Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of five medicinal plants used against bacterial infections in Jalingo, Nigeria

Background: The prevalent utilization of medicinal plants in communities underscores their promise as antimicrobial agents amid rising antibiotic resistance. This study assesses five medicinal plants; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera, and Carica papaya against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Shigella dysenteriae. Methodology: Five medicinal plants were chosen based on traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical practices. Phytochemical analysis followed standard methods. Plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and hexane. Various concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc, D3 conc, and D4 conc) of the extracts were evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth dilution methods to ascertain antimicrobial properties, including minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed abundant saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, notably higher with ethanol extraction. Hibiscus sabdariffa demonstrated potent activity against S. Typhi with inhibition zone diameters of 29.00 mm (R conc), 27.00 mm (D1 conc), 14.00 mm (D2 conc), and 4.00 mm (D3 conc). Heteropogon contortus exhibited activity against S. dysenteriae with inhibition zone diameter of 25.05 mm (R conc), 15.00 mm (D1 conc), 10.00 mm (D2 conc), and 5.00 mm (D3 onc). The inhibition zone diameters of B. vulgaris were 18.50 mm (R conc), 17.00 mm (D1 conc), and 10.00 mm (D2 conc) against S. dysenteriae. The MIC and MBC were similar for both organisms, with H. sabdariffa (MIC: D3-4.27 mg/mL, MBC: D1-68.25 mg/mL) and H. contortus (MIC: D3-4.69 mg/mL, MBC: R-75.00 mg/mL), while M. oleifera, C. papaya, and B. vulgaris had negligible antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. contortus exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against Salmonella, with MICs of 4.27 mg/mL and 4.69 mg/mL, and MBCs of 68.25 mg/mL and 75.00 mg/mL respectively. Their consistent low MICs against Shigella suggest their potentials for antibiotic production.

Contexte: L'utilisation répandue des plantes médicinales dans les communautés souligne leur promesse en tant qu'agents antimicrobiens dans un contexte de résistance croissante aux antibiotiques. Cette étude évalue cinq plantes médicinales; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera et Carica papaya contre les isolats cliniques de Salmonella Typhi et Shigella dysenteriae. Méthodologie: Cinq plantes médicinales ont été choisies sur la base des connaissances traditionnelles et des pratiques ethnobotaniques. L'analyse phytochimique a suivi les méthodes standard. Des extraits de plantes ont été préparés en utilisant de l'éthanol, de l'acétate d'éthyle, du dichlorométhane et de l'hexane. Diverses concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc., D3 conc et D4 conc) des extraits ont été évaluées à l'aide des méthodes de diffusion sur disque Kirby-Bauer et de dilution en bouillon pour vérifier les propriétés antimicrobiennes, y compris les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) et les concentrations minimales concentrations bactéricides (MBC). Résultats: L'analyse phytochimique a révélé une abondance de saponines, de glycosides cardiaques, de terpénoïdes, de stéroïdes, de flavonoïdes, de composés phénoliques et de tanins, notamment plus élevés avec l'extraction à l'éthanol. Hibiscus sabdariffa a démontré une activité puissante contre S. Typhi avec des diamètres de zone d'inhibition de 29,00 mm (conc R), 27,00 mm (conc D1), 14,00 mm (conc D2) et 4,00 mm (conc D3). Heteropogon contortus a présenté une activité contre S. dysenteriae avec un diamètre de zone d'inhibition de 25,05 mm (R conc), 15,00 mm (D1 conc), 10,00 mm (D2 conc) et 5,00 mm (D3 onc). Les diamètres de zones d'inhibition de B. vulgaris étaient de 18,50 mm (conc R), 17,00 mm (conc D1) et 10,00 mm (conc D2) contre S. dysenteriae. La CMI et la MBC étaient similaires pour les deux organismes, avec H. sabdariffa (CMI: D3-4,27 mg/mL, MBC: D1-68,25 mg/mL) et H. contortus (CMI: D3-4,69 mg/mL, MBC: R -75,00 mg/mL), tandis que M. oleifera, C. papaya et B. vulgaris avaient une activité antimicrobienne négligeable. Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa et H. contortus ont présenté de puissants effets antimicrobiens contre Salmonella, avec des CMI de 4,27 mg/mL et 4,69 mg/mL et des MBC de 68,25 mg/mL et 75,00 mg/mL respectivement. Leurs CMI constamment faibles contre Shigella suggèrent leur potentiel de production d'antibiotiques.

Evaluation of the effects of Albizia lebbeck bark extracts on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Oral diseases continue to be a major and common health problem worldwide and affect the quality of life by causing considerable pain and discomfort. While the mechanistic methods of caries prevention and treatment are in vogue, the concern about adverse effects of the constituents of these methods persists. Thus, there has always existed a need to develop effective and safe strategies to combat oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Aim: To examine the action of Albizia lebbeck (A. lebbeck) bark extracts on the growth and virulence factors of S. mutans such as- biofilm formation, surface adherence, cell surface hydrophobicity and acid production. Materials and Methods: Ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform extracts of the bark of A. lebbeck was prepared and tested for their activity against the ATCC 25175 S. mutans. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were determined by biochemical assays and the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were obtained using the well diffusion assay. The effect of the sub-MIC concentrations of extracts on biofilm formation & eradication, microbial growth, adherence of the strain to glass surfaces, cell surface hydrophobicity and acid production were also determined. Results: All extracts inhibited the organism’s growth, and MIC was determined as 25 mg/ml. the sub-MIC concentrations of the extracts were found to- inhibit the formation of biofilms, eradicate formed biofilms and interfere with the adherence and acid production of S. mutans. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts were found to be active at low concentrations (0.02mg/ml) and demonstrate a potential to be used in the formulation of anti-caries preparations.

Antimicrobial Activity of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum on Enterococcus faecalis Viability

@#Introduction: Root canal treatment often fails because of bacteria that grow back after obturation, such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The previous study has found the percentage of root canal treatment failure as much as 32-70%. It was because the facultative anaerobic bacteria are able to penetrate into the dentinal tubules and found to be resistant. Ambonese banana stem is one of the herbal plants in Indonesia that has been widely used, including the sap on the stem. Active substances in the sap of Ambonese banana stems such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins have antimicrobial efficacy. The purpose of this study is to prove the antibacterial activity of Ambonese banana stems extract on E. faecalis and analyzing bacterial viability through a fluorescent microscope. Methods: The sample of this study was E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) which bred on BHIB media, then serially carried out dilution with Ambonese banana stem extract with a composition of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125 %, 1,563%. and 0.781%. Cultured in the Agar Mueller-Hinton medium and then calculate the number of bacterial colonies. This examination was continued using a fluorescent microscope for determining the viability of bacteria. Results: We obtained MIC at a concentration of 1.563% and MBC at a concentration of 3.125%. The ability of Ambonese banana stem extracts to kill E. faecalis in MIC was 92.22%, while in MBC it was 100%. Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem extract effectively inhibited the growth of E. faecalis bacteria.

Antibacterial Activity of Rafflesia cantleyi Solms-Laubach Extracts against Gram Positive and Negative / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

Rafflesia cantleyi Solms-Laubach is a wild plant found in lowland Peninsular of Malaysia and used widely in traditional medicines. The main objective is to screen antibacterial activity of Rafflesia cantleyi extract. The plant was extracted with cold extraction involving three stages of extraction with solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and finally ethanol. All extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29523, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella typhimurium using well diffusion method. As a result, ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed antibacterial inhibition against tested bacteria whereas petroleum ether failed to show any. Most bacteria are more susceptible to ethyl acetate compared to ethanol extract. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) MICrodilution test and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was carried out on both of the extract. Ethyl acetate extract has MIC ranging between 6.25 – 12.5 mg/ml and MBC between 25.0 – 50.0 mg/ml. Ethanolic extract has much higher MIC and MBC value, which ranges between 25.0mg/ml to 50.0 mg/ml for it’s MIC and has the MBC of 100.0 mg/ml.

Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extract from Ficus carica Leaves Against Oral Bacteria

Ficus carica L. (fig) belongs to the mulberry tree (Moraceae) which is one of the oldest fruits in the world. It has been used as a digestion promoter and a cure for ulcerative inflammation and eruption in Korea. The present study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol (MeOH) extract of figs against oral bacteria. The MeOH extract (MICs, 0.156 to 5 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.313 to 5 mg/ml) showed a strong antibacterial activity against oral bacteria. The combination effects of MeOH extract with ampicillin or gentamicin were synergistic against oral bacteria. We suggest that figs could be employed as a natural antibacterial agent in oral care products.