Effect of Murdannia edulis Faden roots on serum prolactin level and mammary glands of lactating female albino rats

Background: Murdannia edulis (Stokes) Faden (Myit-Cho in Myanmar) is a herb which has widely been used to induce or increase lactation by ethnic groups living in Tamu township of Sagaing division in Myanmar. This study aimed to explore the effect of Murdannia edulis on serum prolactin level and mammary glands of the lactating female rats. Methods: The type of the study was laboratory based experimental study. Thirty-six lactating dams were divided into six groups of 6 lactating rats in each group (n=6), namely group I (normal saline) as control, group II (5 mg/kg metoclopramide) as standard, groups III and IV (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg watery extract of Murdannia edulis), groups V and VI (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg ethanolic extract of Murdannia edulis), respectively. The extract and the drugs were orally administered from day 4 to 15 of lactation. At 16 days of lactation, the heart blood of lactating dams was collected under chloroform anaesthesia and serum prolactin level of dams was measured by using ELISA kit. The histological changes of mammary glands of the rats were also assessed. Results: The significant higher serum prolactin level were seen in ethanolic extract 2 gm/kg body weight treated group when compared to control. Histology of mammary glands in ethanolic extract treated rats showed stimulation of lobuloalveolar cell development. Conclusions: The lactogenic activity of the roots of Murdannia edulis may be due to promoting prolactin secretion and lobuloalveolar cell development of mammary glands.

Exploring the mechanism of Xihuang Pill's anti-hyperplasia of mammary glands effect based on UPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS technology / 药学学报

Based on UPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS and biological network analysis tools, the mechanism of Xihuang Pill in improving hyperplasia of mammary glands was systematically analyzed. The rat model of hyperplasia of mammary glands was established by intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate and progesterone. LC-MS tissue metabolomics was used to explore the key metabolites and metabolic pathways of Xihuang Pill in improving hyperplasia of mammary glands in rat. The network analysis of the key metabolites regulated by Xihuang Pill was carried out by integrating biological network analysis tools, focusing on the key metabolic pathways, and exploring the potential targets of Xihuang Pill to improve hyperplasia of mammary glands. Compared with the control group, there were significant differences in the content of 49 differential metabolites in the tissues of the model group (P < 0.05). Xihuang Pills could significantly call back 17 metabolites such as L-alanine, threonine, indole-3-carboxylic aldehyde, lysine, arginine, alanylleucine, glycyltyrosine, γ-glutamyl leucine, vitamin B3, serine leucine, threonine leucine, isoleucine glutamic acid, γ-glutamyl tyrosine, decanoyl-L-carnitine, uric acid, leucylleucine, S-adenosyl-methionine. Further network analysis and literature research on the key metabolites regulated by Xihuang Pills showed that the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway may be one of the important pathways for Xihuang Pills to improve hyperplasia of mammary glands. STAT3, MAPK1, EGFR, CASP3, CASP8, PRKCA and JUN in the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway may be potential targets for Xihuang Pills to improve hyperplasia of mammary glands. The animal experiment operations involved in this paper follow the provisions of the Animal Ethics Committee of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and pass the ethical review of animal experiments (approval number: 2022-705).

Mechanism of blood-activating and mass-dissipating Chinese patent medicine against hyperplasia of mammary glands and use with other medicine: a review / 中国中药杂志

Caused by endocrine disorder, hyperplasia of mammary glands(HMG) tends to occur in the young with increasing incidence, putting patients at the risk of cancer and threatening the health of women. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of HMG is attracting more and more attention. Amid the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), many scholars have found that Chinese patent medicine has unique advantages and huge potential in treatment of endocrine disorder. Particularly, Chinese patent medicine with the function of blood-activating and mass-dissipating, such as Xiaojin Pills and Xiaozheng Pills, has been commonly used in clinical treatment of HMG, which features multiple targets, obvious efficacy, small side effect, and ease of taking and carrying around. Clinical studies have found that the combination of Chinese patent medicine with other medicine can not only improve the efficacy and relieve symptoms such as hyperplasia and pain but also reduce the toxic and side effects of western medicine. Therefore, based on precious pharmacological research and clinical research, this study reviewed the mechanisms of blood-activating mass-dissipating Chinese patent medicine alone and in combination with other medicine, such as regulating levels of in vivo hormones and receptors, promoting apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, improving hemorheology indexes, enhancing immunity, and boosting antioxidant ability. In addition, limitations and problems were summarized. Thereby, this study is expected to lay a theoretical basis for the further study and clinical application of blood-activating mass-dissipating Chinese patent medicine alone or in combination with other medicine against HMG.

Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine compounds combined with external therapy in treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands / 中国中药杂志

Hyperplasia of mammary glands is a benign breast disease with disordered breast structure. Nowadays, the incidence rate of breast hyperplasia in women is increasing year by year, and the etiology is related to the imbalance of estrogen and progesterone in the body. The symptoms include breast pain, breast nodules, or nipple discharge, which can develop into breast cancer in the context of psychological pressure. Therefore, it is timely and effectively necessary for people to treat the symptoms. At present, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) often treats breast hyperplasia by oral drug, external application, acupuncture, moxibustion, and massage, while western medicine often uses hormone therapy or surgery. TCM can regulate hormone levels to treat breast hyperplasia. Acupuncture, moxibustion, and other methods can stimulate acupoints to reduce breast lumps. However, since TCM is easy to produce hepatorenal toxicity after long-term use and simple external treatment is slow to take effect, rapid and effective treatment is difficult to be achieved. Although western medicine can inhibit the disease, it is easy to produce toxic and side effects if taken for a long time. In addition, surgery can only remove the focus and the recurrence rate is high. Some studies have found that the combination of oral and external use of TCM compounds has a significant effect, with mild toxic and side effects, few adverse reactions, and a low recurrence rate. Based on the relevant literature in recent years, this article reviewed the combination of oral and external treatment of TCM in the treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands, discussed the effectiveness, clinical evaluation indexes, and mechanism, and pointed out the existing shortcomings to explore a comprehensive therapy worthy of clinical application.

Mechanism of anti-hyperplasia of mammary glands of Xihuang Pills blood-entering component based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

In this study, based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method, the mechanism of anti-hyperplasia of mammary glands of Xihuang Pills blood-entering components was explored, and the efficacy and key targets of Xihuang Pills blood-entering components were experimentally verified by MCF-10A proliferation model of human mammary epithelial cells. In order to clarify the material basis and mechanism of Xihuang Pills in realizing anti-hyperplasia of mammary glands, the blood-entering components of Xihuang Pills were qualitatively analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and 22 blood-entering components were identified. By taking the blood-entering components as the research object, the network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking verification were carried out, and finally, three key targets were screened out, namely JAK1, SRC, and CDK1. In vitro experiments show that Xihuang Pills can inhibit the proliferation of MCF-10A cells, promote the apoptosis of MCF-10A cells, and reduce the expression of JAK1, SRC, and CDK1 targets in cells. To sum up, Xihuang Pills can promote the apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells by regulating the expression of JAK1, SRC, and CDK1 and then play an anti-hyperplasia role, which provides an experimental basis for clarifying the material basis of Xihuang Pills for anti-hyperplasia effect.

Caracterización morfométrica nuclear de glándulas mamarias sanas en mujeres adultas mayores

Introducción: Las glándulas mamarias son órganos que durante las diferentes etapas de la vida en la mujer sufren modificaciones, donde se involucran los procesos de proliferación, diferenciación y apoptosis, bajo el control hormonal. Sin embargo, una vez que cesan dichas influencias hormonales ocurren cambios que llevan a la involución de dicho órgano. Objetivo: Caracterizar el factor de forma, perímetro, área y volumen de los núcleos de las células epiteliales glandulares mamarias. Métodos: Para caracterizar las glándulas mamarias sanas en mujeres de 60 años y más, se realizó un estudio de serie de casos en 14 mujeres fallecidas que no tenían lesiones benignas o malignas del órgano. Todas examinadas por el departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Provincial Vladimir Ilich Lenin en Holguín, en el período comprendido de septiembre 2018 a septiembre 2019. Para mejor valoración, la muestra de estudio se dividió en dos grupos de edades: de 60-75 años de edad y mayores de 75 años. Resultados: Tanto el factor de forma como el perímetro, área y volumen de los núcleos de las células epiteliales de los conductos mamarios son menores en las mujeres mayores de 75 años. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias notables en los indicadores morfométricos estudiados en ambos grupos de edades. Específicamente el tamaño y la forma de los núcleos de células epiteliales se ven afectados con la edad, lo cual se corresponde con la baja actividad metabólica de las células epiteliales mamarias en esta etapa de la vida.

Introduction: The mammary glands are organs that during the different stages of life in women undergo modifications, where the processes of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis are involved, under hormonal control. However, once these hormonal influences cease, changes occur that lead to the involution of said organ. Objective: To determine the shape factor, perimeter, area and volume of the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells. Methods: To characterize healthy mammary glands in women aged 60 years and older, a case series study was conducted on 14 deceased women who had no benign or malignant lesions of the organ. All examined by the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Provincial Hospital V.I. Lenin in Holguín, in the period between September, 2018 - September, 2019. For a better assessment, the study sample was divided into two age groups: from 60 to 75 years of age; age and older than 75 years. Results: Both the shape factor and the perimeter, area and volume of the nuclei of the epithelial cells of the mammary ducts are lower in women older than 75 years. Conclusions: There are notable differences in the morphometric indicators studied. Epithelial cell nuclei are affected with age, which corresponds to the low metabolic activity of mammary epithelial cells at this stage of life.

Representações sociais de puérperas sobre as mamas no aleitamento / Representaciones sociales de puérperas sobre la pechos en lactancia / Social representations of puerperals about the breast in breastfeeding

Objetivo: Apreender representações sociais de puérperas sobre as mamas no período do aleitamento. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentada na teoria das representações sociais. Utilizou-se o teste de associação livre de palavras, aplicado a 95 puérperas num Centro de Parto Normal de Salvador-Ba, no período de novembro de 2017 a fevereiro de 2018. Realizou-se a análise da estrutura das representações sociais a partir da árvore de similitude das evocações livres. Resultados: As representações sociais das puérperas sobre as mamas são marcantemente a dor e o tamanho, influenciadas por elementos periféricos que envolvem o ato de amamentar e a saúde, estando associadas as suas crenças, conhecimentos e valores afetivos. As participantes reconhecem que as mamas são partes importantes do corpo que requerem cuidado cotidianamente. Conclusão: Os achados corroboram para novos olhares para subjetividades que envolvem o aleitamento, podendo nortear práticas de cuidado em saúde que colaborem para satisfação enquanto nutriz.(AU)

Objective: To apprehend social representations of postpartum women about their breasts during the breastfeeding period. Method: Qualitative research, based on the theory of social representations. The free word association test was used, applied to 95 postpartum women in a Normal Delivery Center in Salvador-Ba, from November 2017 to February 2018. The analysis of the structure of social representations was carried out from the tree of similarity of free evocations. Results: The postpartum women's social representations about the breasts are markedly pain and size, influenced by peripheral elements that involve the act of breastfeeding and health, being associated with their beliefs, knowledge and affective values. Participants recognize that the breasts are important parts of the body that require daily care. Conclusion: The findings corroborate new perspectives on subjectivities that involve breastfeeding, which may guide health care practices that contribute to satisfaction as a nursing mother.(AU)

Objetivo: Aprender las representaciones sociales de las mujeres posparto sobre sus senos durante el período de lactancia. Método: Investigación cualitativa, basada en la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Se utilizó la prueba de asociación libre de palabras, aplicada a 95 puérperas en un Centro de Parto Normal en Salvador-Ba, de noviembre de 2017 a febrero de 2018. El análisis de la estructura de las representaciones sociales se realizó a partir del árbol de similitud de evocaciones libres. Resultados: Las representaciones sociales de las mujeres posparto sobre las mamas son marcadamente dolorosas y de tamaño, influenciadas por elementos periféricos que involucran el acto de la lactancia materna y la salud, estando asociadas a sus creencias, conocimientos y valores afectivos. Los participantes reconocen que los senos son partes importantes del cuerpo que requieren cuidados diarios. Conclusión: Los hallazgos corroboran nuevas perspectivas sobre subjetividades que involucran la lactancia materna, las cuales pueden orientar prácticas de cuidado de la salud que contribuyan a la satisfacción como madre lactante.(AU)

Mechanism of Prunellae Spica Against Breast Diseases： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Prunellae Spica is the dry ear of the labiaceae plant Prunella vulgaris， which is a traditional medicine and food plant with many functions. Prunellae Spica can clear liver-fire， improve eyesight， disperse knot detumescence. It owns hot and bitter flavors and cold property. It goes to the liver， gallbladder meridian， and is a kind of commonly-used antifebric. Prunellae Spica has been used in the treatment of mammary gland diseases since ancient times.The mammary abscess， mammary nodules， mammary carcinoma of traditional Chinese medicine all belong to breast disease， and the liver meridian is most closely related to these diseases. With the development of social life， breast disease has gradually become the most primary health problem for women. Modern pharmacological studies show that Prunellae Spica contains terpenoids， phenolic acids， flavonoids and other biological active components， which have anti-inflammatory， antibacterial， hormone regulation， anti-tumor and other effects. Prunellae Spica inhibits the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK）/nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） pathway to play an anti-mastitis role， interferes with the effects of estrogen receptors or regulates lipid levels to treat breast hyperplasia， and treats breast cancer through promoting the apoptosis of breast cancer cells， inhibiting the migration of breast cancer cells， regulating the division of breast cancer cells and other ways. While referring to the relevant literature， it was found that Prunellae Spica often exerted pharmacological effects through multi-channels and multi-target regulation， but most of the studies did not specify the specific target of its effect， which needs further study. In this review， the effects and mechanisms of Prunellae Spica in the treatment of various breast diseases were summarized， so as to provide a reference for further research on the wider clinical therapeutic effects of Prunella subtilis and its therapeutic effects on breast diseases.

Pharmacodynamics and Mechanism of Chaijin Sanjie Prescription on Rats with Mammary Gland Hyperplasia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the pharmacodynamics and mechanism of Chaijin Sanjie prescription (CJSJP) on rat mammary gland hyperplasia, in order to provide experimental basis for the research and development of new Chinese medicine. Method:SD rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia was established through exogenous intramuscular injection with estrogen and progesterone. After successful establishment of the model, the rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, and low, medium and high-dose CJSJP groups (3.13, 6.26, 12.52 g·kg-1) and Rupixiao (0.517 g·kg-1) group, with 9 rats in each group. After 28 days of administration, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and rolactin (PRL) were measured by radioimmunoassay, uterus and ovary coefficients were calculated; nipple diameter and breast histopathology were observed, estrogen receptor-α(ER-α) expression in mammary gland was measured by immunohistochemistry, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) mRNA expressions in hypothalamus, pituitary were measured by Real-time PCR. ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group, low, medium and high-dose CJSJP groups (5.2,10.4,20.8 g·kg-1) and Luotongding group (0.038 6 g·kg-1) according to their body weight. Twelve mice in each group were given drugs for 7 days, and 0.6% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally for 30 minutes after the last administration. The writhing times were observed within 15 minutes. Result:Compared with the normal group, the diameter of nipple was widened, serum E2 was significantly increased (Pα expression were increased in model group. compared with model group, the diameter of nipple was significantly decreased in high dose group of CJSJP (P2 was decreased in all dose groups of CJSJP, pathological score of breast hyperplasia was decreased in middle and high dose groups of CJSJP, GnRH mRNA in hypothalamus was decreased in all dose groups of CJSJP. The writhing times of mice in high dose group of CJSJP was decreased (PConclusion:Chaijin Sanjie prescription can improve the lesions of breast hyperplasia. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the regulation of GnRH gene expression in hypothalamus and the decrease of estrogen receptor expression.

Osteogenic induction and identification of mammary stem cells derived from a Holstein dairy cow / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The isolated and purified mammary stem cells from Holstein dairy cows have been induced to differentiate into nerve cells, adipocytes and osteoblasts, further enriching their multi-directional differentiation potential, which is of great significance for the study on mammary stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteogenic potential of mammary stem cells from Holstein dairy cows. METHODS: Mammary stem cells from Holstein dairy cows were isolated and purified, which were provided by the Key Laboratory of Biological Manufacturing of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The fourth generation of mammary stem cells were cultured for 21 days in an osteogenic induction medium, and identified by alizarin red staining and RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After osteogenic induction, the cell edge was indistinct, and there were some granular calcified nodules in the cells. The induced cells were positive for alizarin red staining. The positive expressions of Alpl and Bglap in the induced osteoblasts were detected, indicating that the mammary stem cells from Holstein dairy cows have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts.

Characteristics of 18 F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging in normal breast and malignant breast cancer / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging in normal breasts and breast cancer lesions.Methods From March 2016 to August 2017,22 female patients(age:(52±10)years)with suspected breast malignant nodules or masses were prospectively enrolled.All patients underwent 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging prior to biopsy or surgery.The imaging characteristics of normal breasts were assessed visually and the difference of maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)in normal breasts and uterus between patients with and without menopause was compared,SUVmax of cancer lesions and normal breasts was also compared.Breast cancer lesions were classified according to the distribution characteristics of radioactive uptake,and molecular subtypes ware determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization.The SUVmax of different morphological and molecular subtypes were analyzed.Two-sample t test and Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.Results There were 23 breast cancer lesions(one patient had bilateral breast cancer lesions and one had a history of one-side breast resection),20 normal breasts and 21 normal uteruses.Those normal breasts and uteruses didn't show any malignant change after being followed up for more than 1 year(one patient had uterine fibroids resection).There was a slight increase of radioactivity uptake in the cord-like connective tissue region at the margin of the gland in 11 mammary glands,and the SUVmax was higher than that of glandular tissue in the central region(1_81±0.67 vs 0.79±0.37;t = 6.771,P<0.00l).Of the 11 cases,except for one patient whose uterus was removed,the other 10 patients were accompanied by increased diffuse radioactivity of the uterus.SUVmax of 19 normal breast connective tissues(1.31±0.80)and uterus(3.80+1.79)were positively correlated(r = 0.785,P<0.05).For patients with/without menopause(n= 11 each group),the SUVmax of normal breast connective tissues(0.72±0.39 vs 1.81±0.67)and uterus(2.04±0.39 vs 5.11 + 1.06)were significantly different(t values:4.42 and 8.66,both P<0.01).Different levels of radioactive uptake were observed in all 23 breast cancer lesions,with SUVmax of 6.93±3.97,which was significantly higher than the nipple,connective tissue and glandular tissue of normal breasts(t values:6.784-7.559,all P<0.05).According to the characteristics of the radioactivity uptake distribution of the lesion,among the 23 breast cancer lesions,5 were mass type,3 were nodular type,4 were diffuse type,and 11 were multi-focal/multi-center type,and the SUVmax of multi-focal/multi-center type was the highest(F=3.55,P<0.05).The SUVmax of basal-like breast cancer lesions(2.49±1.67)was lower than the other three molecular subtypes.Lesions with high level human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)positive expression had higher SUVmax.Conclusions 18F-Alfatide II PET/CT imaging shows that normal breasts have a slight radioactive distribution,mainly concentrate in the nipple and connective tissues around the glandular,and the uptake have a positive correlation with the radioactive uptake of the uterus.The degree of radioactive uptake of breast cancer lesions is significantly higher than that of normal breasts.Breast cancer lesions with different moqjhological features all have obvious radioactive uptake,especially the multi-focal/multi-center type.Different molecular subtypes have different radioactive uptake levels.SUVmax is lower in basal-like breast cancer lesions,and higher in HER2 positive expression lesions.

Correction of moderate mastoptosis with the upturned glandular flap / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To review and discuss the new method ology of mastopexy for moderate mastoptosis.@*Methods@#Periareolar double-circle incisions were made, and the epidermis between the incisions was removed.Separating was performed widely between subcutaneous tissue and gland tissue. The tongue glandular flap, which was made in the below portion of the breast glands, was transferred upward to the mammary space. Then, the glands on both sides of the lower pole of the breast tissue were sutured to shrink the glandular base area.Vertical incision was made in the middle line of the superior portion of the gland. The medial glandular flap was rotated outward, lateral glandular flap was transferred inward and suture fixed was completed. The appearance of breast was reshaped and the nipple-areola complex was elevated.@*Result@#From Oct. 2008 to Jun. 2017, 15 patients were selected to this method for correcting moderate mastoptosis.All cases healed in good shape, no hematoma, infection, nipple necrosis and other serious complications.3 to 24 months follow-up after operation, two breast were symmetrical with nice shape and nipple sensory function properly. Average pre and postoperative left nipple-to-right nipple distance[(20.43±1.22) cm, (19.73±0.80) cm, P<0.05], sternum notch-to-nipple distance[left (23.03±0.99) cm, (20.40±0.71) cm, P<0.05; right (23.17±0.94) cm, (20.43±0.70) cm, P<0.05], mammary areola diameter[left (4.97±0.55) cm, (4.63±0.68)cm, P<0.05; right (4.97±0.50)cm, (4.57±0.50)cm, P<0.05], lower pole of breast-to-inframammary fold distance [left (2.70±0.36) cm, (0.22±0.38) cm, P<0.05; right (2.77±0.44) cm, (0.22±0.38) cm, P<0.05], thoracic circumference at the nipple[(84.29±1.81) cm, (87.83±2.22) cm, P<0.05]. The differences in the those data are statistically significant.@*Conclusions@#Upward transfer of glandular flap provides a new approch for correcting moderate breast ptosis.

Changes of sex hormones in male patients with hyperthyroidism and hyperplasia of mammary glands / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of methimazole on male patients with hyperthyroidism and hyperplasia of mammary glands and its effect on sex hormone levels.Methods A total of 97 cases of hyper-thyroidism treated in the hospital from February 2014 to February 2017 were selected as the research subjects. These patients were divided into group A (patients with hyperthyroidism with mammary gland development , 33 cases) and group B (patients with hyperthyroidism ,64 cases) according to whether patients had the combi-nation of hyperplasia of mammary glands.Two groups of patients were treated with methimazole ,thyroid hor-mone levels and sex hormone levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results Before treatment ,there was no significant difference in the levels of free T 3 (FT3) ,free T4 (FT4) ,three io-dine thyroxine (T3) ,thyroxine (T4) ,and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the two groups (P＞0.05). After treatment ,the levels of FT3 ,FT4 ,T3 and T4 in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment ,while the level of TSH was significantly higher than that before the treatment (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the levels of FT 3 ,FT4 ,T3 ,T4 and TSH between the two groups (P＞0.05). Before treatment ,the levels of total testosterone (T) ,luteinizing hormone (LH) ,prolactin (PRL) and estradi-ol (E2) in group A were significantly higher than those in the B group (P＜0.05).After treatment ,the levels of T ,LH ,PRL and E2 in group A were significantly lower than those before treatment (P＜0.05).After treat-ment ,the levels of T ,LH ,FSH ,PRL ,E2 ,P in the two groups were not statistically significant (P＞0.05). Conclusion Patients with hyperthyroidism combined with hyperplasia of mammary glands has a high level of sex hormones.After hyperthyroidism treatment ,thyroid hormone and sex hormone levels can be significantly changed into a better status.

A simple calculation for the preoperative estimation of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap volume in 2-stage breast reconstruction using a tissue expander

BACKGROUND: Flap volume is an important factor for obtaining satisfactory symmetry in breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) free flap. We aimed to develop an easy and simple method to estimate flap volume. METHODS: We performed a preoperative estimation of the TRAM flap volume in five patients with breast cancer who underwent 2-stage breast reconstruction following an immediate tissue expander operation after a simple mastectomy. We measured the height and width of each flap zone using a ruler and measured the tissue thickness by ultrasound. The volume of each zone, approximated as a triangular or square prism, was then calculated. The zone volumes were summed to obtain the total calculated volume of the TRAM flap. We then determined the width of zone II, so that the calculated flap volume was equal to the required flap volume (1.2×1.05×the weight of the resected mastectomy tissue). The TRAM flap was transferred vertically so that zone III was located on the upper side, and zone II was trimmed in the sitting position after vascular anastomosis. We compared the estimated flap width of zone II (=X) with the actual flap width of zone II. RESULTS: X was similar to the actual measured width. Accurate volume replacement with the TRAM flap resulted in good symmetry in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The volume of a free TRAM flap can be straightforwardly estimated preoperatively using the method presented here, with ultrasound, ruler, and simple calculations, and this technique may help reduced the time required for precise flap tailoring.

Effect of the Optimal Prescription of Huiru Yizeng on Hyperprolactinemia and Hyperplasia of Mammary Glands in Model Rats / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the effect of the optimal prescription of huiru yizeng on rats with hyperplasia of mammary gland and hyperprolactinemia. Methods Fifty-six female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=8), including normal control group, model control group, sodium chloride group, bromocriptin group, rupi sanjie group, the original prescription group and optimizing prescription group. Rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia with hyperprolactinemia was replicated in 6 groups but not the normal control group. The successfully established experimental rats were given corresponding drugs by intragastric gavage. After 30 days, the levels of the estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were detected, and the pathomrphology of glandular tissue was observed. Results Prolactin levels of model control group, the original prescription group and optimize prescription group were (69.47 ±6.08), (53.13 ±10.59), and (28.41 ±6.37) pg·mL-1, respectively . Compared with that in the model control group, the contents of prolactin in both the optimal prescription group and the original prescription group were reduced, but the optimal prescription group was better (P<0. 01). In the original prescription group, the lobules of mammary gland showed a few of hyperplasia, the individual alveoli and duct showed a slight hyperplasia, and a small amount of secretions was found in the duct. The degree of the hyperplasia was alleviated in the optimal prescription group similar to that observed in the normal control group, which showed that there was no hyperplasia in the lobules of mammary gland or no secretions in the duct. Conclusion The therapeutic effects of the optimal prescription are much better than the original prescription, which can effectively lower the level of prolactin, adjust the balance among the prolactin , estrogen and progesterone, and alleviate the pathological hyperplasia of mammary glands in the model rats.

Influence of menstrucal cycle and anatomic site on fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor imaging in normal breast / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of menstrucal cycle and anatomic site on the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in normal breast. Methods Prospectively enrolled 96 volunteers, who have identified with normal menstrucal phase and without breast diseases were found via the breast examination, ultrasound and MRI scan. The cases were divided into three groups according to menstrucal phase: menstrual period group(menstrual cramps 1 to 6 d), proliferative phase group(menstrual cramps 7 to 14 d) and secretory phase group(menstrual cramps 15 d to the next), and each group consisted of 32 subjects. All subjects were performed bilateral breast cross-sectional T1WI, T2WI, DWI and DTI scaning. On the nipple level figture, the mammary gland was divided into three regions including the anterior, central and posterior parts, and the FA values of the different phases and regions were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was applied to analyse the difference of FA values in different menstrual phase and anatomic site. Results The FA values of the anterior region in menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretary phase were 0.21 ± 0.07, 0.24 ± 0.09 and 0.17 ± 0.07, and the difference had significant difference(P=0.014).The FA values of the central region were respectively 0.15±0.08, 0.18±0.09 and 0.15±0.07, and without the statistically significant difference(P=0.090). The FA values of the posterior region were 0.21 ± 0.11, 0.24 ± 0.13 and 0.16 ± 0.11, and also showed significant difference(P=0.002). In different regions, the difference of FA values between menstrual phases and proliferative phases were also had statistically significant(P=0.018, 0.045, respectively). In the same region, the FA value was lowest in the secretary phase, and the proliferative phase was slightly higher than menstrual phase. Conclusion The FA values are affected by menstrual cycle and anatomic site.

Effect of Huiru Yizeng Granules on Hhyperplasia of Mammary Glandsin Rats with Hhyperprolactinemia / 医药导报

Objective To compare the effects of Huiru Yizeng granules Huiru yizeng original decoctin on hyperplasia of mammary glands with hyperprolactinemia in serum and pathological morphology of mammary glands tissue.Methods Seventy rats were randomly divided into 7 groups:normal control group,model control group,Huiru yizeng granules group,Huiru yizeng original decoctin group,Rubisanjie group,bromocriptine group and accessories group.After sucessfully modeling hyperplasia of mammary glandsin rats with hyperprolactinemia,Huiru yizeng granules group was administrated 17.22 g·kg-1·d-1,Huiru yizeng original decoctin group was administrated 20.08 g·kg-1·d-1,Rubi sanjie group was administrated 0.416 mg·kg-1·d-1,bromocriptine group was administrated 0.393 mg·kg-1·d-1.These groups were intragastric administration 2 mL every day for 30 consecutive days.The morphology of pathological tissue in mammary gland was observed by microscope.The levels of prolactin(PRL),progesterone(P),estradiol(E2) were determined by ELISA kit.Results Compared with the model group,Huiru yizeng granules group[PRL=(22.74±4.74) pg·mL-1,P=(46.91±2.85) ng·mL-1,E2=(99.96±9.61) pg·mL-1],Huiru yizeng original decoction group[PRL=(28.41±6.37) pg·mL-1,P=(43.91±4.17) ng·mL-1,E2=(105.02±3.05) pg·mL-1] and bromocriptine group[PRL=(23.58±4.10) pg·mL-1,P=(45.99±2.95) ng·mL-1,E2=(98.04±9.98) pg·mL-1]showed significant decrease in PRL,E2 levels,obvious increase in P(P<0.01).In Huiru yizeng granules group,Huiru yizeng original decoction group and bromocriptine group,PRL,P,and E2 returned to normal level after 30 days,and hyperplasia of mammary glands tissue had great ease.Huiru yizeng original decoction group was Ⅰ to Ⅱ hyperplasia,and Huiru yizeng granules group was 0 or Ⅰ hyperplasia.Compared with each other,the effect of Huiru yizeng granules on the mammary gland proliferation inhibition was superior to Huiru yizeng original decoction group.Conclusion On the treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands and hyperprolactinemia,Huiru yizeng granules were better than Huiru yizeng original decoction.

Comparison of vacuum-assisted excision with periareola incision surgery for benign breast tumor / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To compare vacuum-assisted excision with periareola incision surgery for benign breast cancer.Methods One hundred and twenty one patients with benign breast nodules treated in our hospital from October 2014 to October 2015 were enrolled in the study,including 58 cases received vacuum-assisted excision (study group) and 63 cases received periareola incision surgery (control group).There were no differences in age[(30.2 ±5.4) vs.(32.1 ±6.2) years] and tumor diameter[(1.3 ±0.4) vs.(1.5 ± 0.3) cm] between two groups.Results There were no severe complications in both groups.Compared with the control group,the operation time was shorter] (20.4 ±4.7) vs.(48.2 ± 15.4)min,t =3.165,P =0.006],intraoperative blood loss was less [(18.4 ± 5.7) vs.(17.2 ± 3.7) ml,t =-0.297,P =0.672],malformation rate was lower [5.2％ (3/58)vs.22.2％ (14/63),x2 =7.27,P =0.007],incidence of postoperative hematoma was higher [20.7％ (10/58) vs.6.3％ (4/63),x2 =3.502,P =0.041],and the cost of surgery was more expensive(5 100 ± 300) vs.(3 400 ± 1 200) Yuan,t =2.181,P =0.023].Conclusion Comparing with conventional periareolar incision surgery,the vacuum-assisted excision has its advantages and disadvantages for treatment benign breast tumors,and two surgical modalities can be chosen accordingly.

Cáncer de mama en hombre: Presentación de caso / Male Breast Cancer: Case Report

El cáncer de mama en hombres es poco frecuente, representa menos del 1 % de todos los cánceres masculinos, se presenta entre los 60-70 años con un pico de edad de 67 años; el carcinoma ductal invasivo es el que prevalece en varones, clínicamente se detecta como un nódulo unilateral indoloro retroareolar, o paraareolar. A diferencia de la mujer donde se realizan estudios de tamizaje, en los hombres suele diagnosticarse más tarde, porque buscan atención médica tardíamente por la poca incidencia de cáncer en pacientes masculinos, por la ausencia de signos y síntomas tempranos. Actualmente se puede utilizar para el diagnóstico la mamografía que ayuda a diferenciar entre enfermedades mamarias benignas y malignas. En este artículo se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que acude al Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, a quien se le diagnosticó carcinoma ductal.

Breast cancer in men is rare, it represents less then 1% of all male cancers, it's present between the ages of 60 through 70 years with an age peak at 67 years; the invasive ductal carcinoma is the most prevalent in men. Clinically, it is detected as an odorless, unilateral retro- or paraareolar nodule. Unlike with women, where screening studies are performed, in men it's usually diagnosed later on, because the low incidence of this cancer in male patients and the absence of early signs and symptoms leads to a delayed search for medical attention delayed. For diagnosis, a mammography can be used that helps differentiate between benign and malign mammary diseases. In this article we presented the clinical case of a patient that visits the Honduran Social Security Institute, diagnosed with ductal carcinoma.

Construcción de un dispositivo para el posicionamiento óptimo del paciente en estudios de gammagrafía mamaria / Construction of a device for optimal positioning of the patient in studies of breast gammagraphy

Los tumores de mama son la causa más común de cáncer en la mujer. El examen ideal para detectar el cáncer de mama es la mamografía. Pero, la misma puede ser dudosa o sus datos no concluyentes, en un importante número de casos, por lo que lleva a procedimientos biópsicos invasivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es optimizar la detección del cáncer de mama por gammagrafía para mejorar el diagnóstico complementario a la mamografía. Para ello, fue diseñado y construido un dispositivo que permite el posicionamiento óptimo del paciente. Los materiales utilizados para su construcción fueron de propiedades poco absorbentes a la radiación gamma. Se evaluó la efectividad de la gammagrafía de mama, utilizando el dispositivo diseñado en dos casos clínicos. En ambos, se confirmó, fehacientemente, el diagnóstico concluyente obtenido por mamografía de casos no dudosos. Se recomendó un protocolo diagnóstico mamografía/gammagrafía que optimizará la selección de pacientes que requieren biopsia.

Breast tumors are the most common cause of cancer in women. The ideal way to detect breast cancer is by a mammography examination. But this test may either be questionable or provide inconclusive data on a significant number of cases, leading to invasive biopsy procedures. The aim of this study is to optimize the detection of breast cancer by gammagraphy to improve the complementary diagnosis provided by a mammography. Consequently and for that reason, a device allowing an optimal patient positioning was designed and built. The materials used for its construction had few gamma radiation absorption properties. The effectiveness of breast gammagraphy was evaluated using by the designed device in two study cases. In both, the definite diagnosis obtained through mammography from doubtful cases was conclusively confirmed. A diagnostic protocol mammogram/gammagraphy was recommended to optimize the selection of patients requiring biopsy.