Incorporación de las altas dosis de antraciclina en el tratamiento de la leucemia mieloide aguda del adulto / Incorporation of the high dose of anthracycline in the treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia

Introducción: La leucemia mieloide aguda representa el 80 por ciento de las leucemias agudas entre los adultos; el tratamiento de inducción a la remisión, para los pacientes menores de 60 años, está basado en la combinación de antraciclinas y arabinósido de citosina. Objetivo: incorporar las altas dosis de antraciclinas al tratamiento de inducción de la leucemia mieloide aguda no promielocítica en pacientes adultos menores de 60 años. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental en 41 pacientes con este diagnóstico, atendidos en el servicio de Adultos del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología, desde septiembre del 2013 hasta diciembre del 2016. A todos los pacientes se les realizó estudios morfológicos, inmunológicos, citogenéticos y moleculares al inicio de la enfermedad y ecocardiografía para determinar la fracción de eyección y de acortamiento del ventrículo izquierdo al año de finalizado el tratamiento, para determinar la cardiotoxicidad por el uso de las altas dosis de antraciclinas. Resultados: La distribución por edad fue mayor en el grupo de 46 a 52 años representado por el 26,8 por ciento de los casos y predominó el sexo masculino 60,9 por ciento. En el 85 por ciento de los casos la enfermedad apareció de novo. Según los criterios morfológicos de la clasificación Franco Británico Americana el 31,7 por ciento correspondió a la variante M1, en estrecha relación con las determinaciones por citometría de flujo, para esta variedad. Los genes más comúnmente involucrados fueron el NPM1 y el AML/ETO, para el 24 por ciento y 22 por ciento, respectivamente. El 56,1 por ciento de los pacientes alcanzó la remisión hematológica con un solo ciclo de tratamiento y el 14,6 por ciento, necesitó realizar un segundo esquema de inducción. No se reportaron eventos de cardiotoxocidad por antraciclina durante el tratamiento, ni al año de culminado este. Conclusiones: Con el uso de las altas dosis de antraciclina se lograron remisiones hematológicas, sin toxicidad cardiovascular demostrada(AU)

Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia represents 80 percent of acute leukemias among adults; the induction treatment to obtain remission in patients under 60 years old is based on the combination of anthracyclines and cytosine arabinoside. Objective: to incorporate the high doses of anthracyclines to the treatment of induction of non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia in adult patients under 60 years of age. Method: We conducted a quasi-experimental study in 41 patients with this diagnosis, at the adult clinic service of the Institute of Hematology and Immunology, from september 2013 to december 2016. Morphological, immunological, cytogenetic and molecular studies were carried out at the beginning of the disease and also echocardiography was performed to determine the ejection fraction and shortening of the left ventricle a year after the end of treatment, to determine cardiotoxicity due to the use of high doses of anthracyclines. Results: The distribution by age was higher in the group of 46 to 52 years represented by 26.8 percent of the cases and the male sex predominated 60.9 percent. In 85 percent of the cases the disease appeared de novo. According to the morphological criteria of the French American British classification, 31.7 percent corresponded to the M1 variant, in close relation with the determinations by flow cytometry, for this variety. The genes most commonly involved were NPM1 and AML / ETO, for 24 percent and 22 percent respectively. 56.1 percent of patients achieved hematological remission with a single treatment cycle and 14.6 percent of patients needed a second induction scheme. No anthracycline cardiotoxicity events were reported during the treatment, nor a year after the treatment, in the patients evaluated. Conclusions: With the use of high doses of anthracycline, have been hematological remissions, without demonstrated cardiovascular toxicity(AU)

Leucemia mielóide aguda: o olhar dos anos 2000 no Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-RS / Acute myeloid leukemia from the year 2000 point of view Hematology Service - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre-RS

A leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) representa uma preocupação para os especialistas, porque perfaz um percentual alto das leucemias no adulto e o sucesso terapêutico ainda é insatisfatório. A partir do ano 2000, o Serviço de Hematologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre definiu estratégias para diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento das LMAs, de acordo com o subtipo FAB, idade, citogenética e performance status (ECOG). Todos os casos de LMA "de novo"não promielocítica, em adultos (15 a 65 anos) foram acompanhados prospectivamente, desde outubro de 2001, data da implantação do protocolo c,ompreendendo três fases de tratamento: indução com o tradicional "7+3", citarabina 100 mg/m²/dia em infusão contínua em 7d, e daunorrubicina 60 mg/m²/dia em 3d e citarabina intratecal no D1 nas LMA M4 e M5. Após a recuperação medular, segue a consolidação idêntica à indução e posteriormente a intensificação com dois ou três ciclos de altas doses de citarabina 6 g/m²/dia por três dias. Foram diagnosticados, entre outubro/01 e dezembro/05, 69 pacientes portadores de LMA e destes, 39 com LMA "de novo"e idade entre 15 e 65 anos. Neste grupo foram analisadas a taxa de remissão, a taxa de recaída, a refratariedade e o tempo de sobrevida global. No final da observação foram encontrados: a taxa de indução de remissão 75 por cento; aconteceram 12 (40 por cento) recaídas, 7 (19 por cento) foram refratários ao tratamento. A sobrevida global foi 37 por cento em 56 meses, representando um incremento aos resultados obtidos no Serviço na década passada.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still a concern for hematologists as it represents a significant percentage of adult leukemias and the therapeutic success rates are unsatisfactory. In 2000, the Hematology Department of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre defined strategies for the diagnosis, treatment and follow up of AML patients according to the FAB subtype classification, age, cytogenetic tests and performance status (ECOG). Patients with promyelocytic leukemia are treated using the AIDA (GIMEMA) protocol with those older than 65 years receiving palliative therapy using hydroxyurea, oral etoposide, thalidomide, subcutaneous cytarabine or an association of drugs. Since October 2001 all our "de novo"AML patients aged 15 to 65 years with non-promyelocytic acute leukemia were prospectively followed up. At diagnosis we start a three phase treatment protocol: induction with a classical "7+3"therapy regimen, that is continuous infusion of 100 mg/m²/day cytarabine for 7 days, 60 mg/m²/day daunorubicin for 3 days and on day 1 an intrathecal cytarabine in AML M4 and M5 cases. After bone marrow recovery, if complete remission is achieved, follow ups involve an identical "7+3"consolidation phase followed by two or three high dose cycles of 6 g/m²/day cytarabine for 3 days. A group of 39 patients diagnosed between October 2001 and December 2005 was followed up until June 2006. Our objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of the protocol for remission, relapse rates and overall survival. The rate of complete remission was 75 percent. Relapse occurred in 12/29 (40 percent) patients and the overall survival rate at 56 months was 37 percent, showing an improvement on our results of previous decades.