Evaluation of degradation of force of esthetic elastomeric chains / Avaliação da degradação de força de correntes elastoméricas estéticas

Abstract Introduction Elastomers are considered important allies to orthodontic treatment and due to the aesthetic demand, aesthetic elastomers are increasingly used in adult patients. Objective The aim of this experimental in vitro study was to evaluate the degradation of force of esthetic elastomeric chains, of three different sizes: short, medium and long. Material and method For evaluating the degradation of force, 90 elastomeric chain segments were used, divided into 9 Groups (n=10), as follows: Morelli short elastomer, Morelli medium, Morelli long, Orthometric short, Orthometric medium, Orthometric long, American Orthodontic short, American Orthodontic medium and American Orthodontic long. Acrylic plates with pins were used to provide stretching of the elastomeric chains. The initial stretching force of the elastomeric chain was 150 grams, measured by a tensiometer. After this, they were prestretched to 50% of their original length, measured in an Instron 4411 Universal test machine, and placed on the seating pin on the plate. The plate was immersed in artificial saliva at 37 °C in a plastic receptacle, and removed for measurement after a time interval of 21 days. For statistical analysis, the methodology of mixed models for repeated measures in time and Tukey-Kramer test were used. Degradation of the forces was analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test. Result All the elastomeric chains showed statistically significant reduction in force (p<0.05). The American Orthodontic elastomeric chains showed higher reduction in force values, irrespective of the elastic size (p<0.05). Conclusion The three commercial brands studied underwent significant reduction in the quantity of force released; the American Orthodontic brand of elastomer showed the highest value of degradation in force.

Resumo Introdução Os elastômeros são considerados aliados importantes do tratamento ortodôntico e, devido à demanda estética, os elastômeros estéticos são cada vez mais utilizados em pacientes adultos. Objetivo O objetivo desse estudo experimental in vitro foi avaliar a degradação de forças geradas pelas cadeias elastoméricas estéticas, em três diferentes tamanhos curto, médio e longo. Material e método Para a avaliação da degradação da força foram utilizados 90 segmentos de cadeias elastoméricas, divididos em 9 grupos (n=10), sendo: elastômero Morelli curto, Morelli médio, Morelli longo, Orthometric curto, Orthometric médio, Orthometric longo, American Orthodontic curto, American Orthodontic médio e American Orthodontic longo. Foram utilizadas placas de acrílico com pinos que proporcionaram o estiramento das cadeias elastoméricas. A força inicial de estiramento da cadeia elastomérica foi de 150 gramas, medidas por um tensiômetro. Em seguida foram pré-estiradas em 50% do seu comprimento original, medidas em uma máquina Universal Instron 4411 e levadas ao pino de assentamento na placa. A placa foi imersa em um recipiente plástico com saliva artificial a 37 °C e removida após 21 dias para aferição. Foi aplicada metodologia de modelos mistos para medidas repetidas no tempo e teste de Tukey-Kramer. A degradação das forças foi analisada por análise de variância (ANOVA) "2 fatores" e teste de Tukey. Resultado Todas as correntes elastoméricas apresentaram redução estatisticamente significativa da força (p<0,05). As correntes elastoméricas da American Orthodontic apresentaram maior redução de força, independentemente do tamanho do elástico (p<0,05). Conclusão As três marcas comerciais estudadas sofreram uma redução significativa na quantidade de força liberada, sendo o elastômero da marca American Orthodontic o que apresentou maior degradação de força.

Influence of polishing protocol on flexural properties of several dental composite resins

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the finishing protocol (FP) on flexural properties of several composites (CR). Twenty composite samples (25x2x2 mm) were prepared: G1 HelimolarR; G2 Filtek™ Z350;G3TetricR N Ceram, G4 Point 4™, G5 Premisa™; G6 Esthet.XR HD, G7 ice, G8 Vit-L-escenceR, G9 GrandioR, G10 TPHR3, G11 AmelogenR Plus, G12 Brilliant Enamel; G13 Filtek™ Z100 and randomly divided into four groups according to the finishing system: C control, J JiffyR, SS Super SnapR, AA AstropolR /AstrobrushR. Each sample was polished for 10 seconds with each sequence instrument, and stored in distilled water for 24 hours, after which a three-point flexure test was applied to determine flexural strength (FS) and modulus (Flexural modulus). Data were analyzed using a two-way multivariate ANOVA and means were compared with Tukey's test. Results were: FS level CR p=0.000 with significant differences. FS level FPp= 0.093 with significant differences. In order: FM level CR p 0.00 with significant differences. FM level PS p=0.001; with significant differences. Under the study conditions, the polishing systems based on silicone rubber decreased the flexural properties of composite resins.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la influencia del protocolo de pulido sobre las propiedades flexurales de varios composites. Se prepararon veinte probetas de composite (CR) (25x2x2 mm) en cada grupo: G1 HelimolarR; G2 Filtek™ Z350;G3TetricR N Ceram, G4 Point 4™, G5 Premisa™; G6 Esthet.XR HD, G7 ice, G8 Vit-L-escenceR, G9 GrandioR, G10 TPHR3, G11 AmelogenR Plus, G12 Brilliant Enamel; G13 Filtek™ Z100 y se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos segun el sistema de pulido (SP) utilizado: C control, J JiffyR, SS Super SnapR, AA AstropolR /AstrobrushR. Cada probeta se pulio durante 10 segundos con cada secuencia de instrumentos, se almaceno en agua destilada durante 24 hs y se aplico un ensayo de resistencia flexural de tres puntos a fin de determinar la resistencia (RF) y el modulo (MF) flexural. Los valores obtenidos fueron analizados con un ANOVA multivariado de dos vias y comparacion de medias de Tukey. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: nivel de RF para CR p=0,000con diferencias significativas. RF nivel SP p= 0,093 con diferencias signi - ficativas. Para MF a nivel de CR p=0,000con diferencias signifi cativas. MF a nivel SP p=0,000, con diferencias signifi - cativas. En las condiciones de este trabajo se puede concluir que el uso de sistemas a base de gomas siliconadas disminuyen las propiedades flexurales de las resinas reforzadas restaura - doras. : composite resins; elastic modulus; dental polishing.

Flexión cuspidea y sellado marginal usando bases de bajo módulo elástico en cavidades MOD.

Introducción: El uso de bases de bajo módulo elástico (BBME) como los polialquenoatos modificados con resina (PMR) y resinas fluidas (RF) debajo de resinas compuestas (RC) absorben el estrés de polimerización, esto puede reducir la flexión cuspidea y la microfiltración marginal en cemento/dentina. Este trabajo pretende determinar cuánto disminuye la flexión de las cúspides cuando se utilizan BBME (PMR y RF) y su capacidad de sellado marginal. Materiales y métodos: Se prepararon cavidades MOD en tres grupos de premolares, uno de 6 dientes (I) y dos de 7 dientes (II y III). En el grupo I (bloque), las cavidades fueron restauradas con Single Bond y TPH con la técnica incremental horizontal. En el Grupo II (fluida), las cavidades fueron restauradas con los mismos materiales, excepto que, previo a la colocación de TPH con la técnica incremental oblicua, se usó RF Tetric-Flow. En el Grupo III (PMR) se usó el PMR Fuji II LC en ambas cajas proximales, usando la técnica del sándwich abierto y laminadas con TPH. La distancia entre las puntas de las cúspides se midió antes y después de restaurar. Los premolares fueron termociclados, sumergidos en una solución de nitrato de plata a 50% por dos horas, fijados en fijador Kodak y se seccionaron transversalmente produciendo dos cajas proximales donde se determinó la microfiltración. Resultados: El promedio de acercamiento cuspideo para cada uno de los grupos estudiados fue: I, 115 µm; II, 120 µm; y III, 127 µm. El valor p de 0,982 del ANOVA refleja ausencia de diferencias estadísticas. La microfiltración demostró diferencia significativa (p= 0,002) en los grupos (I = II) > III. Conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones de este estudio, el uso de BBME no afecta la flexión cúspidea; sin embargo, el uso de PMR en gingival reduce la microfiltración marginal en terminaciones ubicadas en cemento/dentina.

Introduction: Low elastic modulus liners (LEML), such as resin-modified polyalkenoates (RMP) and flowable composites (FC) under resin-based composites (RBC) restorations, absorb polymerization stress, which may decrease cusps flexure and microleakage through a gingival wall gap. This research intended to determine to what degree cusps flexion and gingival microleakage decrease when LEML are used in deep MOD. Materials and methods: 20 MOD cavities were made in bicusps; they were randomly divided in three groups. Group I, bulk (n=6) Singlebond and TPH were used to restore the cavities with an incremental technique. Group II, flowable (n=7), Tetric Flow was used in a thin layer prior to TPH. Group III, polyalkenoate (n=7), Fuji II LC was used in the proximal boxes before restoring with TPH. Inter-cuspal length was measure before and after placing restorations. Samples were thermocycled 600 times before being submerged in 50% silver nitrate solution during two hours. The silver nitrate was then fixed with a Kodak fixer solution and samples were transversally sectioned. The depth of the silver nitrate penetration was measured in both proximal boxes of each specimen. Results: Groups mean cusps closure was as follows: I= 115 mm, II= 120 mm and III= 127 mm (p= 0.982). Microleakage was statistically significant different (p=0.002) being (I = II) > III. Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study LEML could not avoid cuspal flexion, the use of RMP decreased gingival microleakage when no enamel is present.