Scoping review of factors affecting Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination outcomes

Aim@#This scoping review synthesized the existing literature on factors affecting Philippine nurse licensure examination (PNLE) outcomes.@*Background@#Studies about the nurse licensure examination in the Philippines had gained popularity in recent years. Various studies reported different factors affecting PNLE outcomes, since licensure examination is an interplay between individual, academic, institutional, and environmental factors. This review is the first study that synthesized the literature on factors affecting PNLE outcomes.@*Methods@#A scoping review of research articles published from 2000 to 2020 described the existing literature explaining the various factors affecting PNLE outcomes. The Preferred Reporting for Integrative Studies and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used to guide the study. Using the set inclusion criteria, 4,208 articles and gray literature were eligible for initial screening. A total of 29 studies were included in this review.@*Findings@#Majority of the PNLE studies were quantitative research, used correlation research designs, and were published between 2011 to 2020. The average PNLE first-time pass rate from 2014 to 2018 was 75 percent and overall passing rate improved from 39.2% in 2010 to 45% in 2016. First-time examinees and those who take the PNLE in November have increased odds of passing the examination. Wide variability in PNLE results were observed in the May/June PNLE. Intellectual ability, learning styles, and psychosocial behaviors impact individual PNLE outcomes. Academic performance in high school and nursing school, college admission test, nursing aptitude test, achievement exams, pre-board examinations, clinical nursing courses, English courses, and Microbiology and Parasitology are significant academic predictors of PNLE success. Institutional variables such as school size, type of school ownership, year of establishment, accreditation status, and faculty-student ratio are associated with PNLE outcomes. @*Conclusion@#Various individual, academic, and institutional factors influence PNLE outcomes. Identifying these factors is crucial in understanding the multidimensionality of variables that may impact PNLE performance. An insight into these factors may assist individual nursing students and graduates, as well as nursing schools, in developing strategies to increase their likelihood of passing and increasing the first-time pass rates in the PNLE.

Egresados de la licenciatura en enfermería: estudio de trayectorias escolares y laborales / Graduates of the nursing degree: a study of school and work trajectories

Introducción: el trabajo educativo de las universidades debe ser evaluado y un criterio aceptado es el seguimiento de egresados; por ello, es importante realizar investigaciones vinculadas con las trayectorias escolares y laborales. Objetivo: describir las trayectorias escolares y laborales de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con una muestra no probabilística de 203 egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Las variables de estudio fueron las trayectorias escolar y laboral. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 42 ítems, valorado con preguntas abiertas y escala Likert. Se consideraron las gene- raciones de egresados que concluyeron sus estudios en 2015 y 2016. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: el 93% eligió la carrera como primera opción, lograron una calificación final promedio de 87, el 73% refirió ser titulado, el 69% trabaja, el 51% es por interinato y el 52% desempeña un puesto de auxiliar de enfermería. Conclusiones: en general los resultados son satisfactorios, pero aún hay un número importante de egresados con trayectorias escolares (27%) y laborales (31%) rezagadas que se deben atender.

Introduction: The universities educational work must be evaluated, and an accepted criterion is the followup of graduates, therefore it is important to carry out research related to school and work trajectories. Objective: To describe the graduate's school and work trajectories of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Bachelor's degree in Nursing. Methods: Descriptive, crosssectional study, with a non-pro- babilistic sample of 203 graduates of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Nursing Degree. The study varia- bles were the school and work trajectories, resolved with descriptive statistics. A questionnaire consisting of 42 items was applied, assessed with open questions and a Likert scale. The generations of graduates who completed studies in 2015 and 2016 were considered. Results: 93% chose the career as the first option, they achie- ved an average final grade of 87, 73% refer to being titled. 69% work, 51% are temporary, 52% have a nursing assistant position. Conclusions: In general, the results are satisfactory, however, there is still a significant number of graduates with lagged school (27%) and work (31%) careers that must be attended to.

The academic and licensure examination performances of Bachelor of Science in Nursing graduates in a state college

@#The practice of safe and effective nursing care is what a Bachelor of Science in Nursing graduate can provide based on the established competencies of the curriculum. However, they need to be on the list of registered nurses before entry into practice. This study analyzed the academic and licensure examination performances of Bachelor of Science in Nursing graduates in a state college to ascertain relationships and predictors of the licensure examination as the basis for future planning. Descriptive-retrospective design was utilized where 208 graduates who took their licensure examination from 2013 to 2017 were conveniently chosen. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 22.0 was used where Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and Simple Regression Analysis were employed. The academic and nurse licensure performances of graduates were found lower than the ideal and are opposite in terms of skewness and kurtosis. Moreover, a strong positive relationship was noted between the graduates' performances in their academics and licensure examinations. 5 from 21 nursing courses are significant predictors with strong unique contributions to the nurse licensure examination at which 2 from the 5 were found common in all parts of the examination. Thus, it is vital to always look into predictors as basis in the modification of institutional policy on curriculum implementation.

Desenmascarando a los impostores: Los médicos profesionales y su lucha contra los falsos médicos en Perú / Unmasking impostors: Professional physicians and their struggle against fake doctors in Peru

RESUMEN La caracterización de sanadores no-titulados como "charlatanes" o "impostores" ha influido notablemente en cómo han sido percibidos por la opinión pública y en las investigaciones académicas. Se creó, entonces, una división entre los médicos profesionales y aquellos que adquirieron su conocimiento de modo tradicional y no-académico. Este artículo cuestiona la supuesta división entre dichos especialistas en el campo de la salud para ofrecer un cuadro más complejo y rico de prácticas locales a partir del caso peruano. A partir, sobre todo, de correspondencia de la Facultad de Medicina de Lima y de avisos en periódicos, reconstruimos la dinámica de las autoridades médicas en sus intentos, muchas veces infructuosos, de contener y excluir a sanadores de origen asiático, europeo o local. Para ello, estudiamos dos artefactos diseñados para legitimar y monitorear a los médicos formados profesionalmente: los títulos o diplomas y las listas de graduados, predecesores de nuestros modernos documentos de identidad y bases de datos.

ABSTRACT The characterization of non-professional healers as "quacks" or "impostors" has influenced much of how such actors have been perceived by public opinion and in academic research. As a result of this, a divide has emerged between professional physicians, on the one hand, and those who acquired their knowledge in a traditional and non-academic way, on the other. This work questions the alleged divide between these two groups in the health field in order to offer a more complex and richer picture of local practices in Peru. Based mainly on correspondence from the Faculty of Medicine in Lima and newspaper ads, we reconstructed the attempts made by medical authorities to contain and exclude healers of Asian, European, or local backgrounds, many of which failed. For this reason, we studied two specific devices designed to legitimate and monitor physicians trained professionally: degrees or diplomas and lists of graduates, both of which are predecessors to our current identification cards and databases.

A five-year trend analysis of the Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination (2014-2018)

Purpose@#This study analyzed the trend of the Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination (NLE) results from 2014 to 2018.@*Design@#A retrospective research design was used to describe the five-year trend in the NLE. It determined the association between NLE outcome (pass/fail) and the type of examinee (first time vs. repeat examinees) and timing (month) of taking the exam (May/June vs. November).@*Methods@#Trends in NLE results were examined to determine the pass and fail rates over five years as an indication of the quality of nursing education. Secondary data analysis was conducted after collecting publicly available NLE data. Odds ratios were estimated to express whether the odds of passing differ for the type of examinee and month of taking the NLE.@*Findings@#The overall pass rates indicated a decreasing trend over the past five years (47.5% to 41.3%). The first-time pass rates showed an increasing trend (70.6% to 77.3%) while the repeat pass rates revealed a decreasing trend (31.6% to 28.2%). The odds of passing the NLE among first-time examinees is 7.01 times the odds of passing the NLE compared to repeat examinees [OR = 7.01 (95% CI = 6.86, 7.12)]. The odds of passing the NLE in November is 1.32 times the odds of passing in May/June [OR = 1.32 (95% CI = 1.29, 1.34)].@*Conclusions@#Despite the increasing first-time pass rates, a large number of nursing graduates still fail the NLE, especially among the repeat-takers. The results of this study can be used to improve nursing programs by developing measures to increase the NLE passing performance through assisting at-risk first-time examinees prior to taking the NLE and developing programs to assist graduates who will retake the NLE.

Revalidación de títulos médicos extranjeros: eficacia y eficiencia de un examen colaborativo y estandarizado / A collaborative objective structured clinical examination for title revalidation by foreign medical graduates in Chile

Background: Title revalidation of foreign medical graduates to practice medicine in Chile is a complex and expensive process. According to the legislation they are required to approve the Unique National Exam of Medical Knowledge (EUNACOM), which has a theoretical and a practical section. Aim: To demonstrate that a collaborative and standardized examination of the practical section of EUNACOM is more effective and efficient than traditional practical examinations. Material and Methods: The faculties of Medicine of the Catholic University of Chile, University of Chile and University of Concepción were associated to implement an examination proposal, framed in the legislation. The EUNACOM board supported and funded the initiative which consisted in the implementation of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for each basic specialty of medicine, applied to 40 designated candidates. This format was selected because of the wide experience and evidence at the international level in the certification of medical professionals. Results: A collaborative and standardized OSCE reduces to less than half the time spent by examiners, providing more evidence of validity, reliability and objectivity. It also allows to visualize the real costs per applicant, which proved to be higher than those currently charged by EUNACOM, but comparatively lower than the examination used in the United States. Conclusions: A collaborative OSCE responds to the ethical principle of justice by being more valid, reliable, objective and cost efficient.

The Relevance between Biological Nursing Subjects and Registered Nurse Licensure Examination Workbook in Republic of Korea and the United States of America

PURPOSE: This is a descriptive study to investigate the relevance between biological nursing science subjects (structure and function of the human body (SFHB), mechanism and effects of drugs (MED), clinical microbiology) and examination workbook items for Registered Nurse Licensure Examination (RNLE) in Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States of America (USA). METHODS: RNLE 8 workbooks which were published by the Korean Nurses Association were utilized for analysis of Korean RNLE. Saunders comprehensive review for the NCLEX-RN® examination was used for analysis of US RNLE. The relevance between items in the standard syllabuses of biological nursing science subjects (SFHB, MED, clinical microbiology) and the RNLE items of these workbooks in ROK and the USA was analyzed. RESULTS: The relevance rates of ROK and the USA were 3.6% vs 0.4% in SFHB, 8.9% vs 23.0% in MED, and 4.5% vs 5.8% in clinical microbiology. CONCLUSION: In SFHB, the relevance of the RNLE in ROK was higher than that of the USA. However in MED the relevance of the RNLE in USA was higher than that of the ROK. Since medications are one of major tasks of nurses, it is necessary to increase the number of related items in the RNLE in ROK.

The Opinions of Some Dental Hygienists about Improvement of Korean Dental Hygiene Education / 치위생과학회지

This study's aim was to investigate their opinions to improve the educational system for dental hygienists on the basis of their duties as dental hygienists. The qualitative study was conducted among 19 dental hygienists at Daejeon, Korea from July to August 2016. Two researchers followed each subject for working hours in a day and recorded all the tasks and time to take for each task. After one day, the researchers met each subject and conducted face-to-face interviews to investigate the opinions about the dental hygiene curriculum and national board examination. The main duties recognized by more than half of the subjects were oral disease prevention including scaling and dental treatment assistance. The subjects' minority opinion about the main duties included radiography, impression taking, dental implant surgery assistance, orthodontic treatment, patient counseling, dental management and staff management, and oral health education. The most important tasks perceived by the subjects were prosthetic and implant impressions, scaling and implant surgery assistance. The subjects' minority opinion about the most important duties included patient counseling and making temporary crowns. The most difficult tasks answered by the subjects were prosthetic and implant impressions and dental implant surgery assistance. The subjects' minority opinion about it included patient counseling, scaling, and making temporary crowns. They mentioned that their curriculum in college was different from the actual work and the national board examination was not reflective of their real duties. We found out Korean dental hygienists had a lot of roles as dental assistants, dental business managers, and so on. We suggest that the law, curriculum and national board examination for dental hygienists should be revised to be able to reflect the reality of the clinical field.

Comparison of standard-setting methods for the Korean Radiological Technologist Licensing Examination: Angoff, Ebel, bookmark, and Hofstee / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the possible standard-setting methods for the Korean Radiological Technologist Licensing Examination, which has a fixed cut score, and to suggest the most appropriate method. METHODS: Six radiological technology professors set standards for 250 items on the Korean Radiological Technologist Licensing Examination administered in December 2016 using the Angoff, Ebel, bookmark, and Hofstee methods. RESULTS: With a maximum percentile score of 100, the cut score for the examination was 71.27 using the Angoff method, 62.2 using the Ebel method, 64.49 using the bookmark method, and 62 using the Hofstee method. Based on the Hofstee method, an acceptable cut score for the examination would be between 52.83 and 70, but the cut score was 71.27 using the Angoff method. CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that the best standard-setting method to determine the cut score would be a panel discussion with the modified Angoff or Ebel method, with verification of the rated results by the Hofstee method. Since no standard-setting method has yet been adopted for the Korean Radiological Technologist Licensing Examination, this study will be able to provide practical guidance for introducing a standard-setting process.

The relationship of examinees' individual characteristics and perceived acceptability of smart device-based testing to test scores on the practice test of the Korea Emergency Medicine Technician Licensing Examination / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: Smart device-based testing (SBT) is being introduced into the Republic of Korea’s high-stakes examination system, starting with the Korean Emergency Medicine Technician Licensing Examination (KEMTLE) in December 2017. In order to minimize the effects of variation in examinees’ environment on test scores, this study aimed to identify any associations of variables related to examinees’ individual characteristics and their perceived acceptability of SBT with their SBT practice test scores. METHODS: Of the 569 candidate students who took the KEMTLE on September 12, 2015, 560 responded to a survey questionnaire on the acceptability of SBT after the examination. The questionnaire addressed 8 individual characteristics and contained 2 satisfaction, 9 convenience, and 9 preference items. A comparative analysis according to individual variables was performed. Furthermore, a generalized linear model (GLM) analysis was conducted to identify the effects of individual characteristics and perceived acceptability of SBT on test scores. RESULTS: Among those who preferred SBT over paper-and-pencil testing, test scores were higher for male participants (mean± standard deviation [SD], 4.36± 0.72) than for female participants (mean± SD, 4.21± 0.73). According to the GLM, no variables evaluated— including gender and experience with computer-based testing, SBT, or using a tablet PC—showed a statistically significant relationship with the total score, scores on multimedia items, or scores on text items. CONCLUSION: Individual characteristics and perceived acceptability of SBT did not affect the SBT practice test scores of emergency medicine technician students in Korea. It should be possible to adopt SBT for the KEMTLE without interference from the variables examined in this study.

Implicações bioéticas para o licenciamento ambiental de grandes empreendimentos no Brasil / Bioethical implications in the environmental licensing of large enterprises in Brazil

Resumo O processo de licenciamento ambiental de refinarias de petróleo no Brasil tem sido criticado pela ausência do cuidado com relação aos efeitos decorrentes do empreendimento sobre a saúde. Por isso, este trabalho busca identificar ferramentas da bioética que contribuam para a proteção da saúde nesse processo. Amparado numa revisão integrativa da literatura científica e no método desconstrutivo proposto por Derrida, justifica-se a pertinência e legitimidade do uso da bioética para fundamentar a relação entre as consequências para a saúde dos indivíduos, populações e dos ecossistemas e a conflituosidade envolvida. Conclui-se que a bioética pode contribuir como ferramenta teórica e prática por meio da descrição, avaliação dos conflitos e dilemas morais envolvendo a licença para implantação de processos produtivos, servindo para processos de crítica, justificação e de estabelecimento de medidas moralmente aceitáveis para a proteção da saúde humana e dos demais seres vivos do ecossistema.

Abstract Brazilian oil refineries' environmental licensing process have been criticised for lack of healthcare aspects. Therefore, this paper aims to identify elements of bioethics that contribute to healthcare in this process. Based on an integrative review of scientific literature and on the deconstructive method proposed by Derrida, the relevance and legitimacy of bioethics to justify the relationship between morality and the consequences for individual's, populations's and ecosystems's health is justified. We conclude that bioethics may contribute as a theoretical and practical tool to solve conflicts by describing existing struggles and moral dilemmas, through processes of criticism and justification and the establishment of morally acceptable measures for the protection of humans and environmental health.

Attitudes to proposed assessment of pharmacy skills in Korean pharmacist licensure examination / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: The survey aimed to obtain opinions about a proposed implementation of pharmacy skills assessment in Korean pharmacist licensure examination (KPLE). METHODS: A 16-question survey was distributed electronically to 2,738 people including 570 pharmacy professors of 35 pharmacy schools, 550 preceptors from 865 practice sites and 1,618 students who graduated in 2015. The survey solicited responses concerning the adequacy of the current KPLE in assessing pharmacy knowledge/skills/attitudes, deficiencies of pharmacy skills testing in assessing the professional competencies necessary for pharmacists, plans for pharmacy skills tests in the current KPLE, and subject areas of pharmacy practice. RESULTS: A total of 466 surveys were returned. The current exam is not adequate for assessing skills and attitudes according to 42%–48% of respondents. Sixty percent felt that skills test is necessary to assess qualifications and professional competencies. Almost two-thirds of participants stated that testing should be implemented within 5 years. More than 60% agreed that candidates should be graduates and that written and skills test scores can be combined for pass-fail decisions. About 70% of respondents felt that the test should be less than 2 hours in duration. Over half of the respondents thought that the assessor should be a pharmacy faculty member with at least 5 years of clinical experience. Up to 70% stated that activities related to patient care were appropriate and practical for the scope of skills test. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy skills assessment was supported by the majority of respondents.

The job competency of radiological technologists in Korea based on specialists opinion and questionnaire survey / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: Although there are over 40,000 licensed radiological technologists (RTs) in Korea, job competency standards have yet to be defined. This study aims to clarify the job competency of Korean RTs. METHODS: A task force team of 11 professional RTs were recruited in order to analyze the job competency of domestic and international RTs. A draft for the job competency of Korean RTs was prepared. A survey was then conducted sampling RTs and the attitudes of their competencies were recorded from May 21 to July 30, 2016. RESULTS: We identified five modules of professionalism, patient management, health and safety, operation of equipment, and procedure management and 131 detailed job competencies for RTs in Korea. “Health and safety” had the highest average score and “professionalism” had the lowest average score for both job performance and importance. The content validity ratios for the 131 subcompetencies were mostly valid. CONCLUSION: Establishment of standard guidelines for RT job competency for multidisciplinary healthcare at medical institutions may be possible based on our results, which will help educators of RT training institutions to clarify their training and education.

Establishment of a dental license regulation authority is required in Korea: results of the Delphi technique / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: In addition to dental education, a system for the evaluation and management of dental licensing and certification is required to meet the growing societal demand for more competent dentists. In this study, the Delphi technique was used to gather opinions from a variety of professionals on the problems of and remedies for the dental license management system in Korea. METHODS: Delphi surveys were conducted from April 2016 to October 2016 in South Korea. A variety of dental professionals were included and categorized into 3 groups according to their expertise as follows: the basic dentistry group, the clinical dentistry group, and the policy group. The Delphi technique was conducted in 3 rounds of e-mail surveys, each with different questions that probed with increasing depth on the dental license management system. In each successive round, the responses were categorized, scored on a Likert scale, and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: After categorizing the results of the first survey and ranking the results of the second survey using the Delphi technique, regulation by a licensing authority was found to be the most critical issue. This was followed by the license renewal system, continuing education, a tiered licensure system, improvement of foreign license approval, and utilization of retirees, in decreasing order of importance. The third Delphi survey showed a similar ranking, with regulation by a licensing authority being the major concern. Opinions regarding the dental license management system were provided as open-ended responses. The responses of the 3 groups showed statistically significant differences in the scores for the issue of regulation by a licensing authority. After re-grouping into the dentistry group and the policy group, the issue received a significantly higher score in the dentistry group. CONCLUSION: The quality of dental treatment should be managed to protect patients and dental professionals. For this purpose, the establishment of an independent license regulation authority along with legislative changes is required.

Overview and current management of computerized adaptive testing in licensing/certification examinations / 보건의료교육평가

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) has been implemented in high-stakes examinations such as the National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurses in the United States since 1994. Subsequently, the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians in the United States adopted CAT for certifying emergency medical technicians in 2007. This was done with the goal of introducing the implementation of CAT for medical health licensing examinations. Most implementations of CAT are based on item response theory, which hypothesizes that both the examinee and items have their own characteristics that do not change. There are 5 steps for implementing CAT: first, determining whether the CAT approach is feasible for a given testing program; second, establishing an item bank; third, pretesting, calibrating, and linking item parameters via statistical analysis; fourth, determining the specification for the final CAT related to the 5 components of the CAT algorithm; and finally, deploying the final CAT after specifying all the necessary components. The 5 components of the CAT algorithm are as follows: item bank, starting item, item selection rule, scoring procedure, and termination criterion. CAT management includes content balancing, item analysis, item scoring, standard setting, practice analysis, and item bank updates. Remaining issues include the cost of constructing CAT platforms and deploying the computer technology required to build an item bank. In conclusion, in order to ensure more accurate estimations of examinees' ability, CAT may be a good option for national licensing examinations. Measurement theory can support its implementation for high-stakes examinations.

Perception survey on the introduction of clinical performance examination as part of the national nursing licensing examination in Korea / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze opinions about the action plan for implementation of clinical performance exam as part of the national nursing licensing examination and presents the expected effects of the performance exam and aspects to consider regarding its implementation. METHODS: This study used a mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected by a questionnaire survey, while qualitative data were collected by focus group interviews with experts. The survey targeted 200 nursing professors and clinical nurses with more than 5 years of work experience, and the focus group interviews were conducted with 28 of professors, clinical instructors, and nurses at hospitals. RESULTS: First, nursing professors and clinical specialists agreed that the current written tests have limitations in evaluating examinees' ability, and that the introduction of a clinical performance exam will yield positive results. Clinical performance exam is necessary to evaluate and improve nurses' work ability, which means that the implementation of a performance exam is advisable if its credibility and validity can be verified. Second, most respondents chose direct performance exams using simulators or standardized patients as the most suitable format of the test. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the current national nursing licensing exam is somewhat limited in its ability to identify competent nurses. Thus, the time has come for us to seriously consider the introduction of a performance exam. The prerequisites for successfully implementing clinical performance exam as part of the national nursing licensing exam are a professional training process and forming a consortium to standardize practical training.

Usefulness of the DETECT program for assessing the internal structure of dimensionality in simulated data and results of the Korean nursing licensing examination / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: The dimensionality of examinations provides empirical evidence of the internal test structure underlying the responses to a set of items. In turn, the internal structure is an important piece of evidence of the validity of an examination. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the DETECT program and to use it to examine the internal structure of the Korean nursing licensing examination. METHODS: Non-parametric methods of dimensional testing, such as the DETECT program, have been proposed as ways of overcoming the limitations of traditional parametric methods. A non-parametric method (the DETECT program) was investigated using simulation data under several conditions and applied to the Korean nursing licensing examination. RESULTS: The DETECT program performed well in terms of determining the number of underlying dimensions under several different conditions in the simulated data. Further, the DETECT program correctly revealed the internal structure of the Korean nursing licensing examination, meaning that it detected the proper number of dimensions and appropriately clustered the items within each dimension. CONCLUSION: The DETECT program performed well in detecting the number of dimensions and in assigning items for each dimension. This result implies that the DETECT method can be useful for examining the internal structure of assessments, such as licensing examinations, that possess relatively many domains and content areas.

Estágio curricular supervisionado na formação de professores em educação física: uma análise da legislação a partir da resolução CFE nº 03/1987 / Supervised academic training for physical education teachers: an analysis of the legislation through resolution CFE nº 03/1987 / Práctica curricular supervisada en la formación de profesores en educación física: un análisis de la legislación a partir de la resolución CFE nº 03/1987

O Estágio Curricular Supervisionado (ECS) na formação de professores de Educação Física (EF), ao longo das últimas três décadas, vem passando por transformações no sentido de fortalecer essa etapa da formação inicial, buscando aproximação do acadêmico ao seu futuro campo profissional e ao cotidiano docente. Dessa forma, o objetivo da pesquisa foi, por meio de uma análise documental, apresentar e discutir as principais leis que sustentam e subsidiam o ECS na formação de professores de EF no Brasil, a partir da Resolução CFE n° 03/1987. No campo burocrático e documental, constataram-se avanços importantes que favoreceram a organização e estruturação do ECS como um momento fundamental no processo de ensino e aprendizagem na formação dos futuros professores de EF.

Throughout the last three decades, the Supervised Academic Training (ECS) for Physical Education teachers has been transformed to enhance this stage of initial training bringing scholars closer to their prospective professional field and to educational routine. In this context, the objective of this research was to develop a document analysis in order to present and discuss the major laws that support and subsidize the Supervised Academic Training for Physical Education teachers in Brazil, through Resolution CFE n° 03/1987. In the bureaucratic and documental fields we verified important advances favoring the organization and structuring of the ECS as a key point in the process of teaching and learning for the training of future Physical Education teachers.

La Práctica Curricular Supervisada (PCS) en la formación de profesores de Educación Física (EF), a lo largo de las últimas tres décadas, ha pasado por transformaciones en el sentido de fortalecer esta etapa de la formación inicial, aproximando el académico de su futuro campo profesional y del cotidiano docente. De esa manera, el objetivo de la investigación fue, por medio de un análisis documental, presentar y discutir las principales leyes que sostienen y subsidian la PCS en la formación de profesores de EF en el Brasil, a partir de la Resolución CFE n° 03/1987. En el campo burocrático y documental, se constataron avances importantes que favorecieron la organización y estructuración de la PCS como un momento fundamental en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la formación de los futuros profesores de EF.

Continuing education requirements among State Occupational Therapy Regulatory Boards in the United States of America / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the contents of each state's occupational therapy (OT) regulatory board requirements regarding licensees' acquisition of continuing education units in the United States of America. METHODS: Data related to continuing education requirements from each OT regulatory board of all 50 states and the District of Columbia in the United States were reviewed and categorized by two reviewers. Analysis was conducted based on the categorization of the continuing education requirements and activities required, allowed, and not allowed/not mentioned for continuing education units. RESULTS: Findings revealed non-uniformity and inconsistency of continuing education requirements for licensure renewal between OT regulatory boards and was coupled with lack of specific criteria for various continuing education activities. Continuing education requirements were not tailored to meet the needs of individual licensee's current and anticipated professional role and job responsibilities, with a negative bias towards presentation and publication allowed for continuing education units. Few boards mandated continuing education topics on ethics related to OT practice within each renewal cycle. CONCLUSION: OT regulatory boards should move towards unifying the reporting format of continuing education requirements across all states to reduce ambiguity and to ensure licensees are equipped to provide ethical and competent practice. Efforts could be made to enact continuing education requirements specific to the primary role of a particular licensee. Finally, assigning the amount of continuing education credits to be awarded for different activities should be based on research evidence rather than arbitrary determination.

Selectivity of physiotherapist programs in the United States does not differ by institutional funding source or research activity level / 보건의료교육평가

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare selectivity characteristics among institution characteristics to determine differences by institutional funding source (public vs. private) or research activity level (research vs. non-research). METHODS: This study included information provided by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) and the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Data were extracted from all students who graduated in 2011 from accredited physical therapy programs in the United States. The public and private designations of the institutions were extracted directly from the classifications from the 'CAPTE annual accreditation report,' and high and low research activity was determined based on Carnegie classifications. The institutions were classified into four groups: public/research intensive, public/non-research intensive, private/research intensive, and private/non-research intensive. Descriptive and comparison analyses with post hoc testing were performed to determine whether there were statistically significant differences among the four groups. RESULTS: Although there were statistically significant baseline grade point average differences among the four categorized groups, there were no significant differences in licensure pass rates or for any of the selectivity variables of interest. CONCLUSION: Selectivity characteristics did not differ by institutional funding source (public vs. private) or research activity level (research vs. non-research). This suggests that the concerns about reduced selectivity among physiotherapy programs, specifically the types that are experiencing the largest proliferation, appear less warranted.