Healthcare Professionals’ Standard Of Care During COVID-19 Pandemic (Piawaian Penjagaan dan Rawatan Kesihatan Semasa Pandemik COVID-19) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Since the beginning of the year 2020, Malaysia has been gravely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic where to date over four million of its population have been infected with the virus. At the time of writing this paper, the number of infections is still alarming. This situation undoubtedly places a strain on the healthcare system, particularly on healthcare professionals who have been entrusted to treat COVID-19 patients. Treating a high number of patients in an unprecedented situation may pose a challenge for doctors to fulfil their legal duties that arise from the usual doctor-patient relationship particularly in discharging the established standard of care imposed by the law. This is the main issue that this paper seeks to explore. In addition, this paper also examines doctors’ duty of care towards non-COVID-19 patients amidst limited medical resources and policy consideration that inevitably causes a delay in giving medical treatments and elective surgeries. In answering these questions, the method employed in this paper is qualitative analysis. In conclusion, it is suggested that keeping up to the established standard of care is crucial in maintaining public confidence in the medical profession and also to protect public health and welfare.

Dento-Legal Issues in Malaysia: A General Guide for Dental Practitioners (Isu-Isu Dento-Legal di Malaysia: Panduan Umum untuk Pengamal Pergigian) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Dentistry is a noble profession where dentists often manage to bring smiles and create confidence in patients. Nonetheless, as with other medical professionals, dentists too often encounter legal suits brought against them by their patients. Legal actions against dentists are not new in Malaysia, where several actions have been litigated in court. The rise in legal actions against medical professionals including dentists is associated with the increased awareness of patient’s rights and autonomy. Legal actions can cause several repercussions on dentists such as loss of reputation, shame and anxiety. As such, it is imperative for dentists to have the basic legal knowledge on the potential legal liability that they may face should something go wrong during the course of dental treatment. This is the main crux of this paper where several dento-legal cases that have been reported in Malaysian law journals are identified and analysed. This is followed with a brief discussion on the legal issues surrounding those cases. Legal principles governing the issues identified are provided in brief so as to provide dentists with basic legal knowledge on the legal aspect of dentistry.

Evaluation of Dental Hygienist Job Validity according to Judgment Standard of Medical Practice in Medical Law / 치위생과학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of dental hygienist job according to judgment standard of medical practice in medical law. In this study, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey to evaluate the validity of dental hygienist job for 12 professors of dental college in Gangneung-Wonju National University from November 10 to 20, 2017. We investigated whether the dental hygienist job conforms to the three criteria of medical practice such as disease prevention and treatment, patient care, and health hazard. The response rates were scored and classified into four categories according to the final score. As a result of this study, dental hygienist job are classified into four categories according to judgment standard of medical practice. The higher the level of the category, the higher the degree of difficulty, and the higher the level of expertise and skills required. More than 50% of respondents answered that measuring the gingival pocket, bleeding on probing, professional tooth cleaning, oral health education, counseling after dental treatment are all three criteria for medical treatment. And these were classified into Level 4 group which requires the difficulty and expertise in the final score 4.3. It is necessary to develop and utilize standardized guidelines on the level of knowledge, education, and qualification standards required for dental practice in order to effectively allocate work among the dental personnel while ensuring the health rights of patients in the dental clinic field in Korea. In addition, there is a need to evaluate the various aspects of cost effectiveness, dental health service productivity, and health promotion contribution to dental hygienist jobs, And based on this evidence, it is necessary to continue to expand and adjust the dental hygienist job and to reorganize the dental workforce system.

Evaluation of reliability of radiologic images posted on hospital websites for medical advertisements

A medical advertisement can include media such as newspapers, magazines, and the Internet. Currently, the Internet is responsible for most medical advertising. Our purpose is to investigate the current status of radiologic images posted on hospitals' websites nationwide, and to evaluate the reliability of online medical advertisements using these images. I investigated the websites of all 1,450 hospitals and 290 oriental medicine clinics nationwide. Specific information on the radiologic images posted was recorded. In terms of body parts, musculoskeletal images account for 78% of the radiologic images on hospitals' websites and 98% of the images for oriental medicine clinics. The purposes for posting radiologic images are to explain the pathophysiology of diseases or the technique of surgical treatments, and to show the effects of hospital-specialized treatments. The most commonly used modalities of radiologic images are plain radiography and MR. More than 90% of the posted images have no source; 10% have no legends; and 5% to 7% have inappropriate legends. In terms of quality, only 60% of the radiologic images on hospitals' websites are rated as acceptable. Fifteen percent of the oriental medicine clinics posted the radiologic images without having a medical doctor on staff. Considering the results, I conclude that it is necessary to re-establish a system of pre-screening and post-evaluation for reviewing hospital websites, especially focusing on the radiologic images posted. Then we can prevent the inappropriate information from influencing or damaging public health, and set up healthy medical competition.

“Byoin” in Modern Japan: Focusing on the Terminological Introduction of “Hospital” and the Complex Formation of Its Concept / 의사학

This paper aims to clarify when the term of Byoin (病院, hospital) was introduced and how its concept was developed in modern Japan. The word “Byoin” was introduced in Japan in 1787 for the first time, but it had not been in use until early 1860s. Instead, various medical institutions performing the functions of modern medical facilities, such as Yojosho (養生所, A place for preserving health), Shijuku (私塾, private school), called by traditional names as ever. Japanese intellectuals already adopted the word Byoin and the concept of western hospital in early 1860s when their national delegates were dispatched to Europe to revise the treaties forged with western powers. Japanese translations of hospital appeared in English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionaries published in the 1860s. For instance, the word Byoin (hospital in Japanese) was first published in a dictionary published in 1867 and unclearly connected to the words, hospital, infirmary. This paper will argue that the concept of Byoin was sophisticated through Meiji government's efforts to implement reforms distinguishing medical facilities based on their capacity of inpatients and quality. The first medical law (醫制, Isei) proclaimed by the Meiji government in 1874 articulated regulations for a hospital in eight different articles. The government established hospitals in various parts of the country, following its newly established modern medical care policies. However, in this process, Iin (醫院, hospital/clinic), another term for “hospital” appeared. Regional differences and financial issues made standardizing the concept of a hospital even more difficult. In response to the widely embedded confusion, the Japanese government made an effort to clarify the concept of a hospital, setting up provisions regarding the size of medical facilities. As a result, the word Byoin finally came to be used for a hospital with more than ten beds, while a clinic with beds below ten was called Shinryojo (診療所, clinic). On the other hand, Iin meant a medical facility less qualified than a hospital since 1933 when Japanese government made a harder restriction on the usage of Byoin.

A emergência do direito da saúde / The emergence of health law / La emergencia del derecho a la salud

Este texto analisa as dificuldades de um léxico uniformizado em torno da área, da prática e da investigação jurídica em torno do Direito e da Saúde, gerando múltiplas designações (Direito Médico, da Medicina, Sanitário, Biodireito, etc.). Seguidamente, defende que o Direito da Saúde se desenvolveu como um ramo do saber jurídico autónomo, com um conjunto de princípios, métodos hermenêuticos, um objeto de análise específico e problemas próprios de organização judiciária. Salientando a importância das ciências vizinhas, como a Bioética, a Medicina Legal, a Economia da Saúde, o Autor defende que só um pensamento jurídico estruturado, com formação dogmática e histórica, com capacidade de diálogo interdisciplinar, permitirá o desenvolvimento do Direito da Saúde, o que assume especial relevância no Século XXI, com a carência de água, com a hiperpopulação e a urbanização crescente da vida em sociedade.

This text analyzes the difficulties of a lexicon standardized around the area of practice and legal research concerning the interface between Law and Healthcare, generating multiple designations (Medical Law, Health Law, Biolaw, etc.). Next, it argues that Healthcare Law developed as a separate branch of knowledge with a set of legal principles, hermeneutical methods, a specific object of analysis and problems of judicial organization. Stressing the importance of neighboring sciences such as bioethics, the Legal Medicine, Health Economics, the author argues that only a structured legal thought, with a dogmatic and historical education, with capacity of interdisciplinary dialogue, will enable the development of Health Law, which is particularly relevant in the twenty-first century, with the lack of water, the global over-population challenge and the increasing urbanization of life in society.

este texto analiza las dificultades de un léxico estandarizado alrededor del área de práctica y la investigación legal en torno a la Ley y la Salud, lo que ha generado múltiples denominaciones (derecho médico, derecho sanitario, Bioderecho, etc.). A continuación, se argumenta que el Derecho de la Salud ha desarrollado como una rama del conocimiento legal separada con un conjunto de principios, métodos hermenéuticos, un objeto específico de análisis y problemas de organización judicial. Destacando la importancia de las ciencias vecinas tales como la bioética, la Medicina Legal, la Economía de la Salud, el autor sostiene que sólo un pensamiento jurídico estructurado, con una formación dogmática e histórica, con capacidad de diálogo interdisciplinario, permitirá el desarrollo del derecho sanitario, que es particularmente relevante en el siglo XXI, con la falta de agua, el reto de la sobre-populación planetaria y el aumento de la urbanización de la vida en la sociedad.

Establishing a basis for self-regulation: revision of Medical Law

In 2015, reuse of disposable needles at a few local clinics caused herd infections of hepatitis. This triggered a review of the current medical license control system and resulted in the revision of the Medical Law to increase regulation of medical doctors. This article explores the basis and direction of self-regulation of medical profession in terms the revision cases of the Medical Law and new ways to restructure the legal system with regard to medicine. It is expected a self-regulation scheme can be developed based on medical professionalism and new medical laws of Korea.

Dislocation and replacement of practice teaching course in personnel training of medical law / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At present stage,the needs of practice personnel of medical law include‘professional personnel’ (master's degree)and ‘general personnel’(bachelor's degree),but the existing training system did not make any distinction between the two and triggered the following situations:practical teaching mode convergence,content inanition,lack of resources,etc. From the real needs of the com-munity,practice teaching in master stage should focus on vocational practical trainingcourse including mock trial,common medical law disputes,professional documents writing. Practice teaching in un-dergraduate stageshould focus on the primary practical trainingcourse including court records and medical dispute mediation.

Status quo and problems of research on medical law specialty / 中华医学教育探索杂志

More than 40 institutions have set up the specialty of medical law in order to train inter-disciplinary talents of medical law.Many scholars undertook extensive research aiming at strengthening and developing this new specialty,but many problems still existed in its teaching and the quality of the graduates was been questioned.Through in-depth analysis of the existing research,we pointed out three problems of the current research:being subjective and lacking data support; confining to the ivory tower and lacking contact with the social; limiting to scholars and teachers and lacking retrospective thinking and critique from postgraduates.

Problems and countermeasures in the discipline construction of medical law / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Analysis was conducted on the reason and countermeasures for problems such as un stable research direction in the medical law discipline construction,shortage of teachers and academic team,poor results of scientific research and unpractical personnel training.Strengthening the discipline construction of medical law,firstly we should attach great importance to it and unify the recognition,ensuring that the discipline of medical law can be dcvcloped healthily and within standard ; secondly we should strengthen the construction of discipline content and improve construction level of medical law; thirdly we should combine medicine with law,cultivating high-leveled talents.

Enhancing medical law education to improve students' compliance with notion of practicing in accordance with the law / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper discussed the importance and urgency of enhancing medical students' law education through analyzing the status of student' s knowledge on the medical law,changes in the environment of physician practicing and damages and disputes between the doctors and patients made by the student' s lawbreaking.Meanwhile,suggestions were proposed including establishing a law teaching group consisted of professional and pluralistic teachers,disseminating the law concept,adopting appropriate methods in appropriate periods.

Research on the training mode of medical law professional talents according to societies demand / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The medical law science interdisciplinary talents play an crucial role in solving medical service dispute and alleviating contradictory. Based on the questionnaire survey and the interview to the court and law offices as well as the analysis of the society's demand for the knowledge structure and ability of medicine law professionals, we proposed the construction of the training mode for medicine law professionals with the ability to adapt to the social demand.

State Control of Medicine through Legislation and Revision of the Medical Law : Licensed and Unlicensed Medical Practices in the 1950s - 60s / 의사학

In the 1950s and 1960s, Korea overcame the aftermath of the war and laid the foundations for modernization of economy and professionalization of medicine. The National Medical Services Law, enacted in 1951 was the first medical law to be legislated since the establishment of the Republic of Korea. The law provided a medical system for the traditional Korean medical practitioners, activated opening of hospitals through report-only system and prohibition of interference in medical practice, and facilitated mobilization of the doctors by the government. The Medical Law, legislated in 1962 by the Park Jong-Hee administration contained practice license system, regular practice reporting system and practice designation, thereby strengthening the government control on the medical practitioners, inducing professionalism and high-quality of medical practitioners and abolished unlicensed medical practitioners such as acupuncturists, moxa cauterists and bone setters. The Medical Assistant Law of 1963 was introduced so that medical examination and assistance could be carried out under supervision of professional doctors. To reduce areas without healthcare system, region-specified medical practitioners got licensure and a community doctor system was organized. However, due to expensive medical fees in comparison to economic status and medical needs of patients, shortage of doctors, low accessibility to hospitals led to the prevalence of illegal medical practice by unlicensed practitioners. Absence of national budget or policy on the health care system and the American-style noninterference medical system were other factors causing the situation. Government, Korean Medical Associations and Korean Dental Association tried, without success, to exercise control over the unlicensed medical practice. President Park Jong-Hee had to introduce a special law concerning the health-care related crimes with life sentence as the highest penalty. While the government put modernization before social welfare, operated on a policy of state-controlled medical care system, and doctors achieved specialization system similar to that of the United States, the public had to suffer, being treated by unlicensed medical practitioners. Inevitably, the need for a national medical practitioner supply plan and a policy to support health service was raised.

The Use of Medical Devices for Medical Skin Care and the Legal Issues / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Medical skin care is essential for the treatment of skin diseases all over the world. Medical skin care is also part of medical practice and this must be differentiated from the simple skin care that is given for normal healthy skin. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to discuss medical skin care and the related medical devices and legal issues. METHODS: We reviewed the related laws and regulations, we consulted experts and associations and we analyzed the result of the survey. RESULTS: Legally, medical skin care and simple skin care are well classified. However, many illegal procedures are still performed by non-medical personnel and many adverse effects have been reported as a result. Furthermore, there are no legal restrictions for the performer based on the grade of each medical skin care procedure. CONCLUSION: For the best results and safe procedures, medical skin care must be performed by approved medical equipment under the supervision of a physician or medical personnel. Continuous control and guidance by the government is strongly needed.

Promote Actively the Development of Medical Law by Overlapping Medicine with Law and Emphasizing Characteristic / 昆明医科大学学报

With the development of medicine and health,the experts who have a good command of medicine and law are in great social need,so the major of medical law was introduced.This article,based on the experience and construction of medical law major in Kunming Medical College,put forward that the major of medical law must establish the cultivation goals curriculum system and projects of internship.It emphasizes the approaches to improving the students' knowledge of Arts and comprehensive abilities.

Reformation of the Medical Educational Institutes and Training of General Doctors during the Early Period of Japanese Rule / 의사학

The Japanese government downgraded a Korean medical college being attached to the Daehan hospital to a medical training center blaming upon a lack of education in Korea. But the actual curriculum and the years required for completing a course of study in the Korean medical college were equivalent to those of the Japanese medical college. Furthermore, the Japanese government discarded the financial support for medical school students. So they should pay their tuitions and other stipends by themselves. The Japanese government forced a private institute to establish an endowed school by the legal act of college. It enabled to classify a medical education system with the judicial support. For the example of Severance Medical School, it reformed faculty, curriculum and facility according to the legal standard of a college act. Therefore, Severance Medical School was able to be upgraded to a medical college. But there was a limitation even for the government schools under the colonial era. It was not possible to train important medical human resource who enabled to supervise the modern medical system in Korea. On one hand, almost every important medical human resource such as a military doctor, and a professor, who should have trained in Korea in the Great Han Period, was trained in Japan. On the other hand, fostering general doctors, who practiced medicine with hands-on experience, was the purpose of medical education in Korea whether the medical school was governmental or private. Since the purpose of Severance Medical College was to foster general doctors, it was able to grow within the colonial medical system. The purpose of medical missionaries, who promoted the spread of gospel with the western medical support, enforced the Japanese colonial logics that the Japanese government could educate and develop Korea with the introduction of western civilization. Although it was later comparing to the government medical school, Severance Medical College enabled to certify the medical license automatically to the graduates from the school. The reason that the Japanese government allowed for Severance Medical College to issue the automatic medical license was to keep the colonial structure of Japanese in Korea.

Ethical Dimension of a Harmonious Physician-Patient Relationship and Its Legal Support / 中国医学伦理学

Reasons why the current physician-patient relationship has not advanced to a truely harmonious stage in our country are multiple.From the ethical point of view,most medical disputes come from the lack of sincerity and humane care,and self-centered and economic benefits oriented concepts from both doctors and patients.From the legal point of view,the research on the important legal cases related to physician-patient relationship is hysteretic and even lacking.The system settling physician-patient conflict is distempered and imperfect.Both the doctors′ and patients′ legal knowledge and consciousness are inadequate.To construct a harmonious physician-patient relationship,we should fasten the process of legislation,protect profits on both sides,strengthen moral education and confirm the ethical demand.

Questionnaire on Medical Law as Special Optional Course / 中国医学伦理学

In order to perfect the course-setting and enhance the teaching effect,we questioned our students' knowledge about the position and quality of medical law and the style of teaching, examining method etc. It proves that there are some differences between the fact and students'expectation on these questions.Furthermore, the author put forward some concrete advice on them in this article.

Clinical Application of Medical lnformed Consent Series / 中国医学伦理学

Medical lnformed Consent(MIC) is a new rule in health care practice.It is required in the Guideline of Medical Record ,which is enacted by National Ministry of Health.Our hospital puts ephasis on Medical Informed Consent Document,modify and apply it into clinical practice by improving understanding.