Response of macrophages in rat skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Macrophages are known to be important for healing numerous injured tissues depending on their functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli. The objective of this study was to reveal macrophage phenotypic changes involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and regeneration.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats experienced one session of downhill running (16° decline, 16 m/min) for 90 min. After exercise the blood and soleus muscles were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w after exercise, separately.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was showed that CD68 M1 macrophages mainly infiltrated into muscle necrotic sites at 1-3 d, while CD163 M2 macrophages were present in muscles from 0 h to 2 weeks after exercise. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed activated satellite cells 1 d after exercise. Th1-associated transcripts of iNOS and Ccl2 were inhibited post exercise, while COX-2 mRNA was dramatically increased 12 h after running (p < 0.01). M2 phenotype marker Arg-1 increased 12 h and 3 d (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) after exercise, and Clec10a and Mrc2 were up-regulated in muscles 12 h following exercise (p < 0.05, p < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The data demonstrate the dynamic patterns of macrophage phenotype in skeletal muscle upon eccentric exercise stimuli, and M1 and M2 phenotypes perform different functions during exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and recovery.</p>

Regulatory effect and relevant mechanisms of fraction from heat-clearing and detoxifying herb couplet on macrophage M1/M2 phenotypes / 中国中药杂志

To explore the regulatory effect and relevant mechanisms of the fraction of Hedyotis diffusa and Scutellaria barbata herb couple(YDW11) on polarization of macrophage between M1/M2 phenotypes.RAW264.7 cells were induced with LPS/IFN- or IL-4/IL-13 to establish M1 or M2 macrophage cell model. MTT assay was used to measure the cell cytotoxicity of YDW11. Griess reaction was used to detect the changes of nitrite accumulation in the cell supernatant. Trans-well assay was used to measure the migration capability. QRT-PCR was used to assay mRNA expressions of iNOS, IL-1, Arg-1 and MR. Western blot was used to detect the effect of YDW11 on iNOS and Arg-1 protein expressions. Taqman MicroRNA RT-PCR was used to detect the effect of YDW11 on miR155 expression under M1 and M2 phenotype conditions. In addition, MS-UPLC assay was carried out to identify the constituents in YDW11. The results showed that the ethyl acetate of H. diffusa and S. barbata extracted in 1:1 ratio with water (YDW11) showed the activity in suppressing the nitrite content in M1 macrophages without cytotoxicity. YDW11 also inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells with the help of M2 macrophages by blocking their polarization towards M2. YDW11 decreased iNOS, IL-1, Arg-1and MR mRNA expressions and iNOS and Arg-1 protein expressions. YDW11 down-regulated miR155 expression in M1 phenotype, and up-regulated miR155 expression in M2 phenotype. Based on MS-UPLC,four compounds were identified in YDW11, including 4'-hydroxyacetophenone, scutellarin, luteolin and apigenin. YDW11 inhibited M1/M2 phenotypes of macrophages by regulating the expression of miR155.

A potential role of macrophage phenotypes in the early evaluation of the effects of combined Yersinia Pestis and Brucella bovis vaccine immunization / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective In emergency situations where simultaneous immunization by multiple vaccines are required,how to rapidly evaluate the effect of combined immunization is an urgent issue that needs to be solved.This study aimed to investigate the po-tential role and application value of the phenotypic changes of macrophages in rapid evaluation of the effect of combined Yersinia pestis and Brucella bovis vaccine immunization at early stage.Methods Y.pestis and B.bovis vaccines were injected into mice alone or in combination to establish animal models.The changes of the macrophage phenotypes(M1 or M2 polarization)and the CD8+T cell pheno-types and functions were detected in the early(4 d)and the late(14 d)stage of the immunization,respectively.The effect of the immuno-phenotype of macrophages at early stage on the function of CD8+T cells at late stage was analyzed.Results The co-immunization by Y.pestis and B.bovis vaccines led to the attenuation of the M1-polarization of macrophages at early stage,which were marked by de-creased expression of CD16/32 and increased expression of Detectin-1 on cell surface as well as decreased expression of IL-12 and in-creased expression of IL-4 inside the macrophage,in comparison with single vaccine groups,suggesting an interference between the two vaccines.Meanwhile,the activity of CD8+T cells(including the ratio of CD8+CD69+T,CD8+IFN-γ+T and CD8+GranzymeB+T cells) in combined immunization group showed similar tendency to the attenuated phenotypic M1-polarization of macrophages. Conclusion The phenotype of macrophages at the early stage of the co-immunization by Y.pestis and B.bovis vaccines showed consistency with the phenotype and function of CD8+T cells at late stage.It might give us some hint about the possibility of utilizing the phenotypic changes of macrophages to rapidly evaluate the effect of the co-immunization at early stage.

Effects of insulin on macrophage phenotype transformation under high glucose condition / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective · To investigate the effects of insulin on high glucose-cultured humanmononuclear cell line THP-1 and macrophage phenotype transformation in diabetic wounds. Methods · THP-1 cells were cultured with normal (5.6 mmol/L) and high (25 mmol/L) glucose, respectively,stimulated with PMA for differentiation, and induced to M1 macrophages with LPS. After treated with insulin for 6 h, expression changes of M1 type macrophage markers inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as M2 type macrophage markers arginase1 (Arg1) and IL-10 were detected using real-time PCR andWestern blotting. High fat diet feeding plus multiple intraperitoneal injections of low dose streptozotocin (STZ) were used to induce type II diabetes rat model. After blood glucose level has been stable for five weeks, two fullthickness skin wounds with the diameter of 1cm were made on the back of DM rats. Wounds were randomly assigned to being treated with insulin (0.2 U insulin /20 μL saline) or saline (20 μL saline) using the random number table. Characteristics of macrophagephenotypes were observed 3, 7, and 25days after wounds were made. Normal rats (n=3) served as controls. Results · After being cultured with high glucose, the mRNA levels of M1 markers iNOS and TNF-α were up-regulated in LPS-induced THP-1 cells, while the mRNA levels of M2 markers Arg1 and IL-10 were down-regulated.Afterbeing treated with insulin for 6 h, mRNA levels of iNOS and TNF-α weredown-regulated, protein levels of iNOS, IL-1β were down-regulated too, while mRNAand protein levels of Arg1 and IL-10 were up-regulated. In addition, the expression level of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 was significantly increased after high glucose culture and was significantly decreased after insulin intervention. Compared to normal rat skin wounds, the expression of iNOS in macrophages was significantly increased in wounds of diabetic rats. The expression of iNOS in macrophages was high in saline treated wounds 3 and 7 days after the wounds were made and the expression of Arg1 was low 25 days after the wounds were made. In insulin treated wounds, the expression of iNOS started to decrease on day 7 after the wounds were made and the expression of Arg1 was significantly higher than that in saline treated wounds on day 25 after the wounds were made. Conclusion · Insulin can induce macrophage phenotype transformation from M1 to M2 under high glucose condition and the mechanism may be associated with the phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65.