Evidence of polygamy in the socially monogamous Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimidae)

Arapaima gigas is one of the largest freshwater fishes of the world. It is socially monogamous, forming pairs, constructing a nest and providing parental care. We performed a paternity analysis under three scenarios in captive, semi-natural and natural areas using 10 microsatellite markers. As a positive control, we analyzed three pairs and their offspring isolated individually in artificial breeding ponds (a priori very high probability of monogamy). We then analyzed two samples of offspring from large artificial ponds with multiple adults but only one reproductive pair (a priori high probability of monogamy), two samples from semi-natural breeding station with multiple adults but only one reproductive pair (a priori high probability of monogamy), and a sample from a natural lake with multiple adults, some potentially breeding (a priori medium probability of monogamy). Analysis of patterns of Mendelian heredity suggested an extra-pair contribution for all broods except the positive controls. Similarly, results based on multilocus analysis estimated at least two sib-groups per nest. These results reject monogamy as a system of breeding in Arapaima gigas. From a management perspective, this behavior may be exploited to maintain genetic diversity in captive and as well in wild populations of Arapaima gigas.

O pirarucu Arapaima gigas é um dos maiores peixes de água doce do mundo. É socialmente monogâmico, forma casais, constrói ninhos e fornece cuidado parental. Com o objetivo de acessar o sistema de acasalamento do pirarucu, analisamos três cenários: em áreas de cativeiro, semi-naturais e naturais, utilizando 10 marcadores microssatélites. Como controle positivo, analisamos três casais e suas ninhadas isolados em açudes individuais (probabilidade a priori muito alta de monogamia). A seguir, analisamos duas amostras de ninhadas de um açude com vários adultos, mas somente um casal reprodutivo (probabilidade a priori alta de monogamia), duas amostras de estação de criação semi-natural com vários adultos mas somente um casal reprodutivo (probabilidade a priori alta de monogamia), e uma amostra de lago natural com vários adultos alguns potencialmente em fase de reprodução (probabilidade a priori média de monogamia). Análises de padrões mendelianos de hereditariedade sugerem contribuição extra-par para todas as ninhadas, exceto as do controle positivo. Similarmente, resultados baseados em análises multilocus realizadas no programa KINALYZER estimaram pelo menos dois grupos-irmãos por ninhada. Nossos resultados rejeitam a monogamia como sistema de acasalamento em Arapaima gigas. Da perspectiva de manejo, esse comportamento pode ser explorado para manter a diversidade genética em cativeiro assim como em populações naturais de Arapaima gigas.

La selección sexual en los humanos / Human sexual selection

Human reproduction involves, as in many other mammal species, a sexual selection process. Some of the features chose in a reproductive mate are intelligence, reliability, health, access to resources and others. However, the ultimate individuals' decision depends on her or his reproductive strategy. Several works have demonstrated that human beings cannot be characterized by a single strategy; people can decide for a long-term commitment mating, a short-term mating or both. However, there are some psychobiological aspects that underlie such decision making and apparently they are universal for human beings. In this review we present results, including our own, which illustrate the set of characteristics that are involved in human mate choice. In order to acquire an appropriate understanding of human behavior, it is necessary to consider those psychological adaptations which operate at both conscious and unconscious levels, evolved to deal with the most elementary demands to survive and reproduce.

La reproducción en los seres humanos, al igual que en otras muchas especies, implica un proceso de selección sexual que incluye la evaluación de factores como la inteligencia, la confiabilidad, la salud, la posibilidad de aportar recursos y las características físicas, entre otras. Sin duda, la decisión de la elección depende de la estrategia reproductiva que cada individuo elija pues diversos estudios sobre selección sexual humana muestran que las personas hacen uso de más de una estrategia reproductiva, lo que explica por qué algunos individuos prefieren tener varias relaciones a corto plazo, otros se deciden por una sola relación a largo plazo y otros más mantienen ambas, es decir, una a largo plazo y varias a corto plazo. Como consecuencia, las características que cada uno podría buscar en sus parejas potenciales resultan ser muy diversas. Sin embargo, existen algunos factores biológicos que subyacen a la toma de decisiones y que son aparentemente universales. En esta revisión presentamos los resultados obtenidos en algunos trabajos, incluyendo los nuestros, con la finalidad de dar a conocer, desde la perspectiva biológica, cuáles características resultan imprescindibles para seleccionar una pareja y porqué. Desde luego, sin perder de vista que para conseguir un mejor entendimiento de la conducta humana es necesario considerar que las adaptaciones psicológicas en los seres humanos, las cuales operan de forma consciente o inconsciente, están encaminadas a resolver los problemas más elementales de sobrevivencia y reproducción.

Stylish lengths: Mate choice in flowers.

The styles of flowers may represent an arena for pollen competition in the race to fertilize ovules. Accordingly, selection should favour a longer ‘race’ to better discriminate among variable pollen by increasing style length. Sampling across a taxonomically diverse range of wild and outcrossed species, we found that the distribution of style lengths within plants were skewed towards longer styles, as predicted. In self-pollinated domesticated species, where discrimination among pollen is less important, we found no such pattern. We conclude that style length is under directional selection towards longer styles as a mechanism for mate choice among pollen of variable quality.

Body size, symmetry and courtship behavior of Dysdercus maurus distant (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

This study analyses the role of body size and symmetry in the sexual selection and courtship behavior of Dysdercus maurus Distant. Sexual conflicts signaled by coercive mating, female resistance, and pre-copulation fights illustrate the mating system. Male-female struggles were observed in all mating attempts. Females tried to reject males by pushing or running and even by vigorously shaking their bodies, in attempts to dislodge the male from their dorsum. In spite of sexual conflicts during courtship, females actively chose their mates based on morphological and behavioral traits. Larger males with more symmetrical tibiae and longer tarsi that are better copula imposers were more successful in sexual competition. Evidence is presented that sexual conflict and female mate choice should not be mutually excluded.

Why do women not prefer much older men? a hypothesis based on alterations in male reproductive physiology related to increased age / Por que mulheres não preferem homens muito mais velhos que elas? Uma hipótese baseada em alterações da fisiologia reprodutiva masculina relacionadas ao aumento da idade

Evolutionary Psychology studies suggest that women prefer slightly older or similarly aged partners, although to date few hypotheses have been put forth to explain this pattern of choice. Several recent studies have shown changes in male reproductive parameters as a result of increased age. In the current review of medical literature, we found evidence that much older men are more likely to be infertile, women with much older partners are more likely to experience problems during pregnancy, and children of much older men are more likely to have genetic abnormalities. Based on these findings, we suggest that reproducing with much older men does not represent the best reproductive option for women, which would explain the female preference for only slightly older or similarly-aged mates.

Estudos de Psicologia Evolucionista sugerem que as mulheres preferem parceiros um pouco mais velhos ou de idade semelhante, embora apresentem, até agora, poucas hipóteses para explicar esse padrão de preferência. Recentemente, vários estudos têm demonstrado alterações nos parâmetros reprodutivos masculinos como resultado do aumento da idade. Em revisão da literatura médica atual, encontramos evidências de que homens muito mais velhos são mais susceptíveis de serem inférteis, mulheres com parceiros muito mais velhos são mais propensas a sofrer com problemas durante a gravidez e filhos de homens muito mais velhos são mais propensos a ter anomalias genéticas. Com base nestes resultados, sugerimos que reproduzir com homens muito mais velhos não representa a melhor opção reprodutiva para as mulheres, o que explicaria a preferência feminina por parceiros apenas um pouco mais velhos ou de mesma faixa etária.