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The social reputation-based incentive mechanisms in preventing the free riding behaviors were put for-ward according to the analysis of personal digital library and P2P technology. Since the reputation value of personal digital library was calculated according to the maximum flow algorithm, personal digital library must increase its reputation value by sharing the resources when it is going to obtain the necessary resources it wants.
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Objective To investigate the incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS) and bladder function in the community-dwelling elderly females. Methods The questionnaires were administered,including complaints of LUTS,International Prostate Symptoms Score(IPSS) and quality of life assessment.Meanwhile,uroflowmetry was performed and volume of residual urine was measured. Results The total number of women surveyed was 359.According to IPSS,the prevalence of moderate to severe LUTS(IPSS≥8) was 39.0%.The prevalence in those with age of 50-59,60-69 and ≥70 years were 35.1%,46.2% and 54.8%,respectively(P=0.034).Of all the women surveyed,73.8% had predominantly irritative symptoms.The maximum flow rates(Qmax)were(24.5?11.5) mL/s,(22.7?11.0) mL/s and(14.5?8.2) mL/s,respectively for these age groups(P
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Objective To work out the uroflow parameters of normal children in Changsha area.Methods Overall,1048 tests of uroflow rate were performed on 1024 healthy children.The results of these tests were classified into several groups by sex,age,body surface area and urine volume voided.These data were statistically analyzed with SPSS10.0 software.For each group,the nomograms of uroflow parameters(including urine volume, body surface area,mean uroflow rate,and maximum uroflow rate) were drawn for clarifying the relationship among them.Results The maximum uroflow rate(Qmax) of the boys younger than 7 years increased with age;the Qmax increased 1.7ml/s with age increasing 1 year.The boys older than 7 years had the Qmax similar to that of adults.The Qmax of the girls younger than 9 years increased with age,the Qmax increased 1.2ml/s with age increasing 1 year.The girls older than 9 years had the Qmax similar to that of adults.In children,the Qmax,mean uroflow rate and urine volume increased with the increase in body surface area.Similarly,the Qmax and mean uroflow rate increased with the increase in urine volume voided.Conclusions The Qmax of boys younger than 7 years and girls younger than 9 years is obviously related with age.