Superoxide Dismutase Expression in the Ovaries of Periodontitis Animal Models Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treated with Cassava Leaves Extract

@#The ovaries represent the female reproductive organs that determine the women's fertility status and their systemic and oral health, correlating to sex steroid hormone alteration. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cassava leaves extract treatment to SOD expression in the animal model-ovaries after Porphyromonas gingivalis injection. 15 female Sprague Dawley rats were used and divided into five groups: (1) control without cassava leaves extract treatment (C); (2) P. gingivalis without cassava leaves extract treatment (T1); (3) P. gingivalis and cassava leaves extract (T2); (4) P. gingivalis and vitamin C (T3); and (5) P. gingivalis and metronidazole (T4). Animal were euthanised at day seven after the initial treatment to collect ovaries. The ovaries sections were immunohistochemically stained to quantify SOD expression using light microscope while the Image J software was used to quantify the SOD expression. The results showed that all of the follicle types had the same intensity of SOD expression. Most of the follicles exhibited low intensity of SOD expression, except for atretic follicles. In conclusion, P. gingivalis and cassava leaves extract influenced SOD expression in the ovaries of animal models, which increased the SOD expression.

Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats as measured by non-targeted metabolomics / 药学学报

Metabolomics based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to study the initiation and development of diabetes in rats, and the ability of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) to ameliorate this pathology. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were randomly divided into a normal control group treated with drug-free solution (NC), a normal control group treated with GBE (N-GBE), a DM group treated with drug-free solution (DM), and a DM group treated with GBE (D-GBE); rats were maintained on this protocol for 9 weeks. Rat plasma was collected from the sixth week to the ninth week and then analyzed with LC-MS. Animal experimentation was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Xuzhou Medical University. Twelve plasma metabolites with continuous differentiation were monitored to indicate dysfunction of metabolic pathways including fatty acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, bile acid metabolism, and purine metabolism to confirm the occurrence and development of DM. Treatment with GBE partially reversed the changes seen in five metabolites in DM rats, indicating that GBE could prevent the occurrence and development of DM by acting on fatty acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Critical quality attribute assessment of big brand traditional Chinese medicine: quality control method of ginkgo leaves extract material based on powder physical properties / 中国中药杂志

The physical properties of ginkgo leaves extract(GLE) are the critical quality attributes for the control of the manufacturing process of ginkgo leaves preparations. In this study, 53 batches of GLE with different sources from the real world were used as the objects to carry out the research from 3 levels. First, based on micromeritics evaluation method, a total of 29 physical attribute quality parameters in five dimensions were comprehensively characterized, with a total of 1 537 data points. Further, with use of physical fingerprinting technology combined with similarity evaluation, the powder physical properties of 53 batches of GLE showed obvious differences from an overall perspective, and the similarity of the physical fingerprints was 0.876 to 1.000. Secondly, hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) and principal component analysis(PCA) models were constructed to realize the reliable identification and differentiation of real-world materials produced by GLE from different sources. Multivariate statistical process control(MSPC) model was used to create GLE material Hotelling T~2 and squared prediction error(SPE) control charts. It was found that the SPE score of B_(21) powder exceeded the 99% confidence control limit by 22.495 9, and the SPE scores of A_1 and C_(10) powder exceeded the 95% confidence control limit by 16.099 2, realizing the determination of abnormal samples in the materials of GLE from the production in real world. Finally, the physical quality control method of GLE in the production process of ginkgo leaves preparations was established in this study, providing a reference for the quality control methods of ginkgo leaves preparations in their manufacturing process.

In vitro evaluation of an antibacterial effect of rose leaves and petals extract along with antibiotics on Escherichia coli

Background: Today Herbal medicine are commonly used because of their easy availability and affordability. It is more closely corresponds to the patient’s belief, concerns about the adverse effects of chemical (synthetic) medicines, persuade a desire for more personalized health care, and allows significant public access to health information. The major use of herbal medicines is for health promotion and treatment for chronic, as opposed to life-threatening, conditions. Usage of traditional remedies increases when conventional medicine is less effective in the treatment of disease, such as in advanced cancer and in the face of new infectious diseases. The hibiscus Rosa sinensis plant extract have multiple organic component like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids which are known to have antibacterial activity against E. coli, P aeruginosa, Salmonella species. Phytotherapy is considered to be less toxic and minimal or no side effects in comparison to modern allopathic medicines. Therefore, in today’s scenario there has been reappearance of interest developed in herbal medicine. Therefore, the study was planned to look for antibacterial activity of extract of petals and leaves of hibiscus Rosa sinensis against.Methods: Escherichia coli isolated from different clinical samples along with resistant antibiotics. All resistant isolates were tested along with hibiscus Rosa sinensis extract both leaves and petals ex-tract with resistant antibiotics.Results: We found that out of total 51, 35 (68.63%) were resistant E. coli isolates to different antibiotics and 85.72% were from urine samples. Enhancement effect in zone size with many resistant antibiotics was seen individually with both extracts. Antibiotics like ampicillin, cefotaxime, cotrimaxazole, cefuroxime, piperacillin, gentamycin showed more enhancement with rose petal extract than leaves. While antibiotic like levofloxacin (5%) showed enhancement only with leaves extract and not with the petals extract.Conclusions: It was found that Rose petal extract showed more antibacterial activity along with the antibiotics as compare to Rose leaves extract.

Phytochemical Identification And Antioxidant Activity Of Passiflora Foetida Fruits And Leaves Extracts: A Comparative Study

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Passiflora foetida fruits and leaves extract. Methods: The parameters observed in this study were phytochemical compounds including alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic, sterol, triterpenoid, saponin, tannin, and cardiac glycoside, total phenolic content Folin Ciocalteu method is based on reduction of Folin Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline medium; the metal complex produced measured at λmax: 760 nm; total flavonoids content with AlCl3 Colorimetric method based on complex formation of AlCl3 and flavonoid content in alkaline medium, the AlCl3-flavonoid complex produced measured at λmax: 510 nm; free radical DPPH scavenging activity; and ferric reducing power based on reduction of Fe3+ion into Fe2+ion that reacted with FeCl3 to form a ferric-ferrous complex that measured at λmax: 700 nm. Results: Passiflora leaves extract has phytochemical compound such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and cardiac glycosides, total phenol was 22.92±0.18 mg GAE/g sample dry base, total flavonoid was 7.01±0.10 mg CE/g sample dry base, DPPH scavenging activity was 2.77±0.02 mg GAE/g sample dry base and ferric reducing power was 3.20±0.04 mg GAE/g sample dry base meanwhile Passiflora fruits extract had phytochemical compounds such as alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, total phenol was 6.53±1.02 mg GAE/g sample dry base, total flavonoids were 1.56±0.27 mg CE/g sample dry base, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.00±0.15 mg GAE/g sample dry base, and ferric reducing power was 1.12±0.17 mg GAE/g sample dry base. Conclusion: Passiflora leaves extract has higher total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity measured by DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing power value compared with Passiflora fruits extract.

Olive Leaves Extract Alleviate Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetic Male Rats: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Protein Glycation

Diabetes (DM) is one of the top five causes of death worldwide. Controlling glucose level is vital for protectingthe complications and improving the diabetics’ health. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leave extract (OLE) containsbiologically active antioxidant phenolic compounds. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of OLEon oxidative status and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in DM rats. Male Wister rats (n=40, 200 ± 20g) were divided into Group (1); Control rats and Groups (2-5); DM rats were intraperitoneal(i.p.) injected withSTZ (65 mg/kg), only DM rats (fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dl) were randomly classified into DM , DM+metformin (MT) (600 mg/kg) as reference drug, DM+OLE (200 mg/kg), and DM+OLE (400 mg/kg) groups. Atthe end of the experiment (6 weeks), blood and kidney samples were collected for biochemical andhistopathological studies. Serum glucose, renal functions (creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)),electrolyte ions (sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)), as well as renal oxidative statusbiomarkers (nitric oxide(NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and AGEs) were determined. The results revealedthat there were significant increases in glucose, Cr, BUN, and K+ with a significant decrease in Na+ levels, aswell as significant decrease in renal oxidative stress and elevated AGEs levels compared to the control rats.Although MT treatment was more effective than OLE (400 mg/kg) in reducing glucose level, while OLEtreatment was more effective than MT in reducing oxidative stress and AGEs levels. Oral administration of OLE(400 mg/kg) showed significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects as well as improved renal functions andinhibited AGEs levels compared to the DM rats. Also overcome most of the renal histopathological changesinduced by DM. Therefore, co-administration of MT and OLE is recommended in preventing DM complications

Possible protective effect of olive leaves extract on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats / Possível efeito protetor do extrato de folhas de oliveira na hepatotoxicidade induzida por paracetamol em ratos albinos machos

Paracetamol (PCM) overdose can cause hepatotoxicity with oxidative stress; the present study was carried out to establish the possible protective effect of olive leaves extract (OLE) on toxicity induced by paracetamol in adult male rats. Twenty four adult male rats were divided into four equal groups; control, olive leaves extract group, paracetamol group and olive leaves extract plus paracetamol group. Some biochemical parameters and liver histopathology were evaluated. PCM treatment significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine and alpha-fetoprotein. Paracetamol was found to significantly increase malonaldehyde (MDA) and decrease glutathione reductase (GR) activity in tissue and significantly decrease total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum. Administration of OLE caused a significant decrease serum AST, ALT enzyme, total bilirubin, GGT, LDH, creatinine, urea, alpha-fetoprotein. Also, amelioration of oxidant ­ antioxidant status with olive leaves extract was observed in addition to a significant decrease in MDA and a significant increase in TAC in liver tissue with a significant increase in glutathione reductase (GR) and SOD in serum compared to paracetamol treated group The chemical pathological changes were in step with histopathological observation suggesting marked hepatoprotective result of olive leaves extract. It could be concluded that olive leaves extract (OLE) treatment may be effective in decreasing hepatic injury and oxidative stress induced by paracetamol overdose in male albino rats

A sobredosagem de paracetamol (PCM) pode causar hepatotoxicidade com estresse oxidativo; o presente estudo foi realizado para estabelecer o possível efeito protetor do extrato de folhas de oliveira (OLE) na toxicidade induzida pelo paracetamol em ratos machos adultos. Vinte e quatro ratos machos adultos foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais: controle, grupo extrato de folhas de oliveira, grupo paracetamol e extrato de folhas de oliveira mais grupo paracetamol. Alguns parâmetros bioquímicos e histopatologia hepática foram avaliados. O tratamento com PCM aumentou significativamente aspartato aminotransferase sérica (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), bilirrubina total, gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), uréia, creatinina e alfa-fetoproteína. Verificou-se que o paracetamol aumenta significativamente o malonaldeído (MDA) e diminui a atividade da glutationa redutase (GR) no tecido e diminui significativamente a capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) e a superóxido dismutase (SOD) no soro. A administração de OLE causou uma diminuição significativa de AST, enzima ALT, bilirrubina total, GGT, LDH, creatinina, uréia, alfa-fetoproteína. Também foi observada melhora do status oxidante - antioxidante com extrato de folhas de oliveira, além de uma diminuição significativa no MDA e um aumento significativo no TAC no tecido hepático, com um aumento significativo na glutationa redutase (GR) e SOD no soro em comparação ao grupo tratado com paracetamol. As alterações patológicas químicas acompanharam a observação histopatológica, sugerindo resultado hepatoprotetor acentuado do extrato de folhas de oliveira. Pode-se concluir que o tratamento com extrato de folhas de oliveira (OLE) pode ser eficaz na diminuição da lesão hepática e do estresse oxidativo induzido pela overdose de paracetamol em ratos albinos machos

Analysis of the Expression of Macrophage among Periodontitis Rat Model after Treatment with Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. Leaves Extract Gel

@#Introduction: Aggressive periodontitis has the characteristics of rapid loss of periodontal tissue and bone destruction resulting in tooth loss. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. is widely used as herbal medicine in Indonesia. The flavonoid content in Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. is known to have a role as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant. This research aimed to analyze the role of Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel on the amount of macrophages as an inflammatory indicator on periodontal tissue of Wistar rats with periodontitis. Methods: Periodontitis was produced in Wistar rats by induced of 2 ml 109 CFU A. actinomycetemcomitans at gingival sulcus of the upper right second molar, afterward were treated with 7.5%, 15%, and 30% Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel for 3 days. Gingival tissues were removed for Hematoxylin Eosin staining for histopathological analysis and measurement of the number of macrophages. Results: Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel at concentrations of 7.5%, 15%, and 30% could significantly decrease the number of macrophages, but only group with a concentration of 15 and 30% can reduce the number of macrophages to reach an amount equivalent to the level in the negative control group. A concentration of 30% extract gel could reduce the number of macrophage cells more than the other two treatment groups. Conclusion: The concentration of 30% Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff. extract gel was the most effective concentration in decreasing the amount of macrophages.

Assessment of Morus alba (mulberry) leaves extract for anti-psychotic effect in rats

Background: Morus alba commonly known as white mulberry has been widely cultivated to feed silkworms. This widely grown plant has been in use by tribals of this country for ailments such as asthma, cough, bronchitis, edema, insomnia, wound healing, diabetes, influenza, eye infections and nose bleeds. Various parts of morus alba linn are used as an cardioprotective, hepatoprotective anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, free radical scavenging activity and neuro-protective agent. In this study, anti-psychotic property of M. alba leaves extract (MAE) was evaluated by Haloperidol induced catalepsy model in rats.Methods: In this study Haloperidol induced catalepsy model was used to evaluate antipsychotic effects in rats. Haloperidol (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to rats (n=6) pretreated with vehicle (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or MAE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p).Results: In control treated animals, haloperidol produced the maximum catalepsy at 90 min 212.66 ±10.23. In animals treated with MAE at dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly potentiated haloperidol induced catalepsy at each time interval, in a dose dependent manner. At dose 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, animals treated with MAE showed maximum cataleptic score of 228.33±12.29, 265.66±7.33 and 274.16±8.86 respectively at 120 min (p<0.001).Conclusions: Results indicate that the MAE have anti-psychotic effects in haloperidol induced catalepsy model in rats.

Assessment of Morus alba (Mulberry) leaves extract for anti-convulsant property in rats

Background: The mulberry tree, a plant of the family Moraceae and the genus Morus, has been widely cultivated to feed silkworms. Various parts of Morus alba linn used as an Anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, free radical scavenging activity and neuroprotective agent. The plant contains flavonoids, moranoline, albanol, morusin coumarine, and stilbene, which have. In this study, anticonvulsant property of Morus alba leaves extract (MAE) was evaluated by using MES and PTZ induced convulsion in rats.Methods: Effects of MAE were evaluated in experimental models of electro convulsions, maximal electro shock (MES) and chemoconvulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in rats (n=6), which were treated intraperitonially with doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg.Results: The duration of tonic hind limb extension (seconds) with MAE in MES induced convulsions at dose of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg is 8.33�21, 6.83�16 & 3.16�98 respectively. In the dose of 400 mg/kg of MAE showed highly significant results by reducing the duration of tonic hind limb extension in MES induced convulsions. And onset of jerky movements (seconds) with MAE in PTZ induced convulsions at dose of 100, 200, 400mg/kg is 157.83�99, 195.66�.02 and 295.50�.10 respectively. In the dose of 400mg/kg of MAE showed highly significant results by delaying the onset of convulsions.Conclusions: Results indicate that the MAE have anticonvulsant effects in MES induced convulsions and in PTZ induced convulsions.

Antioxidant Activity of Oral Administration of Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaves Extract on Rat's Hippocampus which Exposed to 6-Hydroxydopamine

Carnosic acid, a diterpene of Rosemarinus officinalis leaves extract (RE), has potent antioxidant activity in vitro. The dopaminergic connection of substantia nigra pars compacta to the hippocampus might be affected by oxidative stress which caused cognitive impairment observed in the early phase of Parkinson's disease (PD). Adult male Wistar rats were lesioned bilaterally by intra-nigral injection of 6-OHDA, and divided into six groups: four groups that orally given RE containing 40% of carnosic acid, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg (treated rats) and distilled water (H2O), once daily for a period of 14 days before and after the injury. There were also two another groups as control rats which injected by normal saline and untreated lesion group. The injured animals were evaluated for their spatial memory performance by Morris Water Maze test. Lesioned rats showed significant increase in escape latency, as compared with control group. Two weeks after injury, tissue samples were collected from the hippocampus. Levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. There were significant increase of SOD, GPX and CAT enzymes activities in RE50 treated group as compared to lesioned rats. We found a significant decrease of ROS in RE50 treated group as compared to Lesioned rats. These findings provide evidence that 50 mg/kg of RE decreased oxidative damage of the hippocampus induced by 6-OHDA and serve as potential candidate for the treatment of PD.

Antihypertensive Activity and Phytochemicals Analysis of Chassalia curviflora Extracts.

The objectives of this study are to determine the antihypertensive activities of leaves and flower of Chassalia curviflora and compare the potential between two different extraction methods which are hot water and methanol extract. The biuret protein assay was conducted to determine the protein protein concentration in samples. The phytochemical in leaves and flower extracts of C. curviflora were analyzed by using GC-MS. The result of protein concentration in C. curviflora flower was higher compared to leaves extract of 0.6648 mg/ml and 0.5431 mg/ml, respectively. The hot water extract of C. curviflora flower showed the highest antihypertensive activity with the percentage of ACE inhibitory activity of 95.50 ± 0.06% with IC50 value of 3.71 μg/ml. The 10 highest peak area (%) of phytochemical in all samples were: bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (34.64 %), Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl- (31.14 %), (Phenylthio)acetic acid, 1-adamantylmethyl ester (30.90 %), Hexanedioic acid, Cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- (18.357 %), Oleic Acid (16.56 %), n-Hexadecanoic acid (15.23 % and 14.15 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6- methyl- (16.43 % and 12.98 %) and Trichloromethane (11.03 %). In conclusion, both of leaves and flower of C. curviflora have a potential as antihypertensive agent.

Antipyretic activity of platycladus orieantalis leaves extract.

Antipyretic effect of ethanolic extract of the leaf of Platycladus orieantalis was investigated. Intraperitoneal administration of boiled milk at a dose 0.5 ml/kg body weight in albino rabbit leads to pyrexia. Intraperitoneal (i. p. route) administration of ethanolic extract of the leaf of Platycladus Orieantalis at a dose 80 mg/kg body weight were shown significantly reduce the elevated body temperature of rabbit which was compared with standard aspirin (market product) and solvent used.

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON VAGINAL MUCOUS MEMBRANE TREATED WITH PEACH LEAVES EXTRACT IN RABBITS / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

The light-microscopical and electronmicroscopical observation on vaginal mucosa of rabbits treated with a 10% peach leaves extract was made. The results showed that the spuamous epithelium of vaginal mucosa was clearly observed in every layer by light microscope and that the cellular fine structure of every layer did not find any changes both in the experimental and the control group by electron microscope. Therefore, this suggests that this agent has no abnormal stimulating effect on vaginal mucosa of rabbits. It is safe for the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis with the peach leaves extract.