influência dos preditores espaciais pode ser explicada pela dinâmica fonte-sumidouro, em que a dispersão é tão forte que pode diminuir os efeitos dos preditores locais e garantir um grande fluxo de organismos para as comunidades de sumidouros. Em conclusão, foi demonstrado que os processos dispersivos influenciam fortemente a estruturação espacial da metacomunidade de fitoplâncton e destacamos a necessidade de considerar o tamanho dos buffers ao avaliar o efeito da paisagem sobre as comunidades de fitoplâncton.
RESUMEN
Abstract Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.
Resumo O uso e as mudanças na cobertura da terra estão afetando o meio ambiente global e os ecossistemas das diferentes biosferas. O monitoramento, relatório e verificação (MRV) dessas mudanças são de extrema importância, pois muitas vezes resultam em várias consequências ambientais globais, como degradação da terra, erosão em massa, deterioração do hábitat, bem como micro e macroclima das regiões. As tecnologias avançadas, como sensoriamento remoto (RS) e sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), são úteis para determinar / identificar essas mudanças. Na área de estudo atual, as mudanças nos estoques de carbono, principalmente em áreas florestais, estão resultando em uma dinâmica considerável dos estoques de carbono como resultado das mudanças climáticas e do sequestro de carbono. Este estudo foi realizado no distrito de Diamer de Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Paquistão, para investigar a mudança na mudança de cobertura / mudança de uso da terra (particularmente uso de terras florestais), bem como o potencial de sequestro de carbono das florestas no distrito durante quase os últimos 25 anos. A cobertura da terra, os dados temporais do Landsat (nível 1, LIT), foram baixados do USGS EROS (2016), para 1979-1989, 1990-2000 e 2001-2012. Mudanças nos usos da terra, particularmente na cobertura florestal, foram investigadas usando técnicas de SIG. O inventário florestal foi realizado por meio de técnicas de amostragem aleatória. Um lote padrão de 0,1 ha (n = 80) foi estabelecido para determinar a densidade das árvores, volume, biomassa e estoques de C. A simulação dos estoques de C foi realizada pela aplicação do modelo CO2FIX com a entrada de dados do inventário. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição na cobertura florestal e de neve na região de 1979 a 2012. Da mesma forma, diminuição foi observada no volume da árvore, biomassa das árvores, dinâmica dos estoques de C e diminuição na densidade das árvores, respectivamente. É recomendado que precisemos de mais projetos como o BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) e o projeto Green Pakistan para aumentar a cobertura florestal, controlar as mudanças no uso da terra, proteger o ecossistema florestal e proteger a cobertura de neve.
RESUMEN
To understand the effects of land use system and its cropping techniques, the study on carbon stock and soil nutrients in response to varied land use systems and soil depths in Chandel district was carried out during 2020 from five different locations in the Chandel district that include a variety of land use systems such as Forest area, Jhum cultivation after 15 years, Jhum cultivation after 10 years, Jhum cultivation after 10 years from different sub division of the district, Jhum cultivation after 5 years, Intermittent Jhum area, Oak forest area, Teak forest area, Pine forest area, Agri-horti jhum cropping system area and Maize based cropping system area. The study revealed that Forest soils shows significantly higher Organic carbon content of 2.73 % in 0-15 cm and 2.04% in 30-45 cm soil depth respectively than the other land use system of Chandel district. Available N was also found to be significantly higher in forest soils i.e. 533.49 kg/ha in 0-15 cm soil depth and 475.14 kg/ha in 30-45 cm soil depth as compared to other land use systems. Similarly, available P2O5 of 10.92 kg/ha and 9.97 kg/ha in 0-15 cm and 30-45 cm soil depth respectively and K2O of 278.08 kg/ha in 0-15 cm and 266.11 kg/ha in 30-45 cm were also recorded to be significantly higher in forest soil which was followed by the Jhum cultivation after 15 years in Chandel district. Next to forest area soils, Jhum cultivation after 15 years shows higher organic carbon content and other soil nutrients as compare to other land use systems due to the longer waiting period of cultivation. These results indicated that the land under more vegetation and less disturbed areas have higher soil nutrient and organic carbon as compared to other land use system. Thus it may be concluded that, variations in soil fertility parameters need immediate improvement in soil health of Jhum lands and other land use systems.
RESUMEN
The present study was carried out at JNKVV, Jabalpur (23010’ N latitude, 79057’ E longitudes and at elevation 393.0 meters above mean sea level). This study was carried out in 2019 that laid out in split plot design with nine main treatments of land use practices (forest land, perennial forage land, uncultivated land, aonla orchard, rice-wheat system, soybean-wheat system, guava orchard, mango orchard and citrus orchard) and three sub-plot treatments of soil depths (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) which were replicated three times. A total of 81 soil samples were subjected to determination of different size (> 5.0, 2.0-5.0, 1.0-2.0, 0.50-1.0, 0.25-0.50, 0.10-0.25 and <0.10 mm) water stable soil aggregates and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates. Results revealed that land use practices and soil depths significantly affect the mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, distribution of different size soil aggregates. It was noted that irrespective of soil depths, proportions of macro-aggregates (>0.50 mm size) and mean weight diameter were highest under forest land and lowest in soybean-wheat system. However, number of micro-aggregates (< 0.50 mm) increased with soil depths and macro-aggregates and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates were highest at 0-20 cm depth. It can be concluded that extent of soil disturbance significantly alters the proportion of macro-aggregates (>0.50 mm size) and mean weight diameter of water stable soil aggregates with higher in undisturbed (forest, uncultivated and perennial forage) land uses and lower in crop lands which decreased with increase in soil depths.
RESUMEN
Soil is a major reservoir of terrestrial carbon and it plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The soil organic carbon (SOC) is the fundamental factor for sustainable agriculture because of the ability in maintaining the soil fertility which is critical to soil productivity. Soil carbon pool has gained paramount importance in the recent decades owing to the alarming issues of climate change and global warming. Land use change was found to have a larger net effect on SOC storage than projected climate change. Depending on the land use management practices, soils can be a net sink or source for CO2. In this regard the present study was carried out to assess the impact of different land uses on carbon storage and mineralization in soils of selected agro-ecological units of south Kerala.The agro-ecological units (AEUs) of south Kerala namely, southern coastal plain (AEU 1), Onattukara sandy plain (AEU 3), southern laterites (AEU 8), south central laterites (AEU 9) and southern and central foothills (AEU 12) were selected. In each AEU, different agricultural land use categories as described by IPCC for the carbon inventory such as, garden land (coconut), wet land (rice), fallow (uncultivated) and plantation (rubber) were also selected for the study. The potential for carbon mineralization in soil was assessed by evaluating factors such as Total organic carbon, mineralizable carbon, particulate organic carbon, global warming potential, carbon distribution, and turnover. The total organic carbon and particulate organic carbon were higher in rubber land use and AEU 12. The mineralizable C content in soil varied from 1.40 to 3.45, 1.18 to 3.41, 1.04 to 3.04, 1.23 to 3.35 and 1.01 to 3.02 mg g?¹ in AEU 1, 3, 8, 9 and 12 respectively. The highest value was observed from AEU 1 and rice land use. Similar trend was obtained for global warming potential of soils based on CO2 evolution which varied from 31.82 to 78.41, 26.89 to 79.02, 22.89 to 69.02, 28.03 to 76.06 and 22.96 to 68.64 in AEU 1, 3, 8, 9 and 12 respectively. The C proportion and turnover rates were in the range of 0.25 to 0.77 and 0.04 to 0.17 respectively. The C proportion was the highest in AEU 12 and rubber land use whereas the C turnover was the highest in AEU 1 and rice land use.
RESUMEN
Aim: This study was taken up to investigate the usefulness of Remote Sensing & GIS tools for the evaluation of fourteen watershed projects implemented under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) project in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh.Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted by Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Department, Andhra Pradesh 2009 to 2022.Methodology: High-resolution data like Resourcesat-2, Linear Imaging and Self Scanning-IV (LISS-IV) of 2011 (pre-treatment) and 2016 (post-treatment) were used in this project to measure the changes in land use/land cover and biomass during the project period (2011-16). Due to the implementation of the watershed developmental activities, an additional area of 11417 ha has been brought under cultivation.Results: The fallow land area decreased by 3686.12 Ha (24.12%) which is attributed to dense and open vegetation categories. The output of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index classification indicates the increase in dense vegetation by 9804.05 ha, which indicates there is an improvement in the open vegetation category due to the reclamation of fallow land.Conclusion: This study reveals that an additional area of 126.88 ha (12.80%) increased under water bodies and 3686.12 ha wasteland converted to cultivable land due to the construction of farm ponds, percolation tanks and check dams. This area is attributed to cropland and plantations.
RESUMEN
The land use systems selected for study were rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), legume based cropping system (LBCS), and vegetable based cropping system (VBCS). Plantation land (mango, aonla and bael orchard), forest land (shisham, teak and eucalyptus) and barren land (NSP-6 farm). Soil samples were taken with GPS system from four depths viz. 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60cm in order to analyze microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes). The bacterial population (cfu × 105 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was decreased with increasing soil depth, which ranged from 2.76 to 4.95 cfu × 105 g-1 soil. The average bacterial population values were higher in forest land followed by plantation land, crop land and barren land. The fungi population (cfu × 103 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was, also, decreased with increasing soil depth at all land use system and ranged from 0.85 to 1.77 cfu × 103 g-1 soil. The average fungi population values were higher in forest land followed by crop land, plantation land and barren land. The actinomycetes population (cfu × 104 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was decreased with increasing soil depth at all land use system. The population varied from 0.57 to 1.02 cfu × 104 g-1 soil. The average actinomycetes population values were higher in forest land followed by plantation land, crop land and barren land.
RESUMEN
Land use describes the actual form of land, such as a forest or open water and classification based on human utilization. Land use map provides the information about the current landscape of an area. In this study, the Lower Bhavani basin's land use and land cover were classified using GIS platforms and data from the Landsat 8 satellite. The platform utilized in this study were Semi-Automated Plugin (SAP) in QGIS and Random forest method in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The findings suggested that both platforms performed efficiently and displayed comparable percentages of land covered by various land use features. The accuracy of the resulting land use map was evaluated using a Google Earth image, and it was discovered that SAP and GEE hold 91.8% and 92.6% of the total accuracy. This study aids in evaluating and classifying the various Geographic Information System platforms land use trends.
RESUMEN
The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has facilitated the automation of drone control, which includes the management of navigation and movement. This application can be accomplished through several methods, including GPS tracking, computer vision, and machine learning algorithms. Drones exhibit a distinctive combination of spatial coverage and resolution, rendering them indispensable for land survey and mapping. The incorporation of multiple ground-control points has the potential to yield high precision georeferencing for the Orthomosaic product.In conjunction with field observations, drones provide a prompt and precise means of recording land data and its use. A drone survey and mapping operation was conducted within a mining lease situated near the village of Kanthariya, in the Tehsil and District of Chittorgarh, covering an area of 64.75 hectares, for the analysis of agricultural land use in the mining lease.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN El río Ocoa es importante para el desarrollo del municipio de Villavicencio, pero esta sometido a diferentes actividades antropogénicas a lo largo del cauce que afectan la diversidad de insectos acuáticos bioindicadores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la respuesta de la diversidad funcional y taxonómica de insectos acuáticos (EPT) al uso del suelo en el río Ocoa. Se tomaron muestras de agua para la medición de 19 variables fisicoquímicas y bacteriológicas ex situ en 12 estaciones con diferentes usos del suelo (urbano e industrial, agricultura, natural, piscicultura, ganadería) y los organismos se recolectaron con red Surber. Se determinaron hasta género y se consignaron sus respectivos rasgos funcionales. Se emplearon los números efectivos de especies, índices de diversidad funcional, análisis de redundancia y de RLQ. Los ensamblajes estuvieron dominados por los géneros Smicridea (Trichoptera), Lumahyphes y Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera); y los rasgos funcionales frecuentes correspondieron a desarrollo lento, respiración por branquias, cuerpos blandos y medianos no aerodinámicos con hábito de agarrarse. Las estaciones de la zona media del río, correspondientes al uso de suelo urbano e industrial, presentaron baja a ninguna diversidad taxonómica y funcional. Los rasgos funcionales presentaron características asociadas al tipo de sustrato; los hábitos tróficos se relacionaron principalmente con materia orgánica (gruesa y fina). En contraste las estaciones de la zona alta y baja presentaron los mayores valores de diversidad taxonómica y funcional, cuyas estaciones se caracterizaron por uso del suelo natural, ganadería y agricultura.
ABSTRACT The Ocoa river is important for development of the municipality of Villavicencio, but it is subjected to different types of anthropogenic activities along its course; they affect the diversity of bioindicator aquatic insects. The objective of this research was to determine the response of the functional and taxonomic diversity of aquatic insects (EPT) to land use in the Ocoa river. Water samples were taken to measure 19 ex situ physicochemical and bacteriological variables at 12 stations with different land uses (urban and industrial, agriculture, natural, fish farming, livestock) and the organisms were collected using Surber net. They were determined until genus and their respective functional traits were recorded. The effective numbers of species, functional diversity indices, redundancy and RLQ analysis were used. The assemblages were dominated by the genera Smicridea (Trichoptera), Lumahyphes and Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera); and the frequent functional traits corresponded to slow development, breathing through gills, soft and non-aerodynamic medium bodies with habit of clinging. The stations in the middle zone of the river, corresponding to the land use urban and industrial, presented low to no taxonomic and functional diversity. The functional traits presented characteristics associated with the type of substrate; trophic habits were mainly related to organic matter (coarse and fine). In contrast, the stations of the upper and lower zone presented the highest values of taxonomic and functional diversity, which were characterized by natural land use, livestock and agriculture.
RESUMEN
Understanding the dynamics of the world's landscapes is made possible by the multi-temporal change detection analysis made possible by Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS technologies. The current study provides an illustration of the spatiotemporal changes in land use land cover (LULC) of the Hasdeo subwatershed, Chhattisgarh, India, between 2016 and 2019 using Sentinel-2 imagery. To quantify the changes in the LULC area from 2016 to 2019, Sentinel-2 images from 2016 and 2019 were obtained. With the ERDAS Imagine software, the supervised classification method has been used. Eight different LULC classes, including forest, cultivated land, fallow land, water body, barren land, built-up land, mining and sand, were created using the image data of the research area. The outcome shows that between 2016 and 2019, there was an increase in built-up area and water body, while there was a decline in cultivated land, forest, and barren land. Kappa Coefficient accuracy is 88.00% and overall accuracy is 92.1% according to the LULC accuracy assessment for the data analysis. The paper's data base emphasises the significance of change detection approaches for spotting significant changes in land cover and for tracking the effects of human-induced change on the hydrological environment, behaviour, and setting of the Hasdeo sub watershed.
RESUMEN
The assessment and analysis of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes are required to identify the land use changes from year to year which plays a critical role in planning and implementation of developmental activities. The present study aims to assess LULC changes in Samastipur district of Bihar using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The LULC maps were prepared using LANDSAT-5 and LANDSAT-8 images by adopting object based image classification technique. Assessments of LULC changes were done @ 5 years, @ 10 years and @ 20 years during 2000-2020. The results indicated that the agriculture land coverage increased at high rate during 2000-2005 and 2005-2010; and after that it is increasing at slow rate. The natural vegetation coverage is continuously decreasing during years 2000-2020 while settlement is continuously increasing during this period with notable increase during 2000-2005 and 2015-2020. In the time interval of 10 years (2000-2010), the agriculture land area increased by 22.17%; natural vegetation area decreased by 38.04%; the water-bodies decreased by 46.69%; sand and barren land decreased by 61.27% and settlement area increased by 15.62%. Over the next 10 years (2010-2020), area covered by agriculture land, settlement, water-bodies and sand and barren land increased by 8.05%, 38.30%, 26.27% and 44.65% respectively while area covered by natural vegetation decreased by 75.24%. During time interval of 20 years (2000-2020), agriculture land area and settlement area increased by 32% and 59.91% respectively while natural vegetation, sand and barren land and water-bodies decreased by 84.66%, 43.98% and 32.68% respectively. The analysis of the results indicates that the natural vegetation has decreased at fast rate in the recent years. Therefore, proper attention is required towards stopping of cutting of natural vegetation in the district to save the environment.
RESUMEN
The Present study aims to discuss the Land use pattern and Land use Efficiency of the Kurnool District. Land Resource are limited, it can be said that non- renewable Resources. The key task is in their rational use, which hangs from their effectiveness. Agricultural land use efficiency is the main factor that has a significant impact on the socio-economic situation both in individual regions and in the country as a whole. Land use data is important in analysis of environmental process and understanding its problems, if the living conditions and standards to be improved or maintained at current level and to avoid the adverse development. The Kurnool district has at typical geographical aspects and climatic variation comparatively from the other districts of Rayalaseema region. The district is rich in regur, ferruginous soils which constitute about 60 and 40 percentages respectively. The crops mainly raised are paddy, jower, Pulses, cotton, Ground nut. The annual average precipitation of the district is 653 mm. Its land use components are Net sown area, forest, current fallows, Land put to the non-agricultural use, Barren & Uncultivable land, other fallow lands, cultivable waste land, Permanent Pasture and other grazing lands, misc. tree crops and groves. The depth to water level ranges from 2.20 to 12.67 m bgl. The Increasing population puts enormous pressure on the land in the district. As a result, the land use pattern of the district keeps on changing. The agricultural lands are being acquired for human settlements and various Developmental activities. The forest land has been increased due enhancement of social forestry. The district is predominantly farmed via Rain fed agriculture. Low rainfall, labour scarcity and lack of irrigation facilities have had its impacts on the land; many areas formerly under cultivation have been transformed in to waste lands and uncultivable lands.
RESUMEN
Los páramos almacenan grandes reservas de carbono orgánico en el suelo (COS), influenciados por las condiciones climáticas y biogeoquímicas, propias del ecosistema; sin embargo, su progresiva conversión hacia cultivos, ganadería o minería incide directamente en las reservas de COS. Con el fin de determinar el efecto que ejerce el cambio de uso de suelo sobre la variabilidad de las reservas de COS, se realizó un monitoreo de COS entre 2013, 2018 y 2020, en el Parque Natural Regional Cortadera. Se estudiaron parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM), ubicadas bajo tres diferentes usos del suelo: conservado, en recuperación e intervenido. Se analizaron muestras de carbono orgánico y densidad aparente, a dos profundidades (0-15 cm y 15-30 cm). Se encontró que la PPM en escenario conservado presentó los contenidos más altos de COS, con valores de 290,37; 199,22 y 257,5 tC ha-1, para cada uno de los años en estudio; seguido por la PPM en recuperación, que evidenció valores de COS 215,3 tC ha-1, en el 2020, en contraste con la PPM intervenida, que presentó contenidos mínimos de 15,50; 34,01 y 88,06 tC ha-1. Se observó que los mayores contenidos de COS se encuentran a la profundidad de 15 a 30 cm. Dichos aspectos, resaltan la importancia de avanzar en acciones enfocadas a la protección de ecosistemas estratégicos, considerando las constantes amenazas relacionadas con la transformación del paisaje y, con ello, la posibilidad de proveer funciones y servicios asociados a la captura de carbono y la regulación climática.
The paramos accumulate high stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), influenced by the climatic and biogeochemical conditions of the ecosystem. However, their progressive conversion to crops, livestock, or mining has a direct impact on the SOC stocks. To determine the effect of land use change on the variability of SOC stocks, monitoring of SOC content was conducted between the years 2013, 2018, and 2020 in the Parque Natural Regional Cortadera. Permanent sampling plots (PPS) located under three different land uses were studied: conserved, recovering, and intervened. To do so, samples of soil organic carbon and bulk density at two depths were analyzed (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). The conserved PPS showed the highest SOC contents, with maximum values of 290.37; 199.22, and 257.5 tC ha-1 for each of the years under study; follow by the recovery PPM that presented COS values of 215.3 tC ha-1 in 2020, in contrast to the intervened PSP that showed minimum contents of 15.50; 34.01 and 88.06 tC ha-1. Furthermore, the highest SOC contents were found at 15-30 cm depth. These factors emphasize the importance of carrying out actions focused on protecting strategic ecosystems such as paramos, taking into account the continuous threats related to the transformation of the landscape and, consequently, the possibility of providing ecosystem functions and services related to carbon capture and climate regulation.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Una actividad económica que ha tenido auge en la última década en la altillanura es la forestación de sabanas con alteraciones antrópicas, pero se desconoce su papel en la conservación de las mariposas frugívoras de los bosques de galería dentro de los núcleos forestales. Objetivo: Comparar la diversidad de mariposas frugívoras en plantaciones de eucalipto y bosques de galería, y el papel de las variables ambientales. Métodos: Utilizamos trampas Van Someren-Rydon, dos réplicas de cuatro trampas, en cada uno de los cuatro hábitats muestreados simultáneamente desde diciembre 2020 hasta julio 2021: plantación de eucaliptos de cuatro años; plantación de eucaliptos de seis años; bosque de galería de suelo seco y bosque de galería anegado. También registramos diez variables abióticas, estructurales, alimentarias y de hábitat. Resultados: Recolectamos 227 especímenes de mariposas frugívoras (30 especies, 23 géneros y 5 subfamilias de la familia Nymphalidae). Había más especies en los bosques. Las especies de mariposas variaron más del 50 % entre los hábitats; Satyrinae fue más diversa en las plantaciones. Conclusión: La forestación en esta área proporciona hábitats para algunas especies de mariposas frugívoras de los remanentes de bosques naturales adyacentes. Las forestaciones representan un escenario de alteración intermedia entre las dos unidades de paisaje dominantes en la región.
Introduction: An economic activity that has boomed in the last decade in Colombian highlands is the afforestation of anthropized savannas, but its role in the conservation of fruit-feeding butterflies of gallery forests within forest cores is unknown. Objective: To compare the diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies in eucalyptus plantations and gallery forests, and the role of environmental variables. Methods: We used Van Someren-Rydon traps, two replicates of four traps, on each of four habitats sampled simultaneously from December 2020 to July 2021: four-years-old eucalyptus plantation; six-years-old eucalyptus plantation; dry soil gallery forest and waterlogged gallery forest. We also recorded ten abiotic, structural, food and habitat variables. Results: We collected 227 specimens of fruit-feeding butterflies (30 species, 23 genera, and 5 subfamilies within the family Nymphalidae). There were more species in the forests. The butterfly species varied over 50 % between the habitats; Satyrinae were more diverse in plantations. Conclusion: Afforestation in this area provides habitats for some species of fruit-feeding butterflies from adjacent natural forest remnants. Afforestations represent an intermediate disturbance scenario between the two dominant landscape units in the region.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Agricultura Forestal , Eucalyptus , Lepidópteros , ColombiaRESUMEN
RESUMEN Desde la perspectiva de las ecologías socioculturales, como campo emergente interdisciplinario, se puede enriquecer de manera alternativa y complementaria la educación ambiental, puesto que permite un acercamiento comprensivo a las dinámicas de ocupación humana y las transformaciones en un territorio concreto desde una mirada histórica, política y sociocultural. Esta investigación, se llevó a cabo en el contexto territorial de la cuenca del río Quindío, en el centro-occidente de Colombia, con la participación de 144 estudiantes y 40 docentes, de cuatro Instituciones Educativas públicas. La metodología fue de enfoque cualitativo, donde se empleó como instrumento de recolección y análisis de información, una encuesta tipo cuestionario con preguntas abiertas, para indagar aspectos socioambientales, históricos y paisajísticos del contexto territorial de dicha cuenca. Los resultados develaron que estudiantes y docentes, en general, desconocen los procesos históricos de ocupación humana de la región; con relación a los principales cambios percibidos en el paisaje, los estudiantes señalaron el incremento de las urbanizaciones, la disminución de las zonas verdes y la contaminación, mientras que los docentes manifestaron cambios en los usos del suelo, el crecimiento urbanístico y el desarrollo basado en el turismo. Sin duda, estos hallazgos son importantes, como lectura del territorio, para ser tenidos en cuenta en la praxis de la educación ambiental de las instituciones educativas.
ABSTRACT From the perspective of socio-cultural ecologies as an emerging interdisciplinary field, environmental education can be enriched in an alternative and complementary way since they allow a comprehensive approach to the dynamics of human occupation and transformations in a specific territory from a historical perspective, political and socio-cultural. This research was carried out in the territorial context of the Quindío River basin in central-western Colombia, with the participation of 144 students and 40 teachers from four public educational institutions. The methodology was a qualitative approach, where a questionnaire-type survey with open questions was used as an instrument for collecting and analyzing information to investigate socio-environmental, historical, and landscape aspects of the territorial context of said basin. The results revealed that students and teachers, in general, are unaware of the historical processes of human occupation of the region; Concerning the main changes perceived in the landscape, the students pointed out the increase in urbanizations, the decrease in green areas, and pollution; while teachers expressed changes in land use, urban growth, and development based on tourism. Undoubtedly, these findings are important as a reading of the territory to be considered in the praxis of environmental education in educational institutions.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue aplicar indicadores e índices ambientales en una zona costera localizada en el noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). El área de estudio se ubica en el sector de la planicie costera del Río de la Plata, correspondiente al partido de Ensenada. La misma es un área con alto valor para la biodiversidad regional y brinda numerosos servicios ecosistémicos. Además, está expuesta de manera recurrente a inundaciones y anegamientos, los cuales, determinan fuertes condicionantes para el uso del suelo. Se identificaron y seleccionaron indicadores que aportan información sobre características estructurales y funcionales del medio natural, respecto de su fragilidad frente a intervenciones, a partir de los criterios: vulnerabilidad natural, valor patrimonial y condicionamientos naturales frente a intervenciones antrópicas; estos indicadores fueron integrados para obtener un Índice de Fragilidad Natural Territorial (IFNT). Se generaron mapas temáticos de índices parciales y un mapa final correspondiente al IFNT, mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Los resultados obtenidos establecen que el 15,1 % de la superficie del partido presenta una fragilidad natural entre muy alta (2,1 %) y alta (13 %) y un 20,2 %, con valores medios, asociados a ambientes de escasa pendiente del centro, W y E-SE del territorio, así como al sector más próximo a la ribera rioplatense, donde se asientan áreas urbanas. Se observó tendencia de crecimiento urbano avanzando sobre sectores identificados con fragilidad entre muy alta y media. Este índice se considera una herramienta útil para la planificación territorial sostenible.
ABSTRACT The objective of this paper was to apply environmental indicators and indexes in a coastal area located in the northeastern province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The study area is located in the sector of the coastal plain of the Río de la Plata corresponding to the Ensenada district. It is an area of high regional biodiversity value and provides numerous ecosystem services. In addition, it is exposed to frequent flood events and waterlogged soils, which determines strong conditioning factors for land use. In this paper, the application of environmental indicators and indexes developed ad hoc is presented in order to assist in the sustainable land use planning of the territory. Indicators were identified and selected to provide information on structural and functional characteristics of the natural environment regarding its fragility in front of anthropic interventions. These indicators were made following these selection criteria: natural vulnerability, patrimonial value and natural conditioning to anthropic interventions. These indicators were integrated to obtain a Natural Territorial Fragility Index (NTFI). Thematic maps of intermediate indexes were generated, as well as a final map corresponding to the NTFI, integrated in a GIS. The results obtained from the NTFI calculation establish that 15,1 % of the area of the district presents a natural fragility with values very high (2,1 %) and high (13 %) and 20,2 % medium value. In the center, W and E-SE of the territory, as well as in the sector closest to the rioplatense riverbank, the NTFI presents very high to medium values mainly associated with low slope environments. Urban areas are developed in this location. There is an urban growth trend advancing on sectors identified with very high to moderate fragility. This index is considered a useful tool for sustainable territorial planning.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN La zona riparia presenta cambios de vegetación nativa por uso del suelo, asociados a actividades antrópicas, como urbanización, ganadería y agricultura, lo que genera pérdida de diversidad, composición y estructura de la vegetación riparia. En este estudio, se analizó la diversidad florística y estructural de la vegetación riparia a lo largo de un gradiente urbano-natural del río Pitillal - Jalisco, México. Sobre el río Pitillal, se seleccionaron cuatro sitios, siguiendo el gradiente urbano (SU), periurbano (SP), rural (SR) y natural (SN). En cada tramo, se realizaron cuatro parcelas de muestreo, identificando árboles, arbustos, lianas y hierbas. La diversidad florística, se analizó comparando composición, abundancia y riqueza por tipo de planta y origen. La diversidad estructural, se analizó comparando diámetro de tronco, altura total, área de copa, profundidad de copa y perfiles verticales de vegetación. En total, se registraron 508 individuos de 412 familias, 72 géneros y 160 especies y morfoespecies; 75 especies fueron nativas y 10 introducidas. La riqueza específica y abundancia de los árboles fue distinta entre sitios, incrementándose notablemente en el SN. Las especies introducidas disminuyen del SU al SN. El diámetro de tronco, área y profundidad de copa muestran diferencias significativas entre sitios. Los perfiles verticales de la vegetación riparia muestran patrones más heterogéneos en el SN. Los resultados sugieren que la alteración por uso de suelo adyacente al río Pitillal afecta, claramente, la diversidad florística, la composición y la estructural de la vegetación riparia.
ABSTRACT Riparian zone presents changes of native vegetation due to land use associated with anthropic activities, such as urbanization, cattle, and agriculture, which generated the loss of diversity, composition, and structure of the riparian vegetation. In this study, floristic diversity and structural diversity of riparian vegetation was analyzed along an urban-natural gradient of Pitillal River, Jalisco, Mexico. On the Pitillal River, four sites were selected following the urban (SU), peri-urban (SP), rural (SR) and natural (SN) gradient. In each section, four sample plots were sampled, identifying trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs. Floristic diversity was analyzed by comparing composition, abundance, and specific richness by type of plant and origin. Structural diversity was analyzed by comparing trunk diameter, total height, crown area, crown depth and vertical profiles of vegetation. A total of 508 individuals in 412 families, 72 genera and 160 species and morpho species were registered; 75 species were native and 10 introduced. Richness and abundance of the trees was different between sites, increasing notably in the SN. Introduced species decrease from SU to SN. The diameter of the trunk, area and depth of the crown show significant differences between sites. The vertical profiles of the riparian vegetation showed more heterogeneous patterns in the SN. The results suggest that changes due to land use adjacent to Pitillal River have clearly affected the composition, floristic and structural diversity of riparian vegetation.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de entender las dinámicas en las que se piensa e interviene el territorio para llevar a la población al desplazamiento y despojo vía armada o administrativa se efectuaron 87 entrevistas a líderes sociales entre 2019-2021 que permitieron realizar un análisis histórico de procesos asociados a la ocupación de tierras en el departamento del Meta, bajo la relación Monstruo-Monstruosidad asociada a la tecnología desde los métodos mecánicos del Estado y/o los métodos bioinformáticos del mercado". Los resultados exponen un territorio que inicia desde el cuerpo, como un espacio biopolítico y bioeconómico de confrontación. Lo anterior es analizado a través de las metáforas del vaquero-romántico, la devoradora-de-Hombres, la tierra-del-futuro y el vaquero-post-orgánico, exponiendo un pensamiento nómada con un espíritu de resistencia intelectual y de emancipación histórica. Se concluye que el carácter semiológico de la vida cotidiana con la tecnología permite el empoderamiento, la visibilización y la reconfiguración político-económica del territorio.
ABSTRACT In order to understand the dynamics in which the territory is thought of and interfered with, to lead to the displacement and dispossession of the population by armed or administrative means, 87 interviews with social leaders between 2019-2021 were carried out to allow for a historical analysis of processes associated with the occupation of lands in the department of Meta, under the Monster-Monstrosity relationship associated with technology from the mechanical methods of the State and / or the bioinformatics methods of the market. The results expose a territory that begins in the body, as a biopolitical and bioeconomic space of confrontation. The above is analyzed through the metaphors of the romantic cowboy, the man-eater, the land-of-the-future, and the post-organic cowboy, exposing a nomadic thought with a spirit of intellectual resistance and historical emancipation. It is concluded that the semiological character of daily life with technology allows for the empowerment, the visibility, and the political-economic reconfiguration of the territory