Virulence genotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat products in Egypt / Genotipagem de virulência e perfis de resistência antimicrobiana de Yersinia enterocolitica isolados de carne e derivados no Egito

Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is one of the food-borne entero-pathogen responsible for yersiniosis in humans. The purpose of this research was to survey the prevalence, virulence-associated genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Y. enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat product samples in Egypt. Forty-one (5.9%) out of 700- samples of chicken meat, beef, ground beef, and sausage were positive Y. enterocolitica with a high prevalence in chicken meat (12%). Five virulence genes (ail, inv, ystA, ystB, and yadA) were characterized among 41 Y. enterocolitica isolates with variable frequencies. Among the strains tested, the ystB gene was detected with a high percentage (78.1%), followed by inv gene (70.7%), ail gene (14.6%), ystA gene (12.2%), and yadA gene (2.4%). A high resistance rate was estimated to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by cefazolin (95%), ampicillin (65.9%), and doxycycline (51.2%), whilst a high sensitivity rate was observed to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (97.6% each). Interestingly, the multidrug resistance was specified in the 70.7% of strains and showing 13 resistance patterns. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA gene, the phylogenetic tree showed the genetic relatedness amongst Y. enterocolitica isolates. These findings highlighted the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant pathogenic Y. entrocolitica in retailed meat and meat products in Egypt.

A Yersinia enterocolitica patogênica (Y. enterocolitica) é um dos enteropatógenos de origem alimentar responsáveis pela yersiniose no ser humano. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a prevalência, genes associados à virulência e resistência antimicrobiana de Y. enterocolitica isolada de amostras de carne e produtos à base de carne no Egito. Quarenta e um (5,9%) de 700 amostras de carne de frango, carne bovina, moída e linguiça foram Y. enterocolitica positivas, com alta prevalência em carne de frango (12%). Cinco genes de virulência (ail, inv, ystA, ystB e yadA) foram caracterizados entre 41 isolados de Y. enterocolitica com frequências variáveis. Entre as cepas testadas, o gene ystB foi detectado com uma alta porcentagem (78,1%), seguido pelo gene inv (70,7%), ail genes (14,6%), gene ystA (12,2%) e gene yadA (2,4%). Foi estimada uma alta taxa de resistência ao ácido amoxicilina-clavulânico (100%), seguida de cefazolina (95%), ampicilina (65,9%) e doxiciclina (51,2%), enquanto uma alta taxa de sensibilidade foi observada para gentamicina e ciprofloxacina (97,6% cada). Curiosamente, a resistência a múltiplas drogas foi especificada em 70,7% das cepas e mostrando 13 padrões de resistência. Com base na análise da sequência nucleotídica do gene rRNA 16s, a árvore filogenética mostrou a relação genética entre isolados de Y. enterocolitica. Esses achados destacaram o surgimento de Y. entrocolitica patogênica virulenta e multirresistente em carnes e produtos à base de carne no Egito.

Health risk assessment of multiple antibiotic residues in meat and meat products in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To determine the current status of multiple antibiotic residues in meat and meat products in Shanghai based on a 5-year surveillance， and perform the health risk assessment. Methods:We performed the examination in accordance with the Manual for National Food Contamination and Harmful Factor Risk Monitoring， and conduct health risk assessment according to the national limit standards on the monitoring data of 2016‒2020. Results:The total detection rate of multiple antibiotics in meat and meat products in Shanghai was determined to be 16.03%， in which the total unqualified rate was 1.97%. Moreover， the detection rate of quinolones was 2.78% and its unqualified rate was 0.83%. The unqualified rate of loxacin in cooked meat products was 2.12%. The detection rate of tetracyclines was 17.06% and its unqualified rate was 0.34%， in which the highest detection rate was identified in doxycycline （11.64%）. The detection rate of sulfonamides was 3.16%， in which the highest detection rate was in sulfamethazine （1.05%）. The detection rate of florfenicol was 5.15% and its unqualified rate was 0.12%. The difference of ofloxacin residues between diverse food categories （χ2=17.44， P<0.05） and processing links （χ2 =14.10， P<0.05） was statistically significant. In addition， the sum amount of ofloxacin， enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in cooked meat products was higher than other food categories； the unqualified rate and residual amount of ofloxacin available in online stores and catering links were both higher. The residual amount of doxycycline and the unqualified rate in the online store link were significantly higher than those in other links. Based on preliminary assessment， the high exposure values in the 97.5 percentile of meat and meat products accounted for a very low proportion of the corresponding acceptable daily intake （ADI） and posed a low health risk to the population. Conclusion:The total detection rate of tetracyclines in meat and meat products is relatively high， which obviously accumulates in the offals of livestock and poultry. In addition， some antibiotics， such as ofloxacin and doxycycline， are relatively high in catering and online stores. It is recommended to strengthen the supervision of quinolones in cooked meat products， especially ofloxacin， enrofloxacin， and ciprofloxacin， and improve the supervision of doxycycline in meat and meat products in online stores.

Virulence genotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat products in Egypt

Abstract Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is one of the food-borne entero-pathogen responsible for yersiniosis in humans. The purpose of this research was to survey the prevalence, virulence-associated genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Y. enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat product samples in Egypt. Forty-one (5.9%) out of 700- samples of chicken meat, beef, ground beef, and sausage were positive Y. enterocolitica with a high prevalence in chicken meat (12%). Five virulence genes (ail, inv, ystA, ystB, and yadA) were characterized among 41 Y. enterocolitica isolates with variable frequencies. Among the strains tested, the ystB gene was detected with a high percentage (78.1%), followed by inv gene (70.7%), ail gene (14.6%), ystA gene (12.2%), and yadA gene (2.4%). A high resistance rate was estimated to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by cefazolin (95%), ampicillin (65.9%), and doxycycline (51.2%), whilst a high sensitivity rate was observed to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (97.6% each). Interestingly, the multidrug resistance was specified in the 70.7% of strains and showing 13 resistance patterns. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA gene, the phylogenetic tree showed the genetic relatedness amongst Y. enterocolitica isolates. These findings highlighted the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant pathogenic Y. entrocolitica in retailed meat and meat products in Egypt.

Resumo A Yersinia enterocolitica patogênica (Y. enterocolitica) é um dos enteropatógenos de origem alimentar responsáveis pela yersiniose no ser humano. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a prevalência, genes associados à virulência e resistência antimicrobiana de Y. enterocolitica isolada de amostras de carne e produtos à base de carne no Egito. Quarenta e um (5,9%) de 700 amostras de carne de frango, carne bovina, moída e linguiça foram Y. enterocolitica positivas, com alta prevalência em carne de frango (12%). Cinco genes de virulência (ail, inv, ystA, ystB e yadA) foram caracterizados entre 41 isolados de Y. enterocolitica com frequências variáveis. Entre as cepas testadas, o gene ystB foi detectado com uma alta porcentagem (78,1%), seguido pelo gene inv (70,7%), ail genes (14,6%), gene ystA (12,2%) e gene yadA (2,4%). Foi estimada uma alta taxa de resistência ao ácido amoxicilina-clavulânico (100%), seguida de cefazolina (95%), ampicilina (65,9%) e doxiciclina (51,2%), enquanto uma alta taxa de sensibilidade foi observada para gentamicina e ciprofloxacina (97,6% cada). Curiosamente, a resistência a múltiplas drogas foi especificada em 70,7% das cepas e mostrando 13 padrões de resistência. Com base na análise da sequência nucleotídica do gene rRNA 16s, a árvore filogenética mostrou a relação genética entre isolados de Y. enterocolitica. Esses achados destacaram o surgimento de Y. entrocolitica patogênica virulenta e multirresistente em carnes e produtos à base de carne no Egito.