Evaluación de aspectos clínicos relacionados con la amputación de miembros inferiores en personas que viven con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en México / Evaluation of clinical aspects related to lower limb amputation among individuals living with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes continúa siendo una de las principales causas de discapacidad y muerte en la población mundial. Alrededor del 25% de las personas con diabetes desarrollarán una úlcera en alguno de sus miembros pélvicos inferiores. Objetivo: El presente estudio evalúa los aspectos clínicos relacionados con la amputación del miembro inferior pélvico en una cohorte de pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal, realizado en colaboración entre el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social y la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, implicó una revisión de expedientes de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el Hospital General Regional "Ignacio García Téllez". Se seleccionaron 100 expedientes clínicos y Electrónicos basados en criterios de inclusión, que incluían edad mayor de 18 años, afiliación en el sitio del estudio, evolución de la diabetes de al menos 10 años, tratamiento farmacológico para la diabetes y diagnóstico de pie diabético con curación completa o amputación como resultado. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron mediante STATA y se obtuvo aprobación ética. Resultados: Los pacientes con un control glucémico óptimo cuantificando sus niveles de glucosa en ayunas (<130 mg/dl) así como sus valores de hemoglobina glicosilada (< 7%) tuvieron una menor frecuencia de amputaciones (p˂0,001; Chi2) en comparación con aquellos pacientes sin un control glucémico adecuado. Conclusión: Se encontró que ser hombre, valores de hemoglobina glucosilada superiores al 7% y valores promedio de glucosa en ayunas superiores a 130 mg/L aumentan la probabilidad de presentar una amputación de extremidad inferior.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes continues to be a leading cause of disability and death in the world's population. About 25% of people with diabetes will develop an ulcer in one of their lower pelvic limbs. Objective: The present study evaluates the clinical aspects related to lower pelvic limb amputation in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus. Lazarte Echegaray Hospital during the period 2017-2020. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study, conducted in collaboration between the Mexican Institute of Social Security and the School of Pharmacy of the Autonomous University of Morelos State, involved a review of records of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Regional General Hospital "Ignacio García Téllez". One hundred clinical and electronic records were selected based on inclusion criteria, which included age over 18 years, affiliation at the study site, diabetes evolution of at least 10 years, pharmacological treatment for diabetes and diagnosis of diabetic foot with complete healing or amputation as an outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA and ethical approval was obtained. Results: Patients with optimal glycemic control by quantifying their fasting glucose levels (<130 mg/dl) as well as their glycated hemoglobin values (< 7%) had a lower frequency of amputations (p˂0.001; Chi2) compared to those patients without adequate glycemic control. Conclusion: Being male, glycosylated hemoglobin values greater than 7% and mean fasting glucose values greater than 130 mg/L were found to increase the likelihood of having a lower extremity amputation.

Presentación atípica de pie diabético en pacientes pos-COVID-19 / Atypical presentation of diabetic foot in post-COVID-19 patients

Resumen La atención de pacientes con pie diabético se vio afectada luego de la aparición de COVID-19, ya que los sistemas de salud debieron dar prioridad a la atención de dicha enfermedad y se restringió el control de las enfermedades crónicas. Existen algunas comunicaciones sobre el aumento de las amputaciones durante la pandemia, el cual fue atribuido principalmente a la falta de controles de los pacientes con diabetes y pie diabético. Esto pudo haber influido en la consulta tardía y en la aparición de presentaciones más graves. Presentamos los casos de tres pacientes con reciente enfermedad por COVID-19 que desarrollaron una forma atípica de pie diabético grave y rápidamente evolutiva cuyo desenlace fue la amputación mayor. Una posible explicación estaría relacionada a que los pacientes con COVID-19 tienen mayor riesgo de enfermedad trombótica, tanto venosa como arterial, debido a la intensa respuesta inflamatoria, la activación plaquetaria, la disfunción endotelial y la estasis sanguínea por inmovilización, que se asocia a esta enfermedad. Esto podría agravar la isquemia crónica que desarrollan las personas con diabetes, causada por el estado metabólico anormal que favorece la ateroesclerosis de todo el árbol vascular.

Abstract Medical attention of patients with a diabetic foot has been disrupted since de COVID-19 pandemic began, because health systems had to provide care to those patients affected by this disease to the detriment of the control of chronic diseases. Several reports show an increase in amputations during the pandemic, primarily due to the lack of health controls in patients suffering from diabetes or diabetic foot. This could have resulted in later consultation and more severe presentations. We describe three medical cases that had recently been affected by COVID-19 and developed a rare and rapidly evolving diabetic foot that required a major amputation. One possible explanation for this atypi cal presentation could be that COVID-19 predisposes patients to vein and arterial thrombosis due to systemic inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction and stasis from prolonged immobility. This could have exacerbated chronic ischemia secondary to diabetes in which metabolic disturbances often seen in these patients predispose to atherosclerosis.

Factores pronósticos de amputación mayor en pacientes con pie diabético sometidos a cirugía / Major amputation´s prognostic factors in patients with diabetic feet undergoing surgery

Introducción: El pie diabético es una causa importante de morbilidad y constituye una complicación crónica de la diabetes mellitus que repercute en la calidad de vida. Los pacientes con pie diabético tienen una tasa alta de amputación, procedimiento quirúrgico que afecta emocional y económicamente a pacientes, familiares, médicos de asistencia y a la sociedad. Objetivos: Identificar los factores pronósticos de amputación mayor en pacientes con pie diabético sometidos a cirugía. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico de corte transversal en 73 pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético: 29 con amputación mayor y 44 con amputación menor. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, tipo de diabetes y su tiempo de evolución, pulsos arteriales, tipo de pie diabético, presencia de úlcera isquémica infectada, absceso, osteomielitis, úlcera neuropática, gangrena digital, necrosis tisular progresiva e infección. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y se asociaron las variables. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (56,2 por ciento) y de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (93,2 por ciento). La necrosis tisular progresiva se observó en 30 pacientes y la úlcera isquémica representó el 30,1 por ciento. Conclusiones: La úlcera isquémica con infección, la gangrena digital y la necrosis tisular progresiva resultaron los factores pronósticos de amputación mayor identificados en los pacientes con pie diabético sometidos a cirugía(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer is a major cause of morbidity and it is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that impacts quality of life. Patients with diabetic feet have a high amputation rate, a surgical procedure that emotionally and economically affects patients, family members, physicians and society. Objective: To identify the prognostic factors for major amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer undergoing surgery. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 73 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcer: 29 with major amputation and 44 with minor amputation. The variables studied were: age, sex, type of diabetes and its evolution time, arterial pulses, type of diabetic foot, presence of infected ischemic ulcer, abscess, osteomyelitis, neuropathic ulcer, digital gangrene, progressive soft-tissue necrosis and infection. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated, and variables were associated. Results: There was predominance of the male sex (56.2 percent) and of diabetes mellitus type 2 (93.2 percent). Progressive soft-tissue necrosis was observed in 30 patients and the ischemic ulcer represented the 30.1 percent. Conclusions: Ischemic ulcer with infection, digital gangrene and progressive soft-tissue necrosis resulted in the major amputation´s prognostic factors identified in diabetic foot patients undergoing surgery(AU)

Comparison of WIFi, University of Texas and Wagner Classification Systems as Major Amputation Predictors for Admitted Diabetic Foot Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

@#Introduction: Classifications systems are powerful tools that could reduce the length of hospital stay and economic burden. The Would, Ischemia, and Foot Infection (WIFi) classification system was created as a comprehensive system for predicting major amputation but is yet to be compared with other systems. Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the predictive abilities for major lower limb amputation of WIFi, Wagner and the University of Texas Classification Systems among diabetic foot patients admitted in a tertiary hospital through a prospective cohort design. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three diabetic foot patients admitted from June 15, 2019 to February 15, 2020. Methods included one-on-one interview for clinico-demographic data, physical examination to determine the classification. Patients were followed-up and outcomes were determined. Pearson Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact determined association between clinico-demographic data, the classifications, and outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve determined predictive abilities of classification systems and paired analysis compared the curves. Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) values used to compare the prediction accuracy. Analysis was set at 95% CI. Results: Results showed hypertension, duration of diabetes, and ambulation status were significantly associated with major amputation. WIFi showed the highest AUC of 0.899 (p = 0.000). However, paired analysis showed AUC differences between WIFi, Wagner, and University of Texas classifications by grade were not significantly different from each other. Conclusion: The WIFi, Wagner, and University of Texas classification systems are good predictors of major amputation with WIFi as the most predictive.

Diabetic foot infection and surgical treatment in a secondary health care centre in Malaysia

@#Introduction: Diabetic foot infection is often associated with high morbidity, disability and poor quality of life. This study focuses on the demography, the number of repetitive surgery and length of stay in hospital of patients with diabetic foot infection. Method: This is a retrospective observational study. Patients who were admitted to the Orthopaedic ward of Hospital Segamat (HS), Johor, Malaysia from January 2016 to December 2018 and required surgical intervention were included in the study. Data was collected from the computer system of HS and medical notes of patients. Results: 35.6% of the total orthopaedic emergency surgeries performed were for patients with diabetic foot infection, 25% of the surgical procedures performed were major amputations of lower limb and 40% of the patients with diabetic foot infection required more than one surgical operation. Discussion: The demographics of the patients is consistent with the demographics of Malaysia where majority of them are Malays followed by Chinese, Indians and others. Despite being only 10% of total admission to the department, this group of patients contributed to 35.6% of the total emergency surgeries performed. The amputation rate in the centre is comparable to the other local studies. The average length of stay in hospital was found to be shorter compared to overseas due to different rehabilitation protocols.

Factors associated with outcome of endovascular treatment of iliac occlusive disease: a single-center experience / Fatores associados com os desfechos clínicos do tratamento endovascular da doença oclusiva ilíaca: experiência de um único centro

Abstract Background Endovascular treatment (ET) of iliac occlusive disease (IOD) is well established in literature. Use of stents in IOD has achieved long-term limb salvage and patency rates similar to those of open surgery, with lower morbidity and mortality rates. Objectives To report the long-term outcomes, particularly limb salvage and patency rates, of ET for IOD and the factors associated with these outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients with IOD who underwent iliac angioplasty (IA), between January 2009 and January 2015. Patients with critical limb ischemia or incapacitating claudication were included. Results In total, 48 IA procedures were performed in 46 patients, with an initial technical success rate of 95.83%. Failure occurred in two patients, who were excluded, leaving 44 patients and 46 IA. The primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival rates at 1200 days were 88%, 95.3%, 86.3%, and 69.9%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression revealed that the primary patency rate was significantly worse in patients with TASC type C/D than in patients with TASC type A/B (p = 0.044). Analysis of factors associated with major amputation using Cox regression showed that the rate of limb loss was greater in patients with TASC type C/D (p = 0.043). Male gender was associated with reduced survival (p = 0.011). Conclusions TASC type C/D was associated with a higher number of reinterventions and with worse limb loss and primary patency rates. Male gender was associated with a worse survival rate after ET of IOD.

Resumo Contexto O tratamento endovascular da doença oclusiva ilíaca (DOI) é bem estabelecido. O uso de stents nas angioplastias ilíacas (AI) alcançou estimativas de salvamento de membro e perviedade similares às de cirurgias abertas, porém com menor morbimortalidade. Objetivos Demonstrar os desfechos clínicos a longo prazo, principalmente as estimativas de salvamento de membro (ESM) e perviedade, do tratamento endovascular da DOI e os fatores associados. Método Estudo de coorte retrospectiva e consecutiva incluindo pacientes com DOI e isquemia crítica ou claudicação limitante submetidos a AI entre janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2015. Resultados Foram realizadas 48 AI em 46 pacientes, com uma taxa de sucesso técnico inicial de 95,83%. Ocorreu falha técnica em dois pacientes, os quais foram excluídos da análise, restando 44 pacientes e 46 AI. As estimativas de perviedade primária, perviedade secundária, ESM e sobrevida aos 1.200 dias foram de 88%, 95,3%, 86,3% e 69,9%, respectivamente. A regressão de Cox univariada e multivariada revelou que a perviedade primária foi pior em pacientes com classificação TASC C/D do que em pacientes TASC A/B (p = 0,044). Quando analisamos os fatores associados à amputação maior, verificou-se que lesões TASC tipo C/D (p = 0,043) apresentaram piores resultados. O sexo masculino foi associado com sobrevida reduzida (p = 0,011). Conclusões Classificação TASC tipo C/D foi associada a um maior número de reintervenções, maior perda de membro e piores estimativas de perviedade primária. O sexo masculino foi associado a uma pior sobrevida.

Treatment of Multidisciplinary Approach of Critical Ischemic Limb with Diabetic Foot / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate treatment results of multidisciplinary approach of critical ischemic limb with diabetic foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2005 to March 2012, 674 diabetic foot patients were analyzed. Among them, 85 patients were neuroarthropathic type, 383 patients were infectious type, and 206 patients were ischemic type. The subjects were 206 patients who had critical ischemic limbs and major or minor amputations were done. Various single or combined treatment method before amputation was performed. We investigated their ABI, HbA1c, main occlusion lesion, limb salvage and hospitalization period by various treatment method. RESULTS: Major amputation was 27 cases, minor amputation was 179 cases. Mean HbA1c was 8.2%, and mean ABI was 0.66. Main occlusion lesion was 6 cases at common iliac artery, 13 cases at external iliac artery, 9 cases at internal iliac artery, 11 cases at common femoral artery, 23 cases at deep femoral artery, 52 cases at superficial femoral artery, 35 cases at popliteal artery, 40 cases at posterior tibia artery, 35 cases at anterior tibial artery, 28 cases at peroneal artery, and 13 cases at dorsalis pedis artery. Major amputations were decreased, minor amputations were increased, and hospitalization period was reduced by treatment of multidisciplinary approach. CONCLUSION: Treatment of multidisciplinary approach, which include preoperation percutaneus transluminal angioplasty, vascular surgery, and amputation, of critical ischemic limb with diabetic foot had advantages of limb salvage and hospitalization period reduction.

The Usefulness of Infrapopliteal Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty in the Treatment of Diabetic Gangrene / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) below the knee as a treatment in diabetic foot gangrene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2003 and May 2006, angiography was performed in 35 diabetic foot gangrene classified as either Wagner grade IV or V. Infrapopliteal PTA was performed in 10 patients among them. Clinical success was defined as prevention of major amputation. RESULTS: Among 25 patients who did not receive infrapopliteal PTA, the major amputation rate is 22% (in one arterial occlusion cases), 50% (in two arterial occlusion cases), 63% (in three arterial occlusion cases), respectively. Infrapopliteal PTA was successfully performed in 8 among 10 patients. Two patients were failed and undergone below-knee amputation. Toe amputation were performed in 2 patients with one arterial occlusion. Out of 6 patients with three arterial occlusions, toe amputations were performed in 4 patients and the other 2 patients were healed through debridement. CONCLUSION: As a first choice revascularization procedure for limb salvage in diabetic foot gangrene, infrapopliteal PTA can be one of treatment options.