RESUMEN
At very beginning of Meiji Restoration when it was still under intensive anti-foreigner moves, the new government invited a medical staff of the English legation to the government military hospital in Kyoto as a medical adviser, and they admitted to accept the Western medicine as an official in the imperial palace, and further, employed a doctor trained in Netherlands Medicine “Ranpou-i” as a medical stuff in the palace for the first time. At the end of the first year of the Restoration, they opened a new medial school and declared that every medical doctor should take a national examination before they open their offices. Their attitude for the Western Medicine was so active to accept it and was a quite contrast to those of old Tokugawa government. The legation doctor was also accepted as the director of hospital and teacher of the medical school, and it was thought that the medicine in Japan will be under the influence of England instead of the Netherlands in future. Two young Ranpou-i who were tarined in both of Nagasaki and Sakura, and nominated as the attendants for the medical school strongly propoused based on their experience in medical tarining that the teacher of future medicine in Japan should be German because of their highest medical quality in the world. After their heavy disputes with the Government stuffs who were supporters for English Medicine, it was finally accepted to invite two German medical doctors as the teachers of the medical school. The German doctors moved so actively to renovate the Japanese medical education, eliminating Japanese educational tradition completely. Japanese medical students were educated and tarined by German teachers with German language from the levels of a fundamental science to clinical medicines. It was so drastic. But it was needed to establish the medical system in Japan for the first time.
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In Japan, Max von Pettenkofer is highly regarded as a pioneer of modern hygiene. The contribution of Edmund Alexander Parkes, however, is not yet sufficiently appreciated. This paper outlines the life and achievements of E.A. Parkes and discusses his influence in Japan.
RESUMEN
In Japan, Max von Pettenkofer is highly regarded as a pioneer of modern hygiene. The contribution of Edmund Alexander Parkes, however, is not yet sufficiently appreciated. This paper outlines the life and achievements of E.A. Parkes and discusses his influence in Japan.
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Japón , MesonesRESUMEN
This article is based on conceptual and methodological understanding of hygienic modernity in the nineteenthcentury Western countries: one is the concept of modern hygiene in the context of modern state and the other is methodological relation of modern hygiene to scientific theory of germ. While modern state calls for the institutionalization of medical police as an administrative tool for consolidating the governmentality what Michel Foucault calls, scientific 'invention' of germ may be considered as 'logical, philosophical and historiographical.' Furthermore, the Meiji medicine men preferred Koch's to Pasteur's laboratory framework, not because the former was scientific than the latter but because Koch's programs were more compatible with imperial needs. The objective of this paper is to investigate four ways in which hygienic modernity had been established in Meiji Japan; (i) how Meiji imperialists perceived and managed to control Japanese hygienic condition, (ii) how Meijileading doctors learned about the German modern system of hygiene to consolidate Meiji empire; (iii) how modern germ theory functioned as the formation of imperial bodies in Meiji period; and (iv) how modern military hygiene contributed to Japanese defeat of Russia. Although I try to contend that modern hygiene was adopted as one of the most significant strategies for intensifying and extending the Meiji empire, this paper has some limits in not identifying how Japanese perception of infectious diseases were culturally adaptive to sciencebased hygienic programs the Meiji administrators had installed.