Characteristics of newly reported HIV infection in Ningbo， Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the local human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection characteristics and influencing factors of newly reported HIV infected cases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients （AIDS） in Ningbo City from 2017 to 2020， and to provide scientific basis for local effective AIDS prevention and control measures. MethodsFrom January 1， 2017 to December 31， 2020， the newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Ningbo were recruited and face-to-face questionnaire was used to collect relevant information such as demography， behavior， infection route and infection location of research subjects. The data were processed and analyzed by EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 23.0 software. ResultsA total of 449 newly reported HIV/AIDS patients were recruited and 399 cases completed the survey. The survey subjects were mainly male （346， 86.7%）， unmarried （188， 47.1%），with local household registration （246， 61.6%）， with junior high school and lower education level （195， 48.9%）， and 25 to 44 years old （206， 51.6%）. The local HIV/AIDS infection rate was 68.4% （273/399）， among which the local HIV/AIDS infection rate of homosexual transmission was 74.9% （146/195）. Multivariate analysis showed that heterosexual transmission of HIV infection （OR=0.349，95%CI：0.201‒0.606）， using dating software to find local sexual partners （OR=2.133，95%CI：0.201‒0.606）， and received no AIDS education services before HIV confirmation （OR=1.914，95%CI：1.196‒3.063） were the influencing factors of local HIV/AIDS infection （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe newly reported HIV/AIDS in Ningbo mainly infects HIV locally， and the coverage of HIV/AIDS education is insufficient before HIV confirmation. A high proportion of local HIV/AIDS infections is found in people who find local sexual partners through dating software and who infected through homosexual transmission before HIV confirmation. It is necessary to strengthen local HIV/AIDS education and Internet intervention among MSM who seek sexual partners through dating software.

A local case with alveolar echinococcosis in Nanzhang County, Hubei Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

The diagnosis and treatment of a local case with alveolar echinococcosis was presented. Based on clinical data and epidemiological surveys, this is a rare, local case with alveolar echinococcosis in Nanzhang County, suggesting the possibility of local transmission of echinococcosis. The prevention, control and surveillance of echinococcosis requires to be reinforced in nonendemic areas.

Molecular traceability of the pathogen of the first local dengue infection outbreak in Hubei Province in 2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To identify the etiology of the first local dengue infection outbreak in Hubei Province in 2019, and to determine the serotype and genotype of the virus and trace its source. Methods Serum samples were collected from dengue fever cases in the acute phase. The IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)，and the serotype was determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. C6/36 cells were used to isolate virus and obtain virus E gene and complete genome sequence for systematic evolution analysis to trace the possible source of infection. Results The pathogen of the outbreak was identified as dengue serotype I infection，and five virus strains were isolated. Sequence analysis showed that the virus belonged to genotype I of dengue I, and had the highest homology with the strain isolated in Guangzhou, 2019. Conclusion The first local dengue infection outbreak in Hubei Province in 2019 was caused by genotype I of the type I dengue virus.

Characteristics and influencing factors of the newly diagnosed cases locally infected with HIV through sexual contact in Jinhua / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of the newly diagnosed cases locally infected with HIV through sexual contact in Jinhua,so as to provide reference for AIDS prevention and control.@*Methods@#An epidemiological survey was conducted among the HIV/AIDS cases diagnosed in 2017 in Jinhua to collect the information about demographic characteristics,local infection and sexual behaviors. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors for local HIV infection. @*Results@#A total of 438 HIV/AIDS cases infected through sexual contact were recruited,with 272（62.10%）cases infected in Jinhua. The proportion of local infection was 86.67%,79.47%,63.04%,69.09%,77.46% and 77.97%,respectively,among those people aged 60 years or over,permanent residents in Jinhua,employees / students,farmers,those who had lived in Jinhua for more than five years,and those who had a HIV testing in one year. The Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that heterosexual transmission cases who were permanent residents in Jinhua（OR=3.437,95%CI：1.250-9.451）,who had lived in Jinhua for more than five years（OR=3.609,95%CI：1.403-9.284）,who had commercial heterosexual behaviors in Jinhua（OR=5.463,95%CI：2.529-11.803）were more likely to be infected with HIV in Jinhua;homosexual transmission cases who were permanent residents in Jinhua（OR=4.812,95%CI：1.744-13.275）and who had non-commercial,temporary homosexual behaviors in Jinhua（OR=10.641,95%CI：4.369-25.916）were more likely to be infected with HIV in Jinhua. @* Conclusion@#Among the HIV/AIDS cases diagnosed in 2017 infected through sexual contact in Jinhua,having permanent residence,long-term residence,commercial heterosexual behaviors and non-commercial,temporary homosexual behaviors were risk factors for local infection.

Cuidados y generalidades sobre catéteres venosos centrales / Central venous catheters, care and generalities

Los catéteres venosos centrales (CVCs) están indicados en aquellos pacientes que necesitan infusiones múltiples de líquidos que no pueden administrarse por un acceso periférico, un catéter se inserta con la finalidad de obtener un acceso directo al sistema vascular central del paciente durante un periodo de tiempo. En la actualidad existen varios tipos de catéteres venosos que pueden ser de corta y larga duración, la valoración de necesidades reales y potenciales del paciente permitirá la elección del catéter adecuado. Se puede encontrar CVCs en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, unidades médico quirúrgicas, unidades de trasplantes y en programas de terapias ambulatorias. Su utilidad tanto para administración de fármacos y soluciones terapéuticas como para monitorización hemodinámica es obvia; sin embargo, el riesgo de producirse infección local o sistémica es muy alto y como tal representa un problema de salud muy importante para los hospitales. Dentro de este marco, el personal de enfermería tiene un papel importante en la prevención y control de las infecciones asociadas a catéter, por su directa implicación en el cuidado de los mismos desde su colocación hasta su retiro. Los resultados serán óptimos si se dispone de personal que conozca y cumpla el protocolo de colocación y manejo de CVCs.

The central venous catheters (CVCs) are indicated in those patients who need multiple infusions liquids that cannot be administered by a peripheral access, a catheter, it is inserted with the purpose of obtaining a direct access to the central vascular system of the patient during a period of relatively short time. At the present time several types of venous catheters exist that can be of short and releases duration, the valuation of real necessities and potential of the patient it will allow the election of the suitable catheter. We can find surgical CVCs in Units of Intensive Cares, units medical, units of transplants and in programs of ambulatory therapies. Its utility as much for administration of drugs and therapeutic solutions as for hemodinamic monitorizacion it is obvious nevertheless, the risk of taking place local or systemic as infections is very high since it represents a problem of very important health for the hospitals. Within this frame, the infirmary personnel plays a very important role in relation to the incidence of infections associated catheter by its direct implication in the care of such from its positioning to its retirement. The results will be optimal if it is had personnel who knows and fulfills the protocol of positioning and handling of CVCs of its hospitable unit.

Delayed Local Infection in Tibial Fracture Treated with Plate Fixation / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Plate fixation is being regarded as one of the reliahle fixation method in the management of tibial fractures. But this technique may leave many complications including infection. However, delayed local infection which developed several weeks after open reduction on the tibia has been rarely described as a complication in the literatures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contributing factors to the delayed locaI infection in tibial fracture treated with plate fixation. Authors reviewed and analyzed the 60 cases of tihial fracture that were treated with plate and screws from 1989 to 1996. Analyses dealt with fracture classification, laboratory and radiographic findings and the site of plate application. We defined a delayed local infection as a condition in which patient has infection signs on Jaboratory and physical examination at or over 8 week post-operation without any evidence of osteomyelitis on plain radiographs. We found 7 cases of delayed local infection out of 60 tibial fractures from 8 to 21 weeks postoperatively with an average of 14.1 weeks. All the 7 cases that had been treated with plate on medial aspect of tibia were treated by administration of antibiotics without surgery such as debridement or removal of hardwares. Authors concluded that the medial plating was the most important factor of the development of delayed local infection(Z=1.78).