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Objective To explore the method of distinguishing the degree of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage ( HIBD) in living mice in early stage, so as to lay a foundation for the follow-up study of the molecular mechanism of different degrees of HIBD. Methods The modified Rice-Vannucci method was used to duplicate the HIBD model of C57BL/6 J mice. On the 1 day and 3 days after the model, the scalp of mice were cut and the brain tissue were observed to distinguish between mild and severe lesions in living mice, and then 2,3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, laser speckle cerebral blood flow imaging, HE staining, Fluoro-Jade B ( FJB ) staining and body weight difference before and after operation were used to verify the reliability of observation in living mice. Results Through the gross observation of brain tissue in living mice, HIBD could be divided into mild injury (HI-M) group and severe injury (HI-S) group. On day 1 and day 3 after HIBD, a significant decrease in cerebral blood flow, obvious gray infarction and a large number of necrotic neurons were observed in the HI-S group, and the body weight was significantly lower than that before operation. In the HI-M group, the cerebral blood flow of the injured side decreased only on the 3rd day after HIBD, and the loose arrangement of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus of the injured side was observed morphologically. The body weight was lower than that before operation. Conclusion Gross observation of brain tissue by cutting the scalp is a reliable method to distinguish mild and severe brain injury in the early stage of HIBD in living mice.
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Objective:To construct the rat models of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea (MNU),and to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)in the noninvasive diagnosis of the bladder cancer model.Methods:Sixty femail SD rats were divided into experiment group (n=45)and control group (n=15).The rats experiment group were induced with MNU (2 mg per rat)by intravesical administration every other week,for 4 times.Meantime,the rats in control group were treated with normal saline (0.2 mL per rat)by intravesical administration.At the end of the 14th week,all rats were examined by MRI and the pathological changes of bladder tissue were detected.Results:In experiment group,43 rats were alived and 2 rats were died at the end of the 14th week;the survial rate was 95.6% and the death rate was 4.4%;the abnormal signals were found in each of 43 rats by MRI which manifested as bladder tumor, and the same results were identified by pathology;the tumor formation rate was 100%.In control group,14 rats were alived and 1 rat was died at the end of the 14th week;the survival rate was 93.3%,and the death rate was 6.7%;there was no abnormal signal in the MRI examination and no bladder cancer in the pathological examination;the tumor formation rate was 0.The tumor formation rates of bladder cancer of the rats in two groups had significant difference (P 0.05).Conclusion:The method to establish the rat models of orthotopic bladder cancer induced by MNU is simple and reliable;the results of MRI are consistent with the pathological results and MRI examination is a reliable diagnostic method concerning this model.
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Objective To explore treatment methods of donor kidney with single calculus in living renal transplantation and their effect.Methods The treatment experience of donor kidneys with unilateral renal calculus in living renal transplantation of 3 cases was summarized,which were diagnosed before operation.The kidney with renal calculus was excised as the donor kidney;ureteroscopic lithotomy was conducted in vitro,and then renal transplantation was performed by routine operation.Results There was no early complication such as delayed graft function and acute rejection in 3 recipients after operation.Three pairs of donors and recipients were followed up for 34,45 and 62 months respectively.The color Doppler ultrasound examination of urinary system after renal transplantation showed that,new renal calculus and urinary tract obstruction did not occur in donor's preserved kidneys and recipient's transplant kidneys.Renal function of all donors and recipients was good.Three donors were followed up until now,and no abnormal urine routine was discovered.One recipient developed IgA nephropathy,which was considered to be recurrent nephropathy and had nothing to do with renal calculus.Conclusions The donor kidney with single calculus in living renal transplantation can be treated effectively by ureteroscopic lithotomy in vitro after donor kidneys are excised.
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Informed consent is one of the basic ethical rules for living related kidney transplantation.Doctors have obligations of informing before kidney transplantation.The advantages and disadvantages of each treatment should be introduced to uremic patients and their relatives to let them know that kidney transplantation is not the only choice for treating uremia.Both donors and recipients of living kidney transplantation should be informed of the clinical effects,all kinds of complications and their risks,and the importance of treatment compliance after operation.Donors should be notified with the interests,complications and risks in period of donating operation and long-term after operation,and should be notified with the interests and risks in some special conditions for exchanging donation.Voluntary donation should fulfill that donators make the decision of donation under a fully understanding of the risks of living kidney transplantation and being fully assessed by themselves,and cheating,luring and sealing kidneys for economic interests are ruled out in making consent.Persons with incapability can not be donors even if they had made the consents of donation.In order to make sure that the decision of donation is made under the condition that living donors and recipients have known the fact thoroughly,ethics committee should inspect the "consent of kidney transplantation of living donation" and "consent of operation" offered to donors and recipients by hospital to make sure that donors and recipients have been fully notified with the current situation,clinical effects and possible complications of living kidney transplantation by doctors.This measure can make sure that donors and recipients make the decision based on knowing the fact thoroughly and sign the consent personally.
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Ethics -related issues are the main problems encountered in living- donor renal transplantation in China.The most important ethical problems are informed fact,voluntary decision and informed consent for donors and recipients.Three problems need to be determined including content and limitation of informed fact,judgment of intellectual ability of the donor and recipient sides,and voluntary consent. Flexible principles and countermeasures should be well employed in different and comphcated clinical cases.For example,people with intellectual or mental disability and minors are not permitted to be donor in order to protect their legal rights and benefits.To draw a conclusion,it's necessary to give ethical interfere,legal control and social supervision to living -donor renal transplantation.The key - point of social and ethical interfere is to enhance the sense of socio - ethical responsibility among medial staffs.Hospital ethics committee should play their expected role in clinical application.