Consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos en la población adulta de Argentina / Non-caloric sweeteners consumption in the adult population of Argentina

Resumen Introducción: Los edulcorantes no calóricos (ENC) se utilizan para sustituir azúcares en alimentos y bebidas. Para que este reemplazo sea beneficioso para la salud, la ingesta de cada ENC no de bería superar su ingesta diaria admisible (IDA). El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar el consumo de aspartamo, acesulfame-K, sucralosa y sacarina en la población argentina de 15 a 65 años y evaluar este consumo en relación con la IDA. Otros objetivos son estratificar el consumo en función de distintas variables sociodemográficas y determinar las principales fuentes de ENC consumidas por la población argentina. Métodos: La muestra fue de 1266 individuos (población urbana 15-65 años), estratificada por región, edad, sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Los datos de ingesta fueron recolectados con dos recordatorios de 24 horas. Resultados: En Argentina, el consumo promedio de sacarina, aspartamo, acesulfame-K y sucralosa está muy por debajo de su respectiva IDA: 8.4%, 3.2%, 2% y 0.3% de la IDA respectivamente. Los consumos máximos reportados tampoco superan la IDA. Hay una mayor proporción de mujeres consumidoras de ENC. La proporción de consumidores de ENC aumenta con la edad. Las regiones noreste y sur presentan el menor porcentaje de consumidores de ENC. Las bebidas constituyen la principal fuente de ENC, seguidas por los edulcorantes de mesa. La contri bución de los alimentos al consumo de ENC es despreciable. Discusión: En Argentina existe un buen margen de seguridad para la reformulación de productos azucarados tendiente a disminuir el exceso de calorías y el consumo de azúcares añadidos.

Abstract Introduction: Non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) are used to replace added sugars in foods and bev erages. For this replacement to be a health benefit, the intake of each NCS should not exceed its Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The main objective of this study is to determine the consumption of aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and saccharin in the argentine population aged 15 to 65 years and to evaluate this consumption in relation to the ADI. Other objectives are to stratify the consumption based on different sociodemographic vari ables and to determine the main sources of NCS consumed by the argentine population. Methods: The sample consisted of 1266 individuals (urban population aged 15-65), stratified by region, age, sex, and socioeconomic level. Intake data was collected with two 24-hour recalls. Results: In Argentina, the average consumption of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K and sucralose is well below their respective ADI: 8.4%, 3.2%, 2% and 0.3% of the ADI, respectively. The maximum reported consumptions do not exceed the ADI either. There is a higher proportion of women who consume NCS. The proportion of NCS consumers increases with age. The Northeast and South regions have the lowest percentage of NCS consumers. Beverages constitute the main source of NCS, followed by tabletop sweeteners. The contribution of food to NCS consumption is negligible. Discussion: In Argentina there is a good safety margin for the reformulation of sugary products aimed at reduc ing the excess calories and added sugars consumed by the population.

Effects of low-calorie diet intervention and aerobic exercise intervention on insulin levels and body composition in obese patients with type 2 diabetes / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of low-calorie diet intervention and aerobic exercise intervention on insulin levels and body composition in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:A total of 300 obese patients with early type 2 diabetes who were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from July 2016 to July 2019 were selected as the research objects. According to the random sampling method, they were divided into a control group and an observation group with 150 cases each. Calorie diet intervention was given to control group, while the observation group was given low-calorie diet intervention and concentrated aerobic exercise intervention. Observation and evaluation of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, body weight, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were conducted.Results:After 4 weeks of intervention, FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, BMI, body fat percentage, body mass, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C indicators of the observation group were (6.15±0.92) mmol/L and (14.12±1.11) mU/L, 2.67±0.32, (25.01±1.75) kg/m 2, (27.45±1.92)%, (70.01±3.56) kg, (3.01±0.30) mmol/L, (5.25±0.88) mmol/L, (2.25 ±0.42) mmol/L, (3.15±0.41) mmol/L. The control group were (8.18±1.28) mmol/L, (16.78±1.85) mU/L, 3.78±0.78, (27.36±2.45) kg/m 2, (29.78±2.39)%, (72.98±5.62) kg, (3.49±0.52) mmol/L, (6.23±1.08) mmol/L, (1.88±0.30) mmol/L, (3.98±0.89)mmol/L. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were 5.47-16.13, all P<0.05). After 8 weeks of intervention, FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, BMI, body fat percentage, body mass, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C indicators of the observation were (5.06±0.45) mmol/L, (12.78±0.69) mU/L, 2.01±0.12, (23.25±1.18) kg/m 2, (25.05±1.19)%, (66.02±2.45) kg, (2.21±0.12) mmol/L, (4.03±0.41) mmol/L, (3.08 ±0.72) mmol/L, (2.65±0.15) mmol/L,while in the control group were (6.07±0.88) mmol/L, (14.09±1.05) mU/L, 2.95±0.45, (26.98±2.08) kg/m2, (27.18±2.06)%, (70.98±4.02) kg, (2.98±0.28) mmol/L, (5.16±0.71) mmol/L, (2.41±0.51) mmol/L, (3.29±0.39) mmol/L. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were 5.47-30.96, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Low-calorie diet intervention combined with concentrated aerobic exercise intervention is more conducive to improving patients′ blood sugar and blood lipid levels, as well as reducing body weight.

Effects of short-term very low-calorie restriction on gut microbiota in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of short-term very low-calorie restriction(VLCR) on glycemic control in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes, and to explore mechanisms through identifying markers of gut microbiota.Methods:This trial was conducted in 14 adult overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes. They received VLCR for 9 days in the hospital(calorie intake 300-600 kcal/d). Before and after VLCR, body weight(BW), waist circumference(WC), blood pressure(BP), and heart rate(HR) were measured, and body mass index(BMI) was calculated according to their height and weight. Fasting blood glucose(FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose(2hPBG), fasting insulin(FINS), triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) were determined, and yielded the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR). Additional lab tests such as liver and kidney function and electrolytes were performed. The estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) was calculated to evaluate renal function. All data were analyzed using the SPSS Sample Power software. Feces samples were collected before and after VLCR. Fecal samples were tested for microbial diversity using 16S rDNA technology. Professional software was used to analyze the differences of gut microbiota in feces before and after VLCR.Results:After 9 days of VLCR, BW, BMI, WC, BP, HR, FBG, 2hPBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, alkaline phosphatase, TG, and blood urea nitrogen of 14 overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes were significantly reduced( P<0.05). No effect was seen on serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, creatinine, eGFR, uric acid, albumin, calcium, and phosphorus( P>0.05). The gut microbiota diversity did not differ before and after VLCR. The abundance of Bacteroidetes increased significantly, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio decreased from 11.79 to 4.20. Between groups analysis showed the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis increased significantly after VLCR. Conclusion:VLCR can improve body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes, with no serious adverse events. Parabacteroides distasonis may be a marker of VLCR.

Product Optimization, Storage Quality and Sensory Acceptance of Low Calorie Beverage Developed from Bitter Gourd and Kiwifruit

Abstract Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) fruit is good source of many nutraceutical compounds and possess antioxidant, anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic activities. However, its utilization in the preparation of beverages is limited due to its bitter after taste. Therefore, to realize the functional and therapeutic benefits of bitter gourd, an attempt was made to optimize nutritious and low caloriebitter gourd based beverage by blending with kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), a store house of bioactive compounds and substituting sugar with stevioside (steviol glycoside). The standard (sugar sweetened) bitter gourd (BG)-kiwifruit (K) blended beverage was developed by utilizing 30% fruit part of BG:K blended juice (80: 20) with 40oB TSS and 1.3% acidity. Further, to develop the low calorie beverage, sucrose (table sugar) was replaced with 25, 50, 75 and 100% equi-sweetness level of stevioside (steviol glycoside). Results revealed that 75% substitution of sucrose with stevioside resulted in shelf stable beverage with identical taste, good antioxidant potential (68.80%) and strong antimicrobial activity (26 mm ZOI) with reduced calorie values (28.5 Kcal/100g) compared to the sugar sweetened control sample (150.60 Kcal/100g). Hence, the developed beverage can be commercialized as low calorie beverage with additional health benefits of natural compounds of bitter gourd and kiwifruit with highest bioactivity.

Nutritional support therapy for patient with acute prerenal failure complicated with urinary tract infection / 药学实践杂志

Objective To explore the formulation and adjustment of nutritional therapy by nutrition support pharmacists in patient with acute prerenal failure complicated with urinary tract infection, and to provide a reference for nutritional therapy in such patient. Methods With nutrition support pharmacists participated in nutrition treatment management and case analysis of a patient with acute prerenal failure complicated with urinary tract infection, we explored the nutritional support treatment plan for this type of patient. Results Nutrition support pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care throughout the course for patient with acute prerenal failure and designed an individualized low-calorie and high-protein nutritional support treatment according to the change of patient's condition, to increase the patient's serum albumin level and maintain at 35 g/L, at the same time the infection was effectively controlled and the creatinine value decreased to normal. Conclusion Small-volume, low-calorie, high-protein nutritional support solution ≤1 000 ml, calorie intake is about 1, 000 kcal, and protein is maintained at 1.2 g/(kg·d) throughout the course of acute prerenal renal failure with urinary tract infected patients can obtain better clinical outcomes and prognosis, and can better maintain clinical operability, and fully improve the safety, effectiveness and economics of nutritional support treatment.

Comparison of the effects of meal replacements and a standard food-based low calorie diet on weight loss and glycolipid metabolism / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of a standard food-based low calorie diet and meal replacements on compliance,weight loss,and glycolipid metabolism in obese patients,and to provide an optimal nutritional weight reduction method for obese individuals in China.Methods Height,weight,waist circumference,body mass index (BMI),body fat,visceral fat in low calorie diet group (n =23) and meal replacements group (n =17) were assessed at baseline,4 and 8 weeks after the intervention.Fasting plasma glucose (FPG),triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine transaminase (ALT),gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP),fasting insulin (FINS),and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed at both baseline and 8 weeks after the intervention.Results Both low calorie diet and meal replacements led to significant decreases in body weight,waist circumference,BMI,body fat,and visceral fat(all P＜0.01) after 4 and 8 weeks.Body fat (P＜ 0.01) and total body water (P＜ 0.05) in low calorie diet group were decreased more obviously compared with those in meal replacements group at 4 weeks.However,there were no difference in all these parameters between two groups at 8 weeks (P＞0.05).Both groups experienced improvements in biochemical outcomes and metabolic indicators.TG,AST,ALT,GGT,ALP,FINS,and HOMA-IR levels were all decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) while HDL-C level was increased (P＜0.01) 8 weeks after standard food-based low calorie diet.FPG,TG,TC,LDL-C,AST,ALT,ALP,FINS,and HOMA-IR levels were declined 8 weeks after meal replacements(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).TC,LDL-C,and ALT levels were more evidently to reduce in meal replacements group compared with low calorie diet group.Conclusions Present data suggest that meal replacements and low calorie diet may have a similar effect on weight loss,while meal replacements seems to obtain a better metabolic results.

Effects of Low-Calorie Diet Including High Protein-Low Carbohydrate Protein Bar on Weight Loss and Serum Lipid Indicators in Overweight Women according to Dietary Compliance / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 6-week low-calorie diet (LCD) program including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar on weight loss, blood pressure, and blood lipid profile in 40 overweight women according to dietary compliance.METHODS: Subjects were 62 healthy overweight women (BMI ≥ 23.0 or body fat percentage ≥ 28%), aged 20~59 yrs who were provided a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar (each 35 g, 154 kcal, protein energy %: 28.6%, carbohydrate energy %: 38.7%) as part of dinner for 6 weeks. Forty subjects who completed the whole diet program were categorized into high compliance (HC) group (days of eating protein bar ≥ 5 weeks) or low compliance (LC) group (days < 5 weeks).RESULTS: Energy intake significantly decreased from 1,867.5 kcal at baseline to 1,137.4 kcal at 6 weeks for the HC group and from 1,971.7 kcal to 1,362.2 kcal for the LC group, respectively. On the other hand, a significant increase in protein energy percentage was observed in each group (HC group: 3.5%, LC group: 2.2%). Both groups showed significant decreases in weight (HC group: 1.8 kg, LC group: 1.1 kg), BMI, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Reduction of body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure were only observed in the HC group.CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar as part of a low-calorie diet for a short period can be effective to achieve weight loss and concomitantly improve blood cholesterol level without serious physiological side effects. More evident results can be achieved by eating a diet with low calorie diet including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar for more than 5 weeks.

Pros & cons of some popular extreme weight-loss diets

Obesity has now become a huge public health issue not only in the developed world but also in developing countries. In view of the health hazards associated with obesity and more importantly for cosmetic reasons, many people, particularly the youth, have started resorting to 'extreme' weight-loss diets to achieve a rapid reduction in weight. These extreme diets are either very low in carbohydrate or very low in fat. Such extreme diets not only make the diet unbalanced but also have safety issues. Moreover, these are not sustainable in the long run. The weight that is lost is regained within a short period of time when people go off these extreme diets. This explains why the popularity of most extreme diets peaks as well as wanes rapidly. Instead of resorting to such extreme diets, correction of obesity is best achieved with balanced, healthy, nutritious diets which are low in calories, combined with adequate physical activity (exercise). Motivational counselling can also help people to initiate weight loss and sustain this weight loss over longer periods of time.

Comparison of clinical efficacy between early low and high enteral nutrition (EN) administration in the early treatment of hyperlipidemic severe acute pancreatitis / 肠外与肠内营养

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of high versus low calorie early enteral nutrition (EEN) administration on the complications and prognosis of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) patients. Methods: In this study, HLAP patients were randomly divided into high calorie EEN group and low calorie EEN group. The nutritional support was carried out within 48h at patients' admission. The serum lipid levels, inflammatory parameters, the incidence of EN intolerance, hospitalization duration, ICU duration, the incidence of organ failure and infected pancreatic necrosis as well as mortality rate were recorded and compared between two groups. Results: 48 patients with diagnosis of HLAP were included in this study from January 2014 to June 2017. In the first two days, the serum lipid levels of patients in low-calorie group decreased gradually. The serum lipid levels of the two groups were 2. 3 (1. 7-3. 4) mmol/L versus 5. 2 (2. 9-6. 1) mmol/L (P = 0. 05) respectively on third day after EN administration. There was no significant difference in the incidence of MODS and mortality rate between the two groups while the ICU duration of low-calorie group was significantly shorter than that in high-calorie group. The incidence of IPN in low-calorie group showed an elevated trend but there was no statistical significance. Conclusion: For HLAP patients, low calorie-high protein nutrition supply could benefit the patients to gain lean body weight due to the positive nitrogen balance, and to consume body fat due to the deficiency of calories. It is an effective nutrition support strategy for the patients' recovery.

Proceedings of the NSM Update Series: Sugar Substitutes-Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits

A seminar titled "Sugar Substitutes: Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits" organised by the Nutrition Society of Malaysia was held on 1.5th Apri12015 for nutritionists and other health care professionals, to review and discuss the latest evidence on safety and efficacy of sugar substitutes. Highlights from lectures by local and international speakers about this topical subject are presented in this report. Sugar substitutes have been extensively evaluated for decades and regulatory agencies world-wide continue to review and confirm their safety. Furthermore, the effects of sugar substitutes on human health continue to be the subject of research studies. Many studies have shown that replacement of sugar with sugar substitutes may help in weight management, glucose control for people with diabetes, and in the prevention of tooth decay. It is important for health professionals to discern whether the available evidence is based on good science and adequate protocols in order to guide consumers with the responsible use of sugar substitutes following national and international dietary guidelines. The use of sugar substitutes for certain health outcomes was discussed, specifically in regard to appetite, energy balance, body weight and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Overall, the seminar provided an understanding of the different types of commercially available sugar substitutes, their use in a range of food and beverages, and calorie contribution to the diet. The seminar also covered the approvals of different sugar substitutes and the protocols for assessing the safety of these sugar substitutes, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.

Proceedings of the NSM Update Series: Sugar Substitutes-Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits

A seminar titled "Sugar Substitutes: Understanding the Basics, Global Regulatory Approvals, Safety Assessment Protocols and Benefits" organised by the Nutrition Society of Malaysia was held on 1.5th Apri12015 for nutritionists and other health care professionals, to review and discuss the latest evidence on safety and efficacy of sugar substitutes. Highlights from lectures by local and international speakers about this topical subject are presented in this report. Sugar substitutes have been extensively evaluated for decades and regulatory agencies world-wide continue to review and confirm their safety. Furthermore, the effects of sugar substitutes on human health continue to be the subject of research studies. Many studies have shown that replacement of sugar with sugar substitutes may help in weight management, glucose control for people with diabetes, and in the prevention of tooth decay. It is important for health professionals to discern whether the available evidence is based on good science and adequate protocols in order to guide consumers with the responsible use of sugar substitutes following national and international dietary guidelines. The use of sugar substitutes for certain health outcomes was discussed, specifically in regard to appetite, energy balance, body weight and other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Overall, the seminar provided an understanding of the different types of commercially available sugar substitutes, their use in a range of food and beverages, and calorie contribution to the diet. The seminar also covered the approvals of different sugar substitutes and the protocols for assessing the safety of these sugar substitutes, especially in the case of children and pregnant women.

Perspectives on Low Calorie Intense Sweeteners with a Focus on Aspartame and Stevia.

The safety of some food additives/E-numbers, including low calorie (intense) sweeteners (LCS), is constantly the subject of dispute and controversy. However, since LCS have been assigned an acceptable daily intake (ADI) and an E-number following extensive assessment of available safety and toxicological data, consumer safety is assured. These substances have been carefully evaluated, for example by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), leading to the conclusion that they are essentially safe when consumption is below ADI levels. Although, intake data indicate that general consumption of LCS is relatively low, many people appear to remain concerned about their safety, particularly aspartame (E951). More recently, stevia (steviol glycosides, E960) has been marketed as a “natural” alternative to aspartame. However, it is unclear whether stevia can live up to its promises. With regards to public health, the real risk within our diet is not the safety of food additives, but rather more likely to be the potential impacts of consuming too much energy and/or an unhealthy dietary pattern.

The effects of weight loss by a low-calorie diet and a low-calorie plus exercise in overweight undergraduate students

Korean undergraduate students attempt to lose weight but often fail due to utilizing ineffective weight loss strategies. Some diet programs have succeeded, yet, they have not provided adequate skills for long-term weight maintenance. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a low calorie diet and exercise with nutritional education on weight loss, serum lipid profiles, nutrient intakes, and dietary behavior modification in overweight and obese undergraduate students. The subjects in the low calorie diet group (LCD; n = 12) and the low calorie diet plus exercise group (LCDE; n = 13) had the same goal of losing 4 kg during a 12 week program. Nutrient intakes were assessed by the 24 hour recall method. Also, food habits and dietary behaviors were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the weight control program and one month after completing the program. LCD and LCDE groups lowered body weight by 2 kg and 1 kg, respectively, although they decreased calorie intake by 355 and 287 kcal per day compared to intakes prior to the study. Body fat mass decreased in both the LCD and LCDE groups; however, the decrease was greater in the LCDE group. In addition, only the LCDE group increased muscle mass. The LCD group had a slightly better effect in reducing body weight, body fat, and waist circumference than the LCDE group. However, their decrease was reversed after the mid-study check in the LCD group; the reduction was better maintained and decreased more in the LCDE group. However, serum lipid profiles were already in borderline prior to the study; moreover, they were not modified after losing weight. The dietary behavior program helped students to develop better dietary habits. In conclusion, the combination of a low calorie diet and exercise is necessary in order to maintain longer weight loss by increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat.

Effects of caloric restriction with varying energy density and aerobic exercise on weight change and satiety in young female adults

This study examines the combined effects of caloric restriction on body composition, blood lipid, and satiety in slightly overweight women by varying food density and aerobic exercise. Twenty-three women were randomly assigned to one of two groups for a four-week weight management program: the high-energy density diet plus exercise (HDE: n = 12, 22 +/- 2 yrs, 65 +/- 7 kg, 164 +/- 5 cm, 35 +/- 4 % fat) and low-energy density diet plus exercise (LDE: n = 11, 22 +/- 1 yrs, 67 +/- 7 kg, 161 +/- 2 cm, 35 +/- 4 % fat) groups. Subjects maintained a low-calorie diet (1,500 kcal/day) during the program. Isocaloric (483 +/- 26 for HDE, 487 +/- 27 kcal for LDE) but different weight (365 +/- 68 for HDE, 814 +/- 202 g for LDE) of lunch was provided. After lunch, they biked at 60% of maximum capacity for 40 minutes, five times per week. The hunger level was scaled (1: extremely hungry; 9: extremely full) at 17:30 each day. Before and after the program, the subjects' physical characteristics were measured, and fasting blood samples were drawn. The daily energy intake was 1,551 +/- 259 for HDE and 1,404 +/- 150 kcal for LDE (P > 0.05). After four weeks, the subjects' weights and % fat decreased for both LDE (-1.9 kg and -1.5%, P < 0.05) and HDE (-1.6 kg and -1.4%, respectively, P < 0.05). The hunger level was significantly higher for HDE (2.46 +/- 0.28) than for LDE (3.10 +/- 0.26) (P < 0.05). The results suggest that a low-energy density diet is more likely to be tolerated than a high-energy density diet for a weight management program combining a low-calorie diet and exercise, mainly because of a reduced hunger sensation.

Effects of Very Low Calorie Diet using Meal Replacements on Psychological Factors and Quality of Life in the Obese Women Aged Twenties

This study was performed to investigate the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients on psychological factors and quality of life in the obese women (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) for four weeks. Seventy five women (20 < or = age < 26) participated in this experiment. Subjects were randomly classified three groups: 1) General diet group (GD group, n = 27) consumed 3 regular meals within 600 kcal/day 2) Meal replacements group (MR group, n = 27) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day 3) Herbal Meal replacements group (HMR group, n = 27) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day. Physical factors (weight, BMI, fat(%)) of the HMR group significantly decreased more than those of GD and MR groups. Moreover, binge eating habit and environmental factors (surrounding support, emotional reaction, expression of opinion) of the HMR group significantly decreased more than those of GD and MR groups. Psychological factor and quality of life were no significant differences among three groups during the experimental period, because both were significantly decreased in all groups after 4 weeks. Therefore, very low calorie diet using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients for 4 weeks was effective on improvement of psychological factor and quality of life as well as weight reduction in the obese premenopausal women.

The effects of balanced low calorie diet on body composition and serum leptin of obese women.

The effect of balanced low-calorie diet for 14 days on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total skin fold thickness (SFT), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and serum leptin level was evaluated by using a pre and post-experimental balanced low-calorie diet 915.23 kcal/day with the composition of 55.81% carbohydrate, 19.46% protein and 24.73% fat for 14 days on 39 obesewomen subjects (19-55 years old) who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data include demographic characteristic, macronutrient and energy intake, as well as of anthropometry, FM, FFM, and serum leptin level. Body weight reduction occurs significantly (p<0.05) from 70.99 ± 8.62 to 68.81 ± 8.36 kg (3.07%); BMI reduction is significant (p<0.05) from 30.28 ± 3.11 kg/m2 to 29.36 ± 2.94 kg/m2 (3.04%); Significantly reduced SFT (p<0.05) from 99.36 ± 12.07 mm to 91.29 ± 10.85 mm (8.08%); Significantly reduced FM (p<0.05) from 35.41 ± 2.75 % to 33.65 ± 2.73% (1.76%); Significantly increased FFM percentage (p<0.05) from 64.59 ± 2.74 to 66.35 ± 2.73 (2.72%); Significantly reduced WC (waist circumference) (p<0.05) from 85.87 ± 7.31 to 83.35 ± 7.09 (2.93%); Significantly reduced HC (hip circumference) (p<0.05) from 107.59 ± 6.67 to 106.49 ± 6.37 (1.02%); Significantly reduced WHR (p<0.05) from 0.80 ± 0.05 to 0.78 ± 0.04 (2.24%); Significantly reduced serum leptin (p<0.05) from 23.31 (12.06-71.22) to 18.18 (7.90-65.11) (22.01%); positive correlation is observed between serum leptin level and FM significantly (p<0.05) before treatment (r=0.47 ; p=0.003) and after treatment (r=0.57 ; p=0.001). Balanced low-calorie diet may effectively reduce body weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, percentage of fat mass, to increase percentage of fat free mass, to reduce waist to hip ratio and serum leptin level.

Effect of 12-week Low Calorie Diet and Behavior Modification on the Anthropomeric Indices and Biochemical Nutritional Status of Obese Woman / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 3 week low calorie diet (LCD) and a 9 week of behavior modification (BM) program on the weight loss, mineral and vitamin status in 22 obese women. The subject were healthy, obese (PIBW > 120%) women aged 20 - 50 Yr and not taking any medications known to influence body composition, mineral or vitamin metabolism During the LCD program, subjects were provided commercial liquid formulas with 125 kcal per pack and were instructed to have a formula for replacement of one meal and at least one regular meal per day within the range of daily 800 - 1200 kcal intake. During the BM program the subjects weekly attended the group nutrition counseling session to encourage themselves to modify their eating behavior and spontaneously restrict their energy intakes. The BM program focused on stimulus control, control of portion sizes and modification of binge eating and other adverse habits. The initial mean energy intake of subjects was 2016.9 +/- 129.8 kcal (100.8% of RDA) and dropped to 1276.5 +/- 435.7 kcal at the end of a 3 week of LCD program and elevated to 1762 +/- 329.3 kcal at the end of a 9 week of BM program. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were significantly decreased at the end of the LCD but carbohydrate was the only macro nutrient that showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) at the end of the BM program compared to baseline. Calcium and iron intakes decreased significantly (p < 0.01, respectively) with no significant changes in other micronutrients at the end of the LCD. The mean weight of the subjects decreased from 73.8 +/- 8.0 kg to 69.2 +/- 7.7 kg with LCD and ended up with 67.7 +/- 7.1 kg after 9 weeks of BM. The 3 weeks of LCD reduced most of the anthropometric indices such as BMI, PIBW, fat weight, wast-to-hip ratio and subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The 9 weeks of behavior modification showed slight change or maintenance of each anthropometric measurements. Weight loss and decreased WHR with the diet program induced significantly decreased systolic blood pressure. SGOT, SGPT and serum insulin levels with improved serum lipid profiles. Biochemical parameters related to iron status such as hemoglobin, hematocrit were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at the end of the LCD. But their mean values were within normal range. The mean serum 25 (OH) vitamin D3 level significantly increased after whole diet program. Serum folate level significantly decreased after 12 weeks of diet program. In conclusion 3 weeks of LCD brought 4.6 kg reduction in body weight without risk of iron, zinc or vitamin D deficiency and 9 weeks of the BM was effective to maintain nutritional status with slightly more weight reduction (1.5 kg). However calcium intake and serum folate should be monitored during the LCD and BM because of increased risk of deficiencies..

Effects of Very Low Calorie Diet using Meal Replacements on Weight Reduction and Health in the Obese Adult Women

This study was performed to investigate the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) using newly meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients on weight reduction and health in the obese adult women (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) for four weeks. Seventy five women participated in this experiment. Subjects were randomly classified three groups: 1) General Diet group (GD group, n = 25) consumed 3 regular meals within 600 kcal/day, 2) Meal replacements group (MR group, n = 25) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/ day, 3) Herbal Meal replacements group (HMR group, n = 25) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical measurements and body symptoms were assessed before (the initial) and after (the 4th week) the study. Anthropometry measurements such as weight, waist and hip circumference, and BMI and body composition such as body fat percent, fat mass significantly decreased in all groups after diet intervention. Anthropometric measurements and body composition of the HMR group significantly more than those of GD and MR groups. Serum Total cholesterol was significantly decreased in all groups. However, there was no significant difference among three groups during the experimental period. HMR group had significantly less felt a pain than GD and MR groups in body symptoms such as anemia, powerlessness, vomiting, constipation and dryness of skin during the experimental period. Therefore, very low calorie diet (VLCD) using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients was very effective on weight reduction and health in the obese adult women.

Orlistal combined with low calorie diet in the treatment of obesity with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis / 中华消化杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orlistat combined with low calorie diet in the treatment of obesity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods Orlistat 120 mg, three times a day, combined with low calorie diet for a cause of 24 weeks, were given to the 60 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients whose body mass index (BMI) were between 27 and 40. Results ①The percentage of mean weight loss and mean decreased BMI were both (10.76? 4.52 )% of their initinal weight at 24 weeks treatment. ②ALT, AST, GGT and total bilirubin was significantly decreased ( P

Comparison of modifications of intra-abdominal fat between low calorie diet alon and low calorie diet with exercise in Korean women

BACKGROUND: Obesity and its complicatians are increasing as social ecanamic standard of living is improving and life style has been changing in Korea. There is growing evidence that the visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) on computed tomography (CI) is closely related to the obesity camplications. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the VSR reduction is praduced during weight loss. The purpose of this study was to observe and campare the amount of reduction of intraabdaminal fat between low calorie diet (LCD) alane and LCD with exercise. METHODS: Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8 weeks (group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks (group B). Weight, height, BMI, and body fat distribution were measured in all subjects immediately before and after 8 weeks of this study. The body fat distribution was assessed by CT, by which the total abdaminal adipose tissue area (AT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), intra-abdominal adipose tissue (VAT), and visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) were measured at the level of the umbilicus. A venous blood sample was taken after an overnight fast to determine lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations in all subjects before and after 8 weeks of this study. RESULTS: Body weight, BMI, CI' measurement of total (AT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) fat were found to be decreased significantly in the two groups. The VSR of the group A did not change after weight loss. In contrast, the VSR of the group B decreased significantly (P<0.05) during weight loss. Fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the both groups (P<0.001). Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the group B, but not in group A. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the VSR decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. These results suggest that the LCD with exercise is more effective in reducing expected complications of obesity than LCD alone.