Evolución de pacientes con bronquiolitis tratados con cánulas de alto flujo de oxígeno que ingresan a la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Outcome of patients with bronchiolitis treated with high-flow oxygen nasal cannulas admitted to the intensive care unit

Objetivo: Describir la evolución en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) de los pacientes con bronquiolitis, tratados inicialmente con cánula nasal de alto flujo de oxígeno (CAFO) en la Unidad Emergencias. Determinar factores predisponentes de ingreso a ventilación no invasiva (VNI) o invasiva con intubación orotraqueal (TET). Métodos: Trabajo descriptivo retrospectivo por revisión de historias clínicas. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes menores de 2 años de edad con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis, sin comorbilidades, que ingresaron a UCIP polivalente luego de haber sido previamente tratados con CAFO en la Unidad de Emergencias entre los meses de Agosto 2017 y Agosto 2019. Resultados: Se evaluaron 145 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 4,4 meses (RIC 2-6 meses), con una mediana de tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta la consulta de 45,4 hs (RIC 24-72). La mediana del score de TAL modificado al ingreso a UCIP 8,4 (RIC 8-9). El 98,6% requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM), en el grupo VNI 52,4% (75) y en el grupo TET 47,5% (68). El rescate de germen fue en 60% de los casos virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR). El 5,5% fueron co-infecciones. De los pacientes con rescate positivo para VSR, el 52,9% (46) requirieron VNI y 47,1% (41) TET. Los pacientes estudiados permanecieron en CAFO una mediana de 20 hs previo al ingreso a UCIP (RIC: 6-24). Aquellos que estuvieron en VNI con una mediana de 23,3 hs (RIC 6-24) y los que requirieron TET 17 hs (RIC 6-21). La mortalidad evidenciada en el grupo TET fue de 1,38% correspondiente a 2 pacientes, donde también se encontró un 7,5% de complicaciones. La mediana de días de internación en UCIP fue de 8,6 (5-11) para la totalidad de la población estudiada siendo 5,2 (4-6) para los pacientes en VNI y 12 días (9-14) para los pacientes en TET. Conclusiones: Casi la totalidad de pacientes tratados con CAFO en la Unidad Emergencias que requirieron pasar a UCI necesitaron ARM. Ni el score de TAL ni la cantidad de horas de CAFO previo al ingreso en UCI nos permitieron diferenciar los pacientes del grupo VNI de aquellos del grupo TET (AU)

Objective: To describe outcome of patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with bronchiolitis initially treated with high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula (HFNC) at the emergency department and to determine predisposing factors for the need for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or invasive endotracheal intubation (ETI). Methods: A retrospective descriptive study with a review of the clinical records was conducted. All patients less than 2 years of age with bronchiolitis without comorbidities that were admitted to the general PICU following treatment with HFNC at the emergency department between August 2017 and August 2019 were included in the study. Results: 145 patients were evaluated. Median age was 4.4 months (IQR 2-6 months). Median time from symptom onset to first consultation was 45.4 hours (IQR 24-72). Median modified TAL score on PICU admission was 8.4 (IQR 8-9). Overall 98,6% required mechanical ventilation (MV), 52.4% (75) in the NIV and 47.5% (68) in the ETI group. In 60% of the cases respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated. Co-infections were found in 5.5%. Of the patients with an RSV-positive isolate, 52.9% (46) required NIV and 47.1% (41) ETI. Patients had remained on HFNC for a median of 20 hours prior to PICU admission (IQR 6-24). Patients were on NIV for a median time of 23.3 hours (IQR 6-24) and on ETI for a median time of 17 hours (IQR 6-21). In the ETI group, mortality rate was 1.38%, corresponding to two patients, while the complication rate was 7.5%. Median length of PICU stay was 8.6 days (5-11) for the entire study population, 5.2 days (4-6) for patients on NIV, and 12 days (9-14) for those on ETI. Conclusions: Almost all patients treated with HFNC at the emergency department who required admission to the PICU needed MV. Neither TAL score nor time on HFNC allowed us to differentiate patients requiring NIV from those who needed ETI (AU)

Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo en paciente con COVID-19 / Acute respiratory distress syndrome in patient with COVID-19 / Síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo em um paciente com COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19 coronavirus disease por sus siglas en inglés) es una emergencia sanitaria, y una de las complicaciones más temidas es el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) dada su elevada mortalidad. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 59 años con antecedente de hipertensión y tabaquismo, que inicia síntomas posteriores a contacto con portador asintomático de COVID-19 proveniente del extranjero. La sintomatología que presentó fue mialgias, artralgias, febrícula de 37.7 grados, posteriormente fiebre de 38.4 grados, disnea, fatiga y odinofagia. Acude a consulta y se hospitaliza, otorgando tratamiento con cloroquina, azitromicina y oseltamivir por cuatro días; se tomó de muestra para COVID-19. El paciente mostró aumento de trabajo respiratorio, se tomó radiografía de tórax con opacidades heterogéneas periféricas de ambos pulmones y se corroboró por tomografía de tórax imagen de vidrio despulido. Presentó disnea progresiva e hipoxemia requiriendo manejo avanzado de la vía aérea y se trasladó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Metabólicos donde se recibió con ventilación mecánica (VM), requiriendo sedación, analgesia, relajante muscular así como ventilación protectora. Se realizaron cambios de posición para evitar microatelectasias. Se obtuvo por cultivos Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli. El día 11 de estancia en la UCI se logró progresar ventilación mecánica hasta destete de ésta, y el paciente se egresó de dicho servicio 48 horas después. Conclusiones: El presente caso evidencia el progreso del daño pulmonar por COVID-19 causando falla respiratoria que requirió ventilación mecánica, el tratamiento crítico consistió en fortalecer la dinámica de calidad enfatizando monitoreo ventilatorio, hemodinámico y metabólico.

Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a health emergency and one of the most feared complications is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to its high mortality. Clinical case: A 59-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and smoking, who begins to show symptoms after contact with an asymptomatic carrier of COVID-19 from abroad. The symptoms presented were myalgia, arthralgia, 37.7-degree fever, later 38.4-degree fever, dyspnea, fatigue and odynophagia. He went to the clinic and was hospitalized, being treated with chloroquine, azithromycin and oseltamivir for four days and a sample was taken for COVID-19. The patient presented increased respiratory work, chest radiography was taken with heterogeneous peripheral opacities of both lungs and was corroborated by chest tomography image of polished glass. He presented progressive dyspnea and hypoxemia requiring advanced airway management and was transferred to the metabolic intensive care unit where he was received with mechanical ventilation (MV), requiring sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxant, as well as protective ventilation. Changes of position were made to avoid micro atelectasis. It was obtained by culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. On the 11th day of the stay in ICU, mechanical ventilation was achieved until weaning, and the patient was discharged from ICU 48 hours later. Conclusions: The present case evidences the progress of lung damage by COVID-19 causing respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, where the critical treatment consisted in strengthening the quality dynamics emphasizing ventilatory, hemodynamic and metabolic monitoring.

Resumo: Introdução: A doença por coronavírus (COVID-19 coronavirus disease, por sus siglas en inglés) é uma emergência de saúde, e uma das complicações mais temidas é a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA), dada sua alta mortalidade. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 59 anos, com história de hipertensão e tabagismo, que iniciou os sintomas após contato com portador de COVID-19 assintomático do exterior. Os sintomas que apresentou foram mialgias, artralgias, febrícula de 37.7 graus, posterioriormente febre de 38.4 graus, dispnéia, cansaço e odinofagia, assiste a consulta médica e é hospitalizado, iniciando tratamento com cloroquina, azitromicina e oseltamivir durante 4 dias e foi uma colhida amostra por COVID-19. O paciente apresentava aumento do esforço respiratório, radiografia de tórax com opacidades periféricas heterogêneas de ambos pulmões e imagem em vidro fosco corroborada pela tomografia de tórax. Apresentou dispnéia progressiva e hipoxemia com necessidade de manejo avançado das vias aéreas e foi encaminhado para unidade de terapia intensiva metabólica onde recebeu ventilação mecânica (VM), necessitando de sedação, analgesia, relaxante muscular, além de ventilação protetora. Mudanças de posição foram feitas para evitar micro atelectasia. No cultivo obtivemos Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli. No 11 dia de internação na UTI, a ventilação mecânica foi progredida até o desmame, sendo dispensado do referido serviço 48 horas depois. Conclusões: O presente caso mostra a evolução do dano pulmonar por COVID-19 causando insuficiência respiratória que requer ventilação mecânica, onde o tratamento crítico consistiu no fortalecimento da dinâmica de qualidade com ênfase na monitoração ventilatória, hemodinâmica e metabólica.

Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD: prospective observational study

Background: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) has considerable cardiovascular risk. Various cardiovascular diseases are common during exacerbations. Both diseases share several similarities such as older age of the patient, smoking as a common risk factor and symptoms of exertional dyspnea. Knowledge regarding the magnitude of underlying cardiovascular diseases during AECOPD is limited. Authors performed this study to assess the presence of different associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in patients hospitalized for AECOPD and its effect on the outcome.Methods: It was a prospective observational study involving 436 patients of AECOPD divided to Group 1 (AECOPD with CVD- 137 (31.4%) patients) and Group 2 (AECOPD without CVD 299 (68.6%) patients). All the patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, chest X-ray, spirometry, ECG and echocardiography.Results: COPD patients in exacerbation with CVD, were significantly more likely to have longer duration of hospital stay (p < 0.0001), high CRP level (p<0.001), more frequent mechanical ventilations (p < 0.001), two or more exacerbations per year (p <0.0001) and the mortality was (p<0.0001). Also, they have GOLD grade III/IV severe (43.5%) and very severe (19.5%) air flow limitation. The high percentage of them had (64.8%) pulmonary hypertension, (37.3%) systemic arterial hypertension, (31.5%) arrhythmia, (27.8%) ischemic heart diseases and (21.3%) heart failure.Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients hospitalized for COPD was high. Age, sex and CVD trends, as well as life style changes, should be considered when prevention and control strategies are formulated.