RESUMEN
El bajo peso al nacer constituye una preocupación mundial, los programas diseñados para prevenirlo dependen de la identificación de gestantes susceptibles. Existe escasa evidencia en la literatura acerca del cuidado por parte del profesional de enfermería dirigido a mujeres con factores de riesgo de tener niños con bajo peso al nacer desde la Atención Primaria de Salud. No obstante, hay teorías y modelos conceptuales que pueden ser aplicados para guiar las intervenciones. La teoría de los sistemas de enfermería es la que asumen los autores de esta investigación por considerarla de gran utilidad en la Salud Pública, debido a que, en el ámbito de la responsabilidad personal por la salud, centrar el autocuidado en la iniciativa propia de quienes lo requieren, entendiéndolo como "la práctica de actividades que los propios individuos, inician y desarrollan en su propio beneficio, en la mantención de su vida, salud y bienestar". El objetivo de este artículo fue determinar la importancia de la aplicación de la teoría de los sistemas de enfermería, para el abordaje de intervenciones de enfermería en la prevención del bajo peso al nacer desde la Atención Primaria de Salud.Las conclusionesdan luces sobrelas mujeres con diagnóstico de riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional y condiciones de riesgo para tener hijos con bajo peso al nacer, en particular, deben incorporar a su vida diaria autocuidados que les permitan prevenir complicaciones. Las teorías ayudan a adquirir conocimientos que contribuyen a perfeccionar prácticas cotidianas mediante la descripción, explicación, predicción y control de los fenómenos; además facilita a los profesionales autonomía de acción como guía en aspectos prácticos, educativos y de investigación.
Low birth weight is a global concern; programs designed to prevent it depend on the identification of susceptible pregnant women. There is little evidence in the literature about care by the Nursing professional directed to women with risk factors of having children with low birth weight from Primary Health Care. However, there are theories and conceptual models that can be applied to guide interventions. The Theory of Nursing Systems is the one assumed by the authors of this research because they consider it very useful in Public Health, because in the field of personal responsibility for health, it focuses self-care on the initiative of those who they require it, understanding it as "the practice of activities that individuals themselves initiate and develop for their own benefit, in maintaining their life, health and well-being." The goal of this study was to determine the importance of the application of the theory of nursing systems, for the approach of nursing interventions in the prevention of low birth weight from Primary Health Care.The conclusions shed light on the women with a diagnosis of preconception reproductive risk and risk conditions for having children with low birth weight, in particular, should incorporate self-care into their daily lives that allow them to prevent complications. Theories help to acquire knowledge that helps to improve daily practices through the description, explanation, prediction and control of phenomena; it also provides professionals with autonomy of action as a guide in practical, educational and research aspects.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Recién Nacido , Atención Primaria de Salud , Teoría de Enfermería , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , AutocuidadoRESUMEN
@#Preterm birth is not only health problem but also one of major socioeconomic issues. Preterm Low Birth Weight (PLBW) is leading causative factor of neonatal mortality. Some researches results showed that during periodontal inflammatory disorder some bacterial components could affect pregnancy and fetal development. Therefore aim of our study is to assess and confirm periodontal disease of pregnant females whether or not risk factor of PLBW. We performed our study on the First Maternity Hospital and National Centre for Maternal and Child Health of Mongolia by clinical based case control method on 90 participants. Case group has 30 females (<37 weeks of gestation, and Neonates Birth Weight <2500), control group has 60 females (Normal birth) (ratio was 1:2). Dental caries prevalence on control group was 99%, the mean of DFM/t was 8.32 “average”, prevalence of case group was 100%, and mean of DFM/t was 11.33, which was also “average”. Oral hygiene examination assessment was poor. Study results showed that patients with periodontal disease such as dental calculus (***p<0.008) and periodontal pocket with depth of 4-6mm (***p<0.006) were risk factors for PLBW. Gingivitis is increased to have PLBW baby by 5.5 times. CPITN index was highly associated with dental hygiene index and it was statistically significant. (***p<0.000). Within the limits of this study poor periodontal health status of mothers may be a potential risk factor for a preterm low birth weight.
RESUMEN
Introducción. El bajo peso al nacer (BPN) es un importante indicador de salud fetal, neonatal y de las condiciones de la gestación. Objetivo: identificar factores asociados al BPN en el Hospital Carlos Showing Ferrari de Huánuco, Perú. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se realizó en el servicio de Ginecoobstetricia del Hospital Carlos Showing Ferrari de Huánuco. Participantes. Madre e hijos atendidos en el servicio de Gineco-obstetricia. Intervenciones. Según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se obtuvo, 801 madreshijos registrados en el Sistema Informático Perinatal (SIP) del 2011. Se utilizó un instrumento de recolección validado, se obtuvo información del SIP e historias clínicas, durante 6 meses. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo; para el análisis inferencial se usó la prueba ji cuadrado con una significancia del 95 %. Se empleó el paquete estadístico SPSS y Microsoft Excel. Resultados. De los 801 nacidos, el peso promedio fue 3 217,8 (+ 446,1) gramos y una prevalencia de BPN de 6,2 %. Los factores asociados que resultaron estadísticamente significativos fueron: la primiparidad con p = 0,013(IC-95%: 1,16-3,81); número de controles prenatales (menor de cuatro) con p < 0,05 (IC95%: 2,63-8,74) y parto pretérmino con p < 0,05 (IC95%: 0,01-0,25). Conclusión. La prevalencia del bajo peso al nacer en el Hospital Carlos Showing Ferrari de Huánuco fue 6,2 %. La primiparidad, el inadecuado control prenatal y el parto pretérmino fueron los factores asociados.
Introduction. Low birth weight (LBW) is an important indicator of fetal, neonatal health and the conditions of pregnancy. Objective. To identify the associated factors of low birth weight, in Carlos Showing Ferrari Hospital in Huanuco. Materials and methods. Retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study. It was performed in the Gynecology- Obstetrics service of Carlos Showing Ferrari Hospital, Huanuco. Participants. Mothers and children treated in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Service. Interventions: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, it obtained 801 mothers-children, registered in the Perinatal Information System (SIP) of 2011. One validated instrument was used for collection, the SIP information and medical history were obtained for six months. Descriptive analysis was conducted, for the inferential analysis chi-square test was used with a significance of 95 %. SPSS and Microsoft Excel were used. Results. Of 801 births, the average weight was 3 217,8 (+ 446,1) grams and a prevalence of LBW 6,2 %. Associated factors that were statistically significant were: primiparity with p = 0,013 (CI95%: 1,16-3,81), number of prenatal visits (< 4) with p < 0,05 (CI95%: 2,63-8,74) and preterm birth with p < 0,05 (CI95%: 0,01-0,25). Conclusion. The prevalence of low birth weight in Carlos Showing Ferrari Hospital, Huanuco was 6,2 %. First childbirth, inadequate antenatal control and preterm birth were main correlated factors for low birth weight in our study.