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Con el objetivo de perfeccionar el proceso de superación para el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en los maestros de Educación Física, desde las clases que imparten, se presenta una metodología estructurada en tres etapas (diagnóstico, implementación y valoración). Para el diagnóstico se tuvo en cuenta la revisión documental, la observación participante y las entrevistas a los maestros, lo que posibilitó la implementación de acciones para el tratamiento a los contenidos curriculares con un enfoque interdisciplinar, al quedar declaradas desde la planificación del sistema de trabajo metodológico los aspectos que afectan el desempeño pedagógico. La información recogida permitió valorar la efectividad de la metodología, al considerar las posibilidades que ofrece la disciplina para la integración de la relación medioambiente-deporte-salud y el nivel de satisfacción reflejado en los educandos. Como resultado se perfecciona la labor docente, se mejoran las relaciones de los educandos con el medioambiente en el entorno escolar y se da cumplimiento a una de las tareas del Proyecto de Investigación FARO: "Formación Activa, Reflexiva y Óptima de maestros y profesores en las Escuelas Pedagógicas".
Com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar o processo de melhoria para o desenvolvimento da educação ambiental nos professores de Educação Física, a partir das aulas que ministram, é apresentada uma metodologia estruturada em três etapas (diagnóstico, implementação e avaliação). Para o diagnóstico foram levados em consideração a revisão documental, a observação participante e entrevistas com os professores, o que possibilitou implementar ações para o tratamento dos conteúdos curriculares com abordagem interdisciplinar, conforme foram declarados a partir do planejamento do sistema de trabalho . aspectos metodológicos que afectam o desempenho pedagógico. As informações coletadas permitiram avaliar a eficácia da metodologia, considerando as possibilidades oferecidas pela disciplina para a integração da relação meio ambiente-esporte-saúde e o nível de satisfação refletido nos alunos. Como resultado, o trabalho docente é melhorado, as relações dos alunos com o meio ambiente escolar são melhoradas e uma das tarefas do Projeto de Pesquisa FARO é cumprida: "Formação Pedagógica Ativa, Reflexiva e Ótima de Professores nas Escolas". Escolas".
With the aim of perfecting the improvement process for the development of environmental education in Physical Education teachers, from the classes they teach, a methodology structured in three stages (diagnosis, implementation and assessment) is presented. For the diagnosis, the documentary review, participant observation and interviews with the teachers were taken into account, which made it possible to implement actions for the treatment of the curricular contents with an interdisciplinary approach, once the aspect that affect pedagogical performance were declared from the planning of the methodological work system. The information collected allowed to assess the effectiveness of the methodology, considering the possibilities offered by the discipline for the integration of the environment-sport-health relationship and the level of satisfaction reflected in the students. As a result, teaching work is perfected, students' relationships with the environment in the school environment are improved, and one of the tasks of the FARO Research Project "Active, Reflective, and Optimal Training of Teachers in Schools." Pedagogical Schools" is fulfilled.
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El estudio analiza, mediante una revisión sistemática, los efectos de los juegos reducidos en la enseñanza de habilidades técnicas y tácticas básicas del baloncesto en niños y adolescentes. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Eric y Scopus. considerando investigaciones originales publicadas desde el año 2010 hasta 2020. La búsqueda incluyó términos referentes al modelo de población, intervención, comparación, resultados y tipos de estudio (PICOS). Los artículos encontrados se examinaron con participación de revisores mediante criterios de selección predefinidos. De la revisión, un total de seis artículos cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, los resultados muestran que prevalecen juegos reducidos en modalidad 3v3 en mitad de cancha y la presencia e instrucción del entrenador en el desarrollo del juego. La revisión muestra que la aplicación de juegos reducidos en baloncesto es una estrategia metodológica eficaz para mejorar aspectos técnicos y tácticos básicos del deporte. Parece ser que la frecuencia y participación de los jugadores durante el juego podrían contribuir al desarrollo de habilidades técnicas y tácticas en el baloncesto.
The study analyzes, through a systematic review, the effects of small-sided games in teaching basic technical and tactical basketball skills in children and adolescents. To do this, a search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed, Eric, and Scopus, focusing on original research published from 2010 to 2020. The search criteria encompassed population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study types (PICOS). The identified articles were carefully examined by reviewers according to predetermined selection criteria. From the review, a total of six articles met the eligibility criteria, revealing a prevalence of small-sided games, particularly in a 3v3 format on half-court, and the significant role of coach presence and instruction in game development. The review shows that the implementation of small-sided games in basketball proves to be an effective methodological approach to enhancing fundamental technical and tactical aspects of the sport. It appears that both the frequency and active involvement of players during the games contribute to the development of technical and tactical skills in basketball.
O estudo analisa, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, os efeitos dos jogos reduzidos no ensino das habilidades técnicas e táticas básicas do basquetebol em crianças e adolescentes. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Web of Science, PubMed, Eric e Scopus, considerando pesquisas originais publicadas entre 2010 e 2020. A busca incluiu termos referentes ao modelo de população, intervenção, comparação, resultados e tipos de estudos (PICOS). Os artigos encontrados foram examinados por revisores com base em critérios de seleção predefinidos. A partir da revisão, um total de seis artigos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados mostram que prevalecem jogos reduzidos na modalidade 3v3 na metade da quadra e a presença e instrução do treinador no desenvolvimento do jogo. A revisão mostra que a aplicação de jogos reduzidos no basquetebol é uma estratégia metodológica eficaz para melhorar os aspectos técnicos e táticos básicos do esporte. Parece que a frequência e a participação dos jogadores durante o jogo podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento das habilidades técnicas e táticas no basquetebol.
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Resumen Las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento elaboradas por las sociedades científicas médicas, constituyen una herramienta muy útil para el ejercicio profesional de la especialidad. Sustentadas en bibliografía actualizada, representan un material de enorme valor con reco mendaciones de los expertos en los diversos temas de la especialidad. En el presente artículo se intenta determinar si las mismas podrían ser diseñadas acercándolas lo más estrechamente posible al formato de las Guías de Práctica Clínica Basadas en la Evidencia (GPC-BE), para lo cual se revisan las etapas en su elaboración y los requisitos que deberían cumplir para ser conside radas como tales. Las GPC-BE son un "conjunto de recomendaciones elaboradas de forma sistemática para ayudar a los profe sionales y a los pacientes en la toma de decisiones sobre la atención sanitaria más apropiada, seleccionando las opciones diagnósticas y/o terapéuticas más adecuadas en el abordaje de un problema de salud o una condición clínica específica". Su objetivo es mejorar la efectividad, la eficiencia y la seguridad de las decisiones clínicas, y pueden servir de base para la elaboración de políticas de salud. La elaboración de las GPC representa un proceso complejo, que requiere conocimientos, experiencia y re cursos tanto en tiempo como en dinero. Su robustez no depende de quienes la realizan, sino de cómo es realiza da. Ello implica la participación de técnicos que aporten la evaluación de la evidencia por el método GRADE, y la consideración de aspectos de costo-efectividad.
Abstract The guides for diagnosis and treatment prepared by scientific medical societies constitute a very useful tool for the professional practice of the specialty. Supported by an updated bibliography, they represent material of enormous value with recommendations from experts on the various topics of the specialty. This article attempts to determine if they could be designed as "Evidence - Based Clinical Practice Guide lines" (CPG BE), for which the stages in their develop ment and the requirements that they reviewed. The CPG BE are a "set of recommendations prepared systematically to help professionals and patients in making decisions about the most appropriate health care, selecting the most appropriate diagnostic and/or therapeutic options to address a problem of health or a specific clinical condition". Their objective is to improve the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of clinical deci sions, and they can serve a basis for the development of health policies. The preparation of CPGs represents a complex pro cess, which requires knowledge, experience and re sources, both in time and money. Its robustness does not depend on who does it, but on how it is done. This implies the participation of technicians who provide the evaluation of the evidence using the GRADE method and the consideration of cost-effectiveness aspects.
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The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents was investigated. Palmarosa oil possesses an appealing rose aroma and properties like anti - inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant due to the presence of geraniol. The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil by using distillation methods like steam dis tillation and fractional distillation was a laborious process. So hydrotropes were tried for extraction. The geraniol yield and purity depend on parameters like concentration of hydrotrope, solvent volume ratio, and time period. Using the Box Benkhem Desig n (BBD), the extraction process was optimized. One of the major advantages of using hydrotropic solvents is that they were classified as green solvents, and recovery of solvents is also possible. To reduce the extraction time probe sonication is carried ou t. Different hydrotropic solvents with probe sonication are done on palmarosa oil by altering various process parameters to study the separation, yield, and purity.
Se investigó la extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos. El aceite de palmarosa posee un atractivo aroma a rosa y propiedades antiinflamatorias, antifúngicas y antioxidantes debido a la pr esencia de geraniol. La extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa mediante métodos de destilación como la destilación por vapor y la destilación fraccionada ha sido un proceso laborioso. Por lo tanto, se probaron los hidrotropos para la extracción. El rendimiento y la pureza del geraniol dependen de parámetros como la concentración del hidrotropo, la relación de volumen del solvente y el período de tiempo. Se optimizó el proceso de extracción usando el diseño Box Benkhem (BBD). Una de las principales v entajas de usar solventes hidrotrópicos es que se clasifican como solventes verdes y también es posible recuperar los solventes. Para reducir el tiempo de extracción, se lleva a cabo una sonda de ultrasonido. Se realizan diferentes solventes hidrotropos co n sonda de ultrasonido en el aceite de palmarosa alterando varios parámetros del proceso para estudiar la separación, el rendimiento y la pureza.
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Aceites de Plantas/química , Cymbopogon/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/química , Cromatografía de GasesRESUMEN
Los enfoques cualitativos en la investigación han sido fundamentales en las ciencias sociales y son cruciales para el estudio de la salud y los servicios sanitarios. Con el progreso en medicina, mayor especialización, expectativas crecientes de los pacientes y la complejidad de los servicios de salud, los profesionales se enfrentan a un entorno laboral cada vez más complicado. Los métodos cualitativos, aunque distintos de las técnicas experimentales y cuantitativas de la investigación clínica y biomédica, son indispensables para la investigación en servicios de salud. Esto se debe a que permiten explorar aspectos no medibles cuantitativamente, como las creencias sobre la salud, y porque proporcionan una base -descriptiva necesaria para la investigación cuantitativa, especialmente en campos con escasa investigación previa.
Qualitative approaches in research have been fundamental in the social sciences and are crucial to the study of health and health services. With progress in medicine, greater specialization, increasing patient expectations and the complexity of health services, professionals face an increasingly complicated work environment. Qualitative methods, although different from the experimental and quantitative techniques of clinical and biomedical research, are essential for health services research. This is because they allow us to explore aspects that are not quantitatively measurable, such as beliefs about health, and because they provide a necessary descriptive basis for quantitative research, especially in fields with little previous research.
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La investigación va dirigida a resolver insuficiencias en el tratamiento de los contenidos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del hockey sobre Césped, en la categoría 11-12 años; en consecuencia, se planteó como objetivo elaborar una metodología para su proceder didáctico. De una población de 18 profesores se seleccionó, de manera intencionada, una muestra de 12; y de 168 hockeístas, a 72. Se emplearon métodos y técnicas como el análisis de documentos, la observación, la entrevista, el experimento pedagógico formativo y los talleres de opinión crítica. Se resolvió la esencia de la contradicción entre el tratamiento fragmentado de los contenidos del hockey categoría 11-12 años y la necesidad de una visión teórico y metodológica que favorezca la estructuración coherente entre el carácter desarrollador de los componentes de la preparación de los hockeístas y los del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de este deporte. Se argumentaron las potencialidades instructivas y educativas de los contenidos como vía para lograr el vínculo de la unidad entre lo cognitivo y lo afectivo en la metodología que contribuya al perfeccionamiento de su estructuración, mediante procedimientos didácticos sustentados en el aprendizaje desarrollador y las particularidades del deporte. La aplicación de la metodología, desde el experimento pedagógico formativo, permitió valorar su factibilidad y funcionalidad, y se evidenció su efectividad para lograr los fines trazados.
A pesquisa tem como objetivo solucionar insuficiências no tratamento de conteúdos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do Hóquei em Campo, na categoria de 11 a 12 anos; Consequentemente, estabeleceu-se o objetivo de desenvolver uma metodologia para seu procedimento didático. De uma população de 18 professores, foi selecionada intencionalmente uma amostra de 12; e de 168 jogadores de hóquei, para 72. Foram utilizados métodos e técnicas como análise documental, observação, entrevista, experimento pedagógico formativo e oficinas de opinião crítica. A essência da contradição entre o tratamento fragmentado dos conteúdos da categoria Hóquei 11-12 anos e a necessidade de uma visão teórico-metodológica que favoreça a estruturação coerente entre o carácter desenvolvimental das componentes da preparação dos jogadores de hóquei e da processo de ensino-aprendizagem deste esporte. O potencial instrutivo e educativo dos conteúdos foi defendido como forma de alcançar o elo de unidade entre o cognitivo e o afetivo na metodologia que contribui para a melhoria da sua estruturação, através de procedimentos didáticos apoiados na aprendizagem desenvolvimental e nas particularidades do desporto. A aplicação da metodologia, a partir da experiência pedagógica formativa, permitiu avaliar a sua viabilidade e funcionalidade, sendo evidente a sua eficácia no alcance dos objetivos estabelecidos.
The research is aimed at resolving insufficiencies in the treatment of content in the teaching-learning process of Field Hockey, in the 11-12-year-old category; consequently, the objective was set to develop a methodology for its didactic procedure. From a population of 18 teachers, a sample of 12 was intentionally selected; and from 168 hockey players, 72 were chosen. Methods and techniques such as document analysis, observation, interview, formative pedagogical experiment and critical opinion workshops were used. It was resolved the essence of the contradiction between the fragmented treatment of the contents of Hockey category 11-12 years and the need for a theoretical and methodological vision that favors coherent structuring between the developmental nature of the components of hockey players ` preparation and those of the teaching-learning process of this sport. The instructive and educational potential of the contents were argued as a way to achieve the link of unity between the cognitive and the affective in the methodology that contributes to the improvement of its structuring, through didactic procedures supported by developmental learning and the particularities of sport. The application of the methodology, from the formative pedagogical experiment, allowed its feasibility and functionality to be assessed, and its effectiveness in achieving the established goals was evident.
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En el Campeonato Nacional de Paratletismo, en Cuba, los resultados competitivos de las balistas con discapacidad físico-motriz por amputación muestran un decrecimiento, en varias categorías. Se detectaron insuficiencias en la dosificación de las cargas, en la utilización de métodos, medios y procedimientos; además de una inadecuada orientación metodológica. Se trazó como objetivo diseñar una metodología para la planificación de la capacidad fuerza rápida en la etapa de preparación especial de balistas con discapacidad físico-motriz por amputación. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva y cuantitativa en el periodo comprendido entre el 2019-2022, el estudio se centró en el proceso de planificación y entrenamiento de la fuerza rápida en la etapa de preparación especial analizado y descrito, a través de métodos empíricos como la revisión de documentos, encuesta, entrevista y la triangulación metodológica, ello permitió evaluar su estado actual. Colaboraron como muestra atletas, entrenadores y directivos de nivel provincial y nacional. La metodología propuesta es viable y factible, con una efectividad esperada para el contexto deportivo actual y con posibilidades de generalización en otros eventos de lanzamiento. La propuesta diseñada enriquece la teoría del entrenamiento deportivo en atletas con discapacidad.
Nos Campeonatos Nacionais de Paratletismo em Cuba, os resultados competitivos dos balistas com deficiências físico-motoras por amputação mostram uma diminuição em várias categorias. Foram detectadas insuficiências na dosagem de cargas, no uso de métodos, meios e procedimentos, bem como uma orientação metodológica inadequada. O objetivo foi elaborar uma metodologia para o planejamento da capacidade de força rápida na fase de preparação especial de balistas com deficiência físico-motora decorrente de amputação. Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa no período entre 2019-2022, o estudo focou no processo de planejamento e treinamento da força rápida na fase de preparação especial analisada e descrita, por meio de métodos empíricos como revisão de documentos, pesquisa, entrevista e triangulação metodológica, o que permitiu avaliar seu estado atual. Atletas, técnicos e gerentes em nível provincial e nacional colaboraram como amostra. A metodologia proposta é viável e factível, com uma eficácia esperada para o contexto esportivo atual e com possibilidades de generalização em outros eventos de arremesso. A proposta elaborada enriquece a teoria do treinamento esportivo em atletas com deficiências.
In the National Para-Athletics Championship in Cuba, the competitive results of shot put athletes with physical-motor disabilities due to amputation show a decrease in several categories. Deficiencies were detected in the dosage of loads, in the use of methods, means and procedures; in addition to inadequate methodological guidance. The objective was to design a methodology for planning rapid strength capacity in the special preparation stage of shot put athletes with physical - motor disabilities due to amputation. A descriptive and quantitative research was carried out in the period between 2019-2022, the study focused on the planning and training process of rapid strength in the special preparation stage analyzed and described, through empirical methods such as the review of documents, survey, interview and methodological triangulation made it possible to evaluate its current state. Athletes, coaches and managers from provincial and national levels collaborated as a sample. The proposed methodology is viable and feasible, with expected effectiveness for the current sporting context and with possibilities of generalization in other throwing events. The designed proposal enriches the theory of sports training in athletes with disabilities.
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La eficacia de una nueva intervención se establece generalmente a través de ensayos clínicos (EC) con asignación aleatoria (AA). Sin embargo, entre otros tantos desafíos metodológicos, el especificar la hipótesis de un EC con AA, sigue siendo un problema complejo de resolver para los investigadores clínicos. En este manuscrito discutimos las características de tres variantes de los EC con AA: EC de superioridad (ECS), EC de no-inferioridad (ECNI), y EC de equivalencia (ECE). Estos tres tipos de EC tienen supuestos diferentes sobre los efectos de una intervención, por lo que plantear hipótesis y definir objetivos requiere conocer algunos supuestos subyacentes a estos EC, incluso hasta elementos relacionados con la estimación del tamaño de muestra para cada cual. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue describir las diferencias metodológicas entre ECS, ECNI y ECE.
Efficacy and effectivity of new interventions are generally established through randomized clinical trials (RCTs). However, among many other methodological challenges, specifying the hypothesis of a RCT remains complex problem for clinical researchers. In this manuscript we discuss the characteristics of three variants of RCTs: superiority RCT (SRCT), non-inferiority RCT (NIRCT), and equivalence RCT (ERCT). These three types of RCT have different assumptions about the effects of an intervention, so setting hypotheses and defining objectives requires knowing some assumptions underlying these RCTs, including elements related to the estimation of the sample size for each one. The aim of this manuscript was to describe methodological differences between SRCT, NIRCT and ERCT.
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Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Proyectos de Investigación , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados no Aleatorios como Asunto , Estudios de Equivalencia como AsuntoRESUMEN
O acesso à saúde e às políticas públicas em áreas remotas é um desafio relevante aos sistemas públicos no Brasil, dada sua dimensão e diversidade territorial. Este artigo tem como proposta apresentar o modelo teórico-lógico elaborado para avaliar o acesso da população ribeirinha à rede de urgência e emergência (RUE) em cenário amazônico, com vistas a fortalecer o planejamento, o monitoramento e a avaliação em saúde voltados para populações específicas. O ponto de partida metodológico foi a revisão temática sobre o acesso à saúde e o contexto amazônico na sua inter-relação com a proposta da pesquisa, que foi problematizada em encontros com colaboradores. Em seguida, buscou-se compreender e analisar os componentes teórico e lógico do modelo e adaptá-los à tríade donabediana estrutura, processo e resultado. O resultado configurou a construção do modelo propriamente dito, com centralidade nas características que representam a oferta dos serviços (sócio-organizacional) e que retratam principalmente o espaço (geográfico). Esses pontos de construção do modelo demonstram sua contribuição para subsidiar outros processos avaliativos e o impacto final na tomada de decisão para qualificar o acesso da população ribeirinha à saúde em momento de sofrimento agudo, auxiliando na superação das condições que segregam essas populações.
Access to health and public policies in remote areas is a major challenge for public systems in Brazil, given its dimension and territorial diversity. This article presents a theoretical-logical model designed to assess the ribeirinho population's access to the urgency and emergency network in the Amazon as to strengthen health planning, monitoring, and evaluation aimed at specific populations. Starting from a thematic review on access to health and the Amazon in its interrelation with the research proposal, which were problematized in meetings with collaborators, the research sought to understand and analyze the model's theoretical and logical components and adapt them to the Donabedian triad (structure, process and result). This resulted in the model itself, centered on service provision (socio-organizational) and the space (geographic). These points demonstrate its contribution to support other evaluation processes and the final impact on decision-making to qualify this population's access to health under acute suffering, helping to overcome current restrictive conditions.
El acceso a la salud y a las políticas públicas en áreas remotas es un desafío relevante para el sistema público en Brasil dada su dimensión y diversidad territorial. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un modelo teórico-lógico desarrollado para validar el acceso de la población ribereña a la red de urgencia y emergencia en el escenario amazónico, para fortalecer la planificación, la vigilancia y la evaluación de los resultados de salud de poblaciones específicas. El punto de partida metodológico fue la revisión temática sobre el acceso a la salud en el contexto amazónico, en especial su interrelación con la propuesta de investigación, que fue problematizada en reuniones con colaboradores. Después, se buscó comprender y analizar los componentes teórico y lógico del modelo y adaptarlos a la tríada donabediana estructura, proceso y resultado. El resultado configuró la construcción del modelo propiamente dicho, con foco en las características que representan la prestación de los servicios (social-organizacional) y que retratan principalmente el espacio (geográfico). Estos puntos de construcción del modelo destacan su contribución para subsidiar otros procesos evaluativos y el impacto final en la toma de decisiones para calificar el acceso de la población ribereña a la salud en un momento de sufrimiento agudo, ayudando a superar las condiciones que segregan a estas poblaciones.
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Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)is a therapeutic approach that targets intestinal microorganisms by transplanting fecal microorganisms from healthy individuals into the gastrointestinal tract of diseased individuals,thus restoring the recipient's disordered gastrointestinal microbiota by restructuring the intestinal flora.However,the mechanism of action and adverse effects of FMT in different diseases have not yet been clarified,thus limiting its wide clinical application.Its use still relies on in-depth preclinical studies;however,highly inconsistent or incomplete experimental details provided in current reports,coupled with a lack of authoritative standards and recommendations,seriously affect the interpretation of the study findings and replication of the experimental procedures,as well as hindering the clinical translation of the result.We therefore review and discuss the key steps of recipient selection and graft sample collection,storage,graft material preparation,and grafting route,with the aim of improving the utilization of experimental animals,consumables,and labor,and providing method ological recommendations and references to achieve replicability and standardization of preclinical FMT studies.
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Objective To evaluate the quality of animal studies into acupuncture for glaucoma using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool,ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines,and the GSPC checklist.Methods Databases from CNKI,VIP,Wanfang,Sinomed,PubMed,Web of Science,Embase and Cochrane Library were searched to find animal research articles on acupuncture for glaucoma.Risk of bias was assessed for the included studies using the SYRCLE's tool,and reporting quality was evaluated using the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines and GSPC checklist.Statistical analysis was performed by Excel and SPSS software.Results Thirty articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.Six of the 10 items of the SYRCLE's tool had a low-risk rate of＜50％,and the non-low-risk items focused on selectivity bias,implementation bias and measurement bias.Twelve of the 22 essential sub-items of the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines had a low-risk rate of＜50％;9 of the 16 recommended sub-items had a low-risk rate of＜50％;and 12 of the 19 subentries of the GSPC list had a low-risk rate of＜50％.Randomization,blinding,ethical statements,housing and husbandry,animal care and monitoring,and protocol registration were the non-low-risk items in the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines and GSPC list.Conclusions The quality of the methodology and experimental reporting of animal studies into acupuncture for glaucoma are generally low,and the description of several items is not yet complete,which affects the readers'judgment on whether the result of animal studies can be translated to clinical studies.It is advisable to further promote the use of SYRCLE's tool and reporting guidelines for animal experiments to enhance the design,performance,and reporting of animal experiments;ensure the reproducibility of experiments and result;and provide reliable evidence for the translation of result to the clinic.
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Objective To optimize the extraction process of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma using Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology and evaluate antioxidant activity of total phenolic acid in vitro.Methods Taking the liquid-solid ratio,ethanol concentration and extraction temperature as influencing factors,and the extraction rate of total phenolic acids as evaluation indicator,the extraction process of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma was optimized using a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology on the basis of single factor tests.Meanwhile,the scavenging effects of total phenolic acid extract from Cibotii rhizoma on ABTS·+and DPPH· was determined.Results The optimized extraction process for total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma was as follows:the ethanol concentration of 55％,the extraction temperature of 88℃ and the liquid-solid ratio of 60∶1 mL/g.Under these conditions,the extraction rate could reach 8.67％.When the mass concentration of total phenolic acids extract were 2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL,the clearance rates of ABTS·+and DPPH·were 92.76％and 88.66％,respectively.Conclusion The theoretical values obtained from the response surface optimization method are consistent with the actual measured values,and the extraction process of total phenolic acids from Cibotii rhizoma was simple and feasible.The total phenolic acids extract from Cibotii rhizoma exhibit strong antioxidant activity in vitro.
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Objective To build a knowledge graph;To visualize the knowledge structure relationships and clinical thinking in the treatment of coronary heart disease by renowned TCM doctors;To provide methodological reference for the inheritance of experience of renowned TCM doctors.Methods Medical records about treatment of coronary heart disease by renowned TCM doctors were retrieved from CNKI from the establishment of the database to 30th,Nov.2022.The characteristics of TCM diagnosis and treatment and the characteristics of the theoretical system of syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM were analyzed.Concept types and relationships between concepts were sorted out and extracted to form a pattern layer of knowledge graph;based on the characteristics of the pattern layer,Python 3.11(PyCharm 2022.3.2)was used to write rules,and knowledge extraction and data import were implemented through the Pandas library,Openpyxl library and Py2neo library,which were stored in the graph database Neo4j-Community-5.2.0 to complete the construction of the knowledge graph.Implementing query application was realized through Cypher language.Results The data of 643 medical cases of 144 renowned TCM doctors were included,which were entered into the Neo4j graph database,forming a knowledge graph consisting of 2 744 nodes and 23 795 relationships under 8 concepts and 10 relationships,to achieve visual presentation and query application of the diagnosis and treatment process of coronary heart disease by renowned TCM doctors.Conclusion The knowledge graph can intuitively display the relationship of diseases-symptoms-syndromes-treatments-prescriptions-medicine in medical records,develop a knowledge system that is easy to retrieve,and improve the accessibility of domain knowledge,which can provide methodological reference for the inheritance of experience of renowned TCM doctors.
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Objective To introduce a partially nested design based on the characteristics of TCM in treating the same disease with different treatments and syndrome differentiation and treatment.Methods Partially nested design was used for standardized treatment of complex interventions.The TCM group was divided into multiple subsets according to"syndrome type-treatment method-prescription"(with nested structure),while the control group was treated with standardized Western medicine(without nested structure);taking a case study of"different treatments for the same disease"data for ulcerative colitis,this design type was applied and analyzed using a multi-level model.Results The partially nested design was consistent with the feature of TCM of"different treatments for the same disease"and met the methodological requirements for evidence-based evaluation.Multilevel models allowed analyses with this type of data.Conclusion The use of partially nested design enables the evaluation of the comprehensive effectiveness of"different treatments for the same disease",which can provide a methodological reference for the assessment of clinical effectiveness of TCM.
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Objective To optimize the optimal extraction process for phthalein and phenolic acid components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma decoction pieces.Methods On the basis of a single factor experiment,central combination design-response surface methodology was adopted,and the extraction time,ethanol concentration,and ethanol dosage were used as influencing factors,and the total normalized values of the content of Senkyunolide I,Senkyunolide A and ligustilide,and extract yield were used as evaluation indicators to optimize the extraction process of phthalein components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma decoction pieces;the total normalized values of chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,ferulic acid,and extract yield were used as evaluation indicators to optimize the extraction process of phenolic acids components in Angelicae Sinensis Radix-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma decoction pieces.Results The optimal extraction process was to add 7 times the amount of 90%ethanol to the phthalein components,extract for 130 minutes each time,and extract twice;phenolic acid components were extracted twice with 7.5 times the amount of 65%ethanol for 120 minutes each time.Conclusion The optimized extraction process for phthalein and phenolic acids in Angelicae Sinensis Radix-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma decoction pieces is stable and feasible,which can provide a basis for subsequent research.
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The standardization study on disease names in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a key and challenging aspect of the modernization of TCM. TCM disease names refer to a symbolic system established by traditional medicine for the rational definition and denotation of physical and mental distress， characterized by temporal and spatial features， clinical features， and cultural traits. These features are both the characteristics of TCM disease names and the root causes of issues such as weakened application， standardization difficulties， and lack of methodology. In response to these problems， we propose a research idea for TCM disease names. Firstly， appropriate samples should be selected based on application needs， and by constructing models， the alignment of the TCM disease names' refe-rence system in content and form should be facilitated to address the issue of weakened application. Secondly， studies on semantics， pragmatics， and clinical positioning should be conducted simultaneously to promote the empi-rical nature of linguistic symbols and strengthen the clinical features of TCM disease names. Furthermore， research on methodology should be intensified. By fully referencing traditional naming methods and the nomenclature of western scientific fields and theoretically examining complex systems， the intrinsic relationship between classification systems and naming methods should be clarified， thereby completing the standardization study of the construction process of the TCM disease names reference system.
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Currently， there are many difficulties in formulating recommendations of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） clinical practice guidelines. This paper analyzed and summarized the unique or prominent difficult issues in the formulation of recommendations faced by TCM guidelines， such as experts' professional background and experience bringing about the preferance from the academic emotion， inconsistency between different academic schools making it difficult to reach consensus， lack of guiding principles of the decision weight of different dimensions for recommendations. Therefore， methodological suggestions have been put forward， including organizing parallel TCM and western medicine consensus group， improving the method of combining TCM and western medicine paradigm， attaching great importance to the evidence-based governance of academic schools， and promoting the research on different dimensions for recommendation formulation， which may provide a methodological reference for the guideline development.
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Objective To prepare silymarin phospholipids complex（SM-PC） and investigate its physicochemical properties. Methods On the basis of single-factor tests, the drug-lipid ratio, drug concentration and reaction temperature were selected as the factors of the central composite design and response surface methodology in the preparation of SM-PC by solvent volatilization, and the best process was optimized with the compound rate as the index. And its in vitro dissolution was measured. Results The optimum preparation technology of SM-PC was as follows: acetone was used as compound solvent, the concentration of SM was 8.0 mg/ml, the mass ratio of SM to phospholipid was 1∶1.8, the reaction temperature was 56 ℃ and the recombination rate was（95.15±1.55）% with deviation of less than 3%. The in vitro dissolution test showed that the dissolution of SM-PC was close to 90% in 60 min. The dissolution behavior of main component of silybin was similar to that of silymarin capsules（Legalon ®）, which was higher than SM-API. Conclusion SM-PC was successfully prepared by central composite design response surface method, which significantly improved the dissolution and laid a foundation for the study of subsequent preparations.
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@#In order to develop a more effective drug for dry eye disease, the preparation of lifitegrast eye drops was carried out, and the safety and efficacy of lifitegrast eye drops in vitro and in vivo were investigated. First the method for the determination of lifitegrast content was established, and then the composition and preparation process of the preparation were determined by literature review and single factor experiment. Finally, the safety of lifitegrast eye drops was evaluated by Draize eye irritation test and HE staining, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by Schirmer test and ELISA test. The results showed that the final prescription of lifitegrast eye drops consisted of 5% lifitegrast, 0.4% sodium chloride, 0.3%−0.4% anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.3% sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate and 0.3% sodium hydroxide. The appearance of lifitegrast eye drops was transparent and slightly brownish yellow solution, the pH was7.75±0.05, the osmotic pressure was in the range of 200−330 mOsmol/kg and it had good stability at 60℃ for 3 months. There was no significant difference in irritation study compared with normal saline. Schirmer test showed that tear secretion was increased and the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in tears were significantly decreased after treatment with lifitegrast eye drops and compared to the commercially available emulsion cyclosporine eye drops, it takes effect faster. The above results indicate that lifitegrast eye drops are simple to prepare and stable, which is a better choice for the rapid treatment of dry eye disease.
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Background: The AO entrance examination for the Medical Course at Kochi Medical School aims to select candidates who are not only knowledgeable but also exhibit strong interpersonal and presentation skills. This study sought to determine the impact of the AO exam’s group work and presentation components on students’ success post-graduation.Methods: Clinical training supervisors’ evaluations of interpersonal and presentation abilities were compared between AO entrance exam candidates and other selected candidates.Results: AO entrants showed superior performance in establishing patient-physician relationships, participating in team medicine, and delivering case presentations compared to their counterparts.Discussion: The AO entrance examination at Kochi Medical School proves to be an effective tool for assessing candidates’ interpersonal and presentation skills, which are essential for medical practitioners.