Microcomputed-Tomographic Analysis of the Root Canal Morphology of the Mandibular First Molars in a Malaysian Subpopulation Using Two Classification Systems / Análisis por Tomografía Microcomputada de la Morfología del Conducto Radicular de los Primeros Molares Mandibulares en una Subpoblación de Malasia Utilizando dos Sistemas de Clasificación

SUMMARY: This work investigated the morphology of the root canal system of the mandibular first molar in a Malaysian subpopulation. Using micro-computed tomography with an isotropic resolution of 22 µm, 140 mandibular first molars were scanned. MIMICS software was used for segmentation, 3-D reconstruction and analysis of the acquired images. The canal configuration was described using Vertucci [supported by the supplementary configurations proposed by Sert & Bayirli (2004)] and Ahmed et al. (2027), coding systems. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between qualitative variables. By non-considering intercanal communications, Vertucci types IV (17.1%) and I (76.4%) were the most frequently reported configurations in the mesial and distal roots, respectively. Of the reported configurations, 24.3% and 4.3% were non-classifiable by Vertucci system in the mesial and distal roots, respectively. Up to 63.6% and 9.3% of the reported configurations were non- classifiable, and type I was the most frequent when considering intercanal communications (7.1% and 76.4% in the mesial and distal roots, respectively). According to Ahmed et al., system, almost half of the sample had more than four digits (47.9%), followed by the 3-digits category (20.71%). In both systems, a significant association was found between the canal configuration and the root type (p<0.001). The mandibular first molar of this Malaysian subpopulation demonstrated a wide range of root canal morphology. When compared to the Vertucci system, the system developed by Ahmed et al., successfully classified all molars configurations despite their level of complexity. The complex canal anatomy of mandibular first molars in this subpopulation warrants special attention during root canal treatment procedures.

En este trabajo se investigó la morfología del sistema de conductos radiculares del primer molar mandibular en una subpoblación de Malasia. Utilizando tomografía microcomputada con una resolución isotrópica de 22 µm, se escanearon 140 primeros molares mandibulares. Se utilizó el software MIMICS para segmentar (enmascarar), reconstruir en 3D, visualizar y analizar las imágenes adquiridas. La configuración del canal se describió utilizando Vertucci respaldado por las configuraciones complementarias propuestas por Sert & Bayirli (2004)] y Ahmed et al. (2017, 2020), sistemas de codificación. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para evaluar la asociación entre variables cualitativas. Sin considerar las comunicaciones intercanales, los tipos Vertucci IV (17,1%) y I (76,4%) fueron las configuraciones reportadas con mayor frecuencia en las raíces mesiales y distales, respectivamente. De las configuraciones reportadas, el 24,3 % y el 4,3 % fueron no clasificables por el sistema de Vertucci en las raíces mesial y distal, respectivamente. Hasta el 63,6 % y el 9,3 % de las configuraciones reportadas fueron no clasificables, siendo la tipo I la más frecuente al considerar las comunicaciones intercanales (7,1 % y 76,4 % en las raíces mesiales y distales, respectivamente). Según Ahmed et al. (2017, 2020) en el sistema, casi la mitad de la muestra tenía más de cuatro dígitos (47,9 %), seguido por la categoría de 3 dígitos (20,71 %). En ambos sistemas se encontró una asociación significativa entre la configuración del canal y el tipo de raíz (p<0,001). El primer molar mandibular de esta subpoblación de Malasia demostró una amplia gama morfológica del conducto radicular. En comparación con el sistema Vertucci, el sistema desarrollado por Ahmed et al. (2017, 2020) clasificaron con éxito todas las configuraciones de los molares a pesar de su nivel de complejidad. La compleja anatomía del canal de los primeros molares mandibulares en esta subpoblación merece una atención especial durante los procedimientos de tratamiento de conducto.

Construction and evaluation of novel self-assembled nanoparticles of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall / 药学学报

It has become an industry consensus that self-assembled nanoparticles (SAN) are formed by molecular recognition of chemical components in traditional Chinese medicine during the decoction process. The insoluble components in the decoction are mostly in the form of nanoparticles, which can improve the problem of poor water solubility. However, the transfer rate of these insoluble components in the decoction is still very low, which limits the efficacy of the drug. This study aimed to refine the traditional decoction self-assembly phenomenon. The self-assembled nanoparticles were constructed by micro-precipitation method (MP-SAN), and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, stability index and morphology. The formation of MP-SAN and alterations in related physicochemical properties were evaluated using modern spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques. The quality value transmitting pattern of lignan components within the MP-SAN was assessed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MP-SAN showed sphere-like structure with uniform morphology, particle size of (245.3 ± 3.2) nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of (0.13 ± 0.03), zeta potential of (-48.9 ± 5.9) mV and stability index (SI) of (86.05% ± 2.27%). Comprehensive analyses using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and other techniques confirmed molecular recognition between the decoction and ethanol extraction, leading to electron rearrangement under the influence of non-covalent bonding. This resulted in the formation of nanoparticles possessing superior thermal stability. As determined by HPLC, the encapsulation rates of the index components in the MP-SAN were all greater than 75% (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: 77.00%; herpetolide A: 78.57%; herpetrione: 94.53%), and the transfer rates were all higher than 65% (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: 96.01%; herpetolide A: 67.86%; herpetrione: 65.55%), which were 1.34, 1.38 and 4.81 times compared with those of the traditional decoction. In summary, this study successfully constructed the MP-SAN based on micro-precipitation method to achieve high transfer rate and high encapsulation rate of insoluble components in docoction, which provides a pharmaceutics idea for the efficient utilization of pharmacodynamic substance basis of traditional Chinese medicine.

Intervention Mechanism of Biejiajian Wan on Primary Liver Cancer by Regulating lncRNA SNHG5/miRNA-26a-5p/GSK-3β Signal Axis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Biejiajian Wan in the intervention of primary liver cancer based on long non-coding RNA SNHG5 （lncRNA SNHG5）/micro RNA-26a-5p （miRNA-26a-5p）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β （GSK-3β） signal axis. MethodDouble luciferase reporting assay was used to verify the targeted interaction between lncRNA SNHG5 and miRNA-26a-5p， miRNA-26a-5p， and GSK-3β in HepG2 cells. Nude-mouse transplanted tumor model of human HepG2 were established and randomly divided into model group， Biejiajian Wan low-dose group （0.5 g·kg-1）， medium-dose group （1.0 g·kg-1）， and high-dose group （2.0 g·kg-1）， and sorafenib group （100 mg·kg-1）， with 10 mice in each group. The mice were given intragastric administration of normal saline or drug for 28 days， and the tumor volume was measured at different time. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histological changes of tumors. The nucleic acid levels of lncRNA SNHG5， miRNA-26a-5p， GSK-3β， and β-catenin mPNA in tumor tissue were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The protein expression levels of GSK-3β and β-catenin in tumor tissue were detected by western blot. ResultCompared with the SNHG5-WT （wild type） + miRNA NC （negative control） group， the relative luciferase activities of the SNHG5-WT + miRNA-26a-5p mimic group were decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the GSK-3β-WT + miRNA NC group， the relative luciferase activity of the GSK-3β-WT + miRNA-26a-5p mimic group was decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the tumor volume of Biejiajian Wan low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose groups was significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the cells in the tumor tissue of nude mice in each dose group of Biejiajian Wan were sparsely arranged with necrocytosis， which showed concentration-dependent changes. Compared with the model group， the expression levels of lncRNA SNHG5， GSK-3β， and β-catenin were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the expression of miRNA-26a-5p was increased in each dose group of Biejiajian Wan （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the protein expression levels of GSK-3β and β-catenin were decreased in each dose group of Biejiajian Wan （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionBiejiajian Wan may affect the necrosis of liver cancer cells through lncRNA SNHG5/miRNA-26a-5p/GSK-3β signal axis and thus play an anti-tumor role. This research will provide more theoretical basis for the clinical application of Biejiajian Wan.

Construction of competitive endogenous RNA network mediated by lung ischemia-reperfusion core genes / 器官移植

Objective To analyze the core genes of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and construct a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Methods Original data of GSE145989 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database as the training set, and the GSE172222 and GSE9634 datasets were used as the validation sets, and the differentially-expressed genes (DEG) were identified. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and the core genes were screened, and the diagnostic values of these core genes and the immune infiltration levels of immune cells were evaluated. The ceRNA network was constructed and validated. The targeted drugs based on ceRNA network were assessed. Results A total of 179 DEG were identified, including 61 down-regulated and 118 up-regulated genes. GO analysis showed that DEGs were associated with multiple biological processes, such as cell migration, differentiation and regulation, etc. They were correlated with cell components, such as vesicle membrane, serosa and membrane raft, etc. They were also associated with multiple molecular functions, such as chemokine receptor, G protein-coupled receptor, immune receptor activity and antigen binding, etc. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that DEG were involved in tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Wnt, interleukin (IL)-17 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways, etc. PPI network suggested that CD8A, IL2RG, STAT1, CD3G and SYK were the core genes of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. The ceRNA network prompted that miR-146a-3p, miR-28-5p and miR-593-3p were related to the expression level of CD3G. The miR-149-3p, miR-342-5p, miR-873-5p and miR-491-5p were correlated with the expression level of IL-2RG. The miR-194-3p, miR-512-3p, miR-377-3p and miR-590-3p were associated with the expression level of SYK. The miR-590-3p and miR-875-3p were related to the expression level of CD8A. The miR-143-5p, miR-1231, miR-590-3p and miR-875-3p were associated with the expression level of STAT1. There were 13 targeted drugs for CD3G, 4 targeted drugs for IL-2RG, 28 targeted drugs for SYK and 3 targeted drugs for lncRNA MUC2. No targeted drugs were identified for CD8A, STAT1 and other ceRNA network genes. Conclusions CD8A, IL2RG, STAT1, CD3G and SYK are the core genes of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. The research and analysis of these core genes probably contribute to the diagnosis of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and providing novel research ideas and therapeutic targets.

Performance of obturation techniques in anatomical irregularities located at different thirds of the root canal system

Abstract This study aimed to compare the quality of root canal obturation (ratio of area occupied by gutta-percha (G), sealer (S), and presence of voids (V)) in different anatomical irregularities (intercanal communications, lateral irregularities, and accessory canals) located at different thirds of the root canal system of mandibular molar replicas. Sixty-seven 3D printed replicas of an accessed mandibular molar were prepared using ProGlider and ProTaper Gold rotatory systems. Three specimens were randomly selected to be used as controls and did not receive further treatment. The rest were randomly distributed in 4 experimental groups to be obturated using either cold lateral compaction (LC), continuous wave of condensation (CW), and core-carrier obturation (ThermafilPlus (TH) or GuttaCore (GC)) (n=16 per group). AHPlus® sealer was used in all groups. The three controls and a specimen from each experimental group were scanned using micro-computed tomography. The rest of the replicas were sectioned at the sites of anatomical irregularities and examined at 30× magnification. The G, S, and V ratios were calculated dividing the area occupied with each element by the total root canal area and then compared among groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Voids were present in all obturation techniques with ratios from 0.01 to 0.15. CW obtained a significantly higher G ratio in the irregularity located in the coronal third (0.882) than LC (0.681), TH (0.773), and GC (0.801) (p<0.05). TH and GC achieved significantly higher G ratios in those located in the apical third (p<0.05). The worst quality of obturation was observed in the loop accessory canal with all obturation techniques. Whitin the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that CW and core-carrier obturation are respectively the most effective techniques for obturating anatomical irregularities located in the coronal and the apical third.

Root canal curvature influences uncontrolled removal of dentin and cleaning efficacy after ultrasonic activation

Abstract This study evaluated the correlation between root canal curvature and the effects of ultrasonic irrigation in the following parameters: volume of uncontrolled dentin removal (UDRVol), maximum depth of dentin defects, removal of accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD), and canal transportation in prepared curved root canals. Twenty-four human permanent mandibular molars were divided into two groups according to root canal curvature: moderate curvature (MC: mean 25°); and severe curvature (SC: mean 48°). The specimens were scanned using an X-ray microcomputed scanner (Skyscan 1172) before and after cleaning and shaping and after the final irrigation protocol with ultrasonic irrigation. There was a moderate correlation between the degree of root canal curvature and the volume of remaining AHTD (p<0.05) and between the degree of root canal curvature and maximum depth of defects due to uncontrolled removal of dentin (p<0.05). The teeth in the SC group had a greater maximum depth of defects on the dentin wall in the apical third than the teeth in the MC group (p <0.05). Both groups had a significant reduction of AHTD in all canal thirds, but the amount of remaining AHTD in the middle and apical thirds and the whole canal was significantly greater in the SC than in the MC group (p <0.05). Canal transportation was not influenced by the canal curvature in all thirds (p >0.05). This study concluded that root canal curvature affects significantly the uncontrolled removal of dentin and remaining AHTD volume after the final irrigation protocol with ultrasonic irrigation.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a correlação entre a curvatura do canal radicular e os efeitos da irrigação ultrassônica nos seguintes parâmetros: volume de remoção não controlada de dentina (UDRVol), profundidade máxima do desgaste de dentina, remoção de debris de tecido duro acumulado (AHTD) e transporte em canais radiculares curvos. Vinte e quatro molares inferiores humanos permanentes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a curvatura do canal radicular: curvatura moderada (MC: média de 25°); e curvatura acentuada (SC: média de 48°). Os espécimes foram digitalizados usando um scanner microcomputador de raios X (Skyscan 1172) antes e depois da limpeza e modelagem e após a irrigação ultrassônica. Houve uma correlação moderada entre o grau de curvatura do canal radicular e o volume de AHTD remanescente (p<0,05) e entre o grau de curvatura do canal radicular e a profundidade máxima de defeitos devido à remoção descontrolada de dentina (p<0,05). Os dentes do grupo SC apresentaram maior profundidade máxima de defeitos na parede dentinária no terço apical do que os dentes do grupo MC (p<0,05). Ambos os grupos tiveram uma redução significativa de AHTD em todos os terços do canal, mas a quantidade de AHTD remanescente nos terços médio e apical e em todo o canal foi significativamente maior no grupo SC do que no grupo MC (p <0,05). O transporte do canal não foi influenciado pela curvatura do canal em todos os terços (p > 0,05). Este estudo concluiu que a curvatura do canal radicular afeta significativamente a remoção descontrolada de dentina e o volume remanescente de AHTD após a irrigação ultrassônica.

Insertion methods and gap/void formation in atraumatic restorative technique: A micro-CT analysis

Abstract Wetting the dentin is critical to atraumatic restorative treatment. The conventional insertion can be challenging when using high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement. This study evaluated the formation of gaps and voids after three insertion methods using micro-CT. Teeth underwent removal of occlusal and proximal caries through the atraumatic restorative treatment technique. Then, they were fixed in an artificial dental arch to simulate the clinical condition and were restored using three insertion methods: conventional, Centrix injection, and double-filling. Previous dentin conditioning procedures, steel matrix and wooden wedge application, and post-insertion procedures (digital compression and surface protection) were the same. The material was inserted using a manual instrument in the conventional technique and was inserted with a syringe in the Centrix injection group. In the double-filling technique, the tooth received a first layer of a flowable ionomer (through modifying the powder/liquid ratio), and a second layer (with standard ratio) was applied before the final set of the first one. A micro-CT unit scanned each tooth before and after restoration. Each cavity was defined as the volume of interest, and the volumes of gaps and voids were calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey posthoc test (p < .05). Double-filling had improved filling volume with lower values for gap volume, followed by Centrix injection. The conventional technique had the highest gap volume. No statistically significant difference was observed for void volume. Double-filling demonstrated fewer gaps, followed by Centrix injection, which is critical to obtain better adhesive, remineralizing, and antibacterial activities.

Resumo O molhamento da dentina parcialmente desmineralizada no fundo da cavidade dentária é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento restaurador atraumático. No entanto, o método de inserção convencional pode ser desafiador ao usar cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade. Este estudo avaliou a formação de gaps e vazios internos após três métodos de inserção de cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade usando micro-CT. Dez terceiros molares foram submetidos à remoção de cárie oclusal através da técnica de tratamento restaurador atraumático e complementação proximal (com ou sem lesão pré-existente). Em seguida, foram fixados em uma arcada dentária artificial para simular a condição clínica. Os dentes foram restaurados usando a técnica de tratamento restaurador atraumático com três métodos de inserção: convencional, injeção Centrix e dupla inserção. Os procedimentos anteriores de condicionamento dentinário, inserção de matriz de aço, aplicação de cunha de madeira e procedimentos pós-inserção do material (como compressão digital e proteção de superfície) foram os mesmos para os três grupos testados. O material foi inserido com instrumento manual na técnica convencional, seguindo a metodologia clássica do tratamento restaurador atraumático. O material foi inserido com um dispositivo desenvolvido especificamente para esse fim na técnica de inserção com seringa tipo Centrix. Na técnica de dupla obturação, o dente recebeu uma primeira camada do cimento de ionômero de vidro mais fluido (obtido através da modificação da relação pó/líquido), e uma segunda camada (com relação pó/líquido padrão) foi aplicada antes da presa final da primeira. Um micro-CT escaneou cada dente antes e depois da restauração. Cada cavidade foi definida como o volume de interesse, e os volumes de gaps e vazios foram calculados. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA one-way e teste post-hoc de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. A dupla inserção melhorou significativamente o volume de preenchimento com valores percentuais mais baixos para o volume do gap, seguido pela injeção com seringa tipo Centrix. A técnica convencional apresentou o maior percentual de volume de gap. Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada para o volume de vazios internos. O grupo de dupla inserção demonstrou menor formação de gaps, seguido pelo grupo de injeção com seringa tipo Centrix, que é fundamental para obter melhores atividades adesivas, remineralizantes e antibacterianas.

Resultados a largo plazo del tratamiento quirúrgico de las fístulas arteriovenosas durales espinales en un centro Argentino / Surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: Management and long-term results in a series of patients operated in an Argentinian center

Resumen Introducción: La fístula dural arteriovenosa espinal (FDAVE) es una enfermedad vascular frecuentemente subdiagnosticada. El tratamiento puede ser microqui rúrgico o endovascular. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de pa cientes con FDAVE tratados por microcirugía entre los años 2010 y 2021. Fueron evaluados parámetros como edad, sexo, cuadro clínico pre y postoperatorio medido con las escalas de Aminoff-Logue y Rankin modificada (mRs). Los estudios diagnósticos se utilizaron para de terminar nivel lesional y resultados quirúrgicos. Resultados: Se incluyeron doce pacientes (10 hombres y 2 mujeres) con un promedio de edad de 60 años. El tiempo de evolución del cuadro clínico al diagnóstico fue menor a 12 meses salvo un caso de 32 meses. Las FDAVE fueron localizadas, 8 a nivel dorsal, 3 a nivel lumbar y una a nivel sacro. La arteria de Adamkiewicz se identificó en 5 casos en L1, 2 en D12, 2 en D10, 2 en D9 y un caso en D7. De los 12 pacientes operados, 3 fueron embolizados previamente; dos permanecieron estables en su evolución y 10 mejoraron uno o más puntos del mRs. No hubo complicaciones en el postoperatorio. Todos mostraron mejoría del edema medular en reso nancia magnética y la angiografía digital, luego de los 6 meses, fue negativa. El seguimiento promedio fue de 40 meses con un rango de 6 a 122 meses y ningún paciente presentó recidiva de la FDAVE. Conclusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico de las FDAVE es un método muy eficaz, de baja morbilidad y menor tasa de recurrencia comparado con el tratamiento en dovascular.

Abstract Introduction: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDA VF) is a rare vascular disease, of unknown etiology, fre quently underdiagnosed. Treatment can be microsurgical or endovascular. Methods: Retrospective and monocentric analysis of 12 SDAVF patients treated by microsurgery between 2010 and 2021. Parameters including age, sex, pre and postoperative clinical condition were analyzed according to modified Aminoff-Logue and Rankin scales. Diagnos tic studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) and spinal digital subtraction angiography (DSA), were evaluated for lesion level, as were surgical results. Results: Twelve patients (10 men and 2 women), average age: 60 years, were operated. The interval from symptom onset to diagnosis was <12 months in all cases except one (32 months). SDAVF locations were thoracic in 8 cases, between T6 and T12, 3 at lumbar spine (L1- L2) and at S1 in one case, with no difference regarding side. The Adamkiewicz artery was identified in 5 cases at L1, 2 at D12, 2 at D10, 2 at D9 and 1 at D7 (7 left-sided and 5 right-sided). Three of the 12 patients operated had undergone prior embolization. Postoperative neu rological outcomes showed: 2 patients remained stable and 10 improved one or more points on the mRs; no postoperative complications were observed. Follow-up MRI images improved in all cases and spinal DSA was negative at 6 months. Average follow-up was 40 months (range 6 to 122) and no patient presented recurrence. Conclusion: Microsurgical treatment of SDAVF proved to be efficient, with low morbidity and lower recurrence rates compared to endovascular results.

Detection of micro-metastasis using cytokeratins (AE1/AE3) in haematoxylin & eosin-stained N0 lymph nodes of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background & objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies affecting the head-and-neck region, regional lymph nodes being an important prognostication factor dictating the survival rate. Despite an array of modalities used, clinically, radiographically and routine histopathologically, the detection of micro-metastasis (2-3 mm tumour cell deposits) in the lymph nodes often escapes identification. The presence of few of these tumour epithelial cells in the lymph nodes drastically increases mortality and alters treatment plan. Hence, the identification of these cells is of major prognostic significance for a patient. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate and detect the efficacy of the immunohistochemical (IHC) marker [cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3] over routine Hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) staining in detecting micro-metastasis in the lymph nodes of OSCC cases. Methods: Hundred H & E-stained N0 lymph nodes of OSCC cases treated with radical neck dissection were subjected to IHC with marker AE1/AE3 antibody cocktail for detecting micro-metastasis. Results: The IHC marker CK cocktail (AE1/AE3) did not demonstrate any positive reactivity for the target antigen in all the 100 H & E stained lymph node sections evaluated in the present study. Interpretation & conclusions: This study was undertaken to check the efficacy of IHC (CK cocktail AE1/ AE3) in the detection of micro-metastasis in lymph nodes that are found to be negative in routine H&E stained sections. The findings of this study suggest that the IHC marker AE1/AE3 did not prove to be useful to detect micro-metastasis in this study population

Intervenciones quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas complementarias a la ortodoncia quirúrgicamente asistida: Resumen estructurado de evidencia

Introducción: Existen procedimientos quirúrgicos que pueden generar una disminución en la duración de los tratamientos de ortodoncia (TO) mediante una aceleración del movimiento dental. La técnica más estudiada corresponde a la corticotomía clásica, la cual muchas veces es desechada por los pacientes debido a su invasividad. Es por esto que nacen las intervenciones quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas (IQMI), tales como las micro osteoperforaciones (MOP) y la piezocisión, que buscan el mismo resultado, pero sin realizar colgajos de espesor total, otorgándole al paciente nuevas alternativas terapéuticas para acortar el tratamiento de ortodoncia. La evidencia al respecto aún es controversial, debido a que la certeza de la evidencia es baja o muy baja con relación a estos procedimientos. Métodos: Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metaanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. Resultados y conclusiones: Identificamos 39 revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron 43 estudios primarios, de los cuales, 31 corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que las intervenciones quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas podrían aumentar la tasa de movimiento dental a las 12 semanas, la distancia total acumulada, la tasa de movimiento dental y reducir la duración total de tratamiento, pero la certeza de la evidencia es incierta. Además, podrían resultar en poca o ninguna diferencia sobre el índice gingival, la profundidad de sondaje y el índice de placa.

Introduction: There are surgical procedures that can generate a decrease in the orthodontic (OT) treatments duration through a Acceleration of tooth movement. The most studied technique corresponds to classical corticotomy, which is often discarded by patients due to its invasiveness. This is why minimally invasive surgical interventions (MISI) are born, such as micro osteoperforations (MOP) and piezocision, which seek the same result, but without making total thickness flaps, giving the patient new therapeutic alternatives to shorten orthodontic treatment. The evidence on this is still controversial, because the certainty of the evidence is low or very low in relation to these procedures. Methods: A search was performed using Epistemonikos, the biggest database for systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening of multiple sources of information, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. Data from systematic reviews were extracted, and analysis of the primary studies was performed, including a meta-analysis and a summary of findings table using GRADE approach. Results and conclusions: We identified 39 systematic reviews that together included 43 primary studies, of which 31 correspond to randomized clinical trials. We conclude that minimally invasive surgical interventions could increase the rate of tooth movement at 12 weeks, distance total accumulated, the rate of tooth movement and reduce the total duration of treatment, but the certainty of the evidence is uncertain. In addition, they could result in little or no difference in gingival index, probing depth and plaque index.

Efectividad de las Técnicas de Retratamiento Endodóntico en la Remoción de ementos Biocerámicos como Material de Obturación Radicular: Revisión Sistemática

El retratamiento no quirúrgico es la primera opción ante el fracaso del tratamiento endodóntico, por lo que se vuelve importante asegurar el completo retiro del material de relleno del conducto radicular, para mejorar el pronóstico del procedimiento. Los cementos biocerámicos en base a silicatos cálcicos han aparecido en los últimos años, caracterizados principalmente por su bioactividad, lo que adicionalmente se puede traducir en una mayor dificultad para su retiro del conducto radicular. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar qué técnica de retratamiento es más efectiva en la eliminación de cementos selladores biocerámicos, en base al volumen de material remanente en el conducto radicular, evaluado a través del análisis de imágenes con micro-CT. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante la búsqueda de publicaciones en las bases de datos Pubmed, ScienceDirect y SciELO, de los últimos 10 años, en idioma español e inglés. Se incluyeron sólo estudios in vitro de dientes obturados con cemento biocerámico y diferentes técnicas de retratamiento endodóntico, en los que se evalúe la limpieza del conducto post eliminación del relleno mediante micro-CT. De un total de 174 artículos encontrados, 7 fueron seleccionados, analizados y se incluyeron en esta revisión sistemática. Los resultados de los estudios seleccionados no encuentran diferencias significativas en la eliminación de material entre las diferentes técnicas de retratamiento evaluadas. A pesar de la heterogeneidad presente en las metodologías de los artículos analizados, ninguna técnica de retratamiento ni técnicas complementarias lograron dejar completamente limpios los conductos radiculares, por lo que se sugiere realizar nuevos estudios en el futuro que evalúen nuevas técnicas de desobturación radicular.

Non-surgical retreatment is the first option in the case of endodontic treatment failure, so it becomes important to ensure complete removal of the root canal filling material, to improve the prognosis of the procedure. Bioceramic cements based on calcium silicate have appeared in recent years, characterized mainly for their bioactivity, which can additionally translate into greater difficulty in their removal from the root canal. The aim of this review is to determine which retreatment technique is most effective in the removal of bioceramic sealer cements, evaluated through micro-CT image analysis. A systematic review was performed by searching for publications in Pubmed, ScienceDirect and SciELO databases, of the last 10 years in Spanish and English. Only in vitro studies of teeth filled with bioceramic cement and different endodontic retreatment techniques were included, in which the cleaning of the canal after removal of the filling was evaluated by micro- CT. From a total of 174 articles found, 7 were selected, analyzed and included in this systemic review. The results of the included studies did not find significant differences in the removal of material between the different retreatment techniques evaluated. Despite the heterogeneity in the methodologies of the studies, no retreatment technique or complementary techniques were able to completely clean the root canals, it is therefore suggested that new studies be carried out in the future to evaluate new techniques.

BANKING SECTOR DEVELOPS RURAL WOMEN THROUGH MICRO FINANCE: AN ANALYSIS

The institutional credit agencies like commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBS) and Cooperative banks have been playing a pivotal role in the formation, strengthening and development of the Self-Help Groups (SHGs) through micro finance in India. In fact, the banking institutions have become more instrumental in developing micro-enterprises by the women members of Self-Help Groups through providing financial services. Self-Help Groups linkage programmes is suitable and an effective intervention in economic uplift met and financial inclusion for the bottom of the pyramid.1 A proven platform initially conceived for increasing the outreach of banking services among the poor has since graduated to a programme for promotion of livelihoods and poverty the banking sector in rural and urban areas.2 An attempt is made her to analyze the different, financial agencies such as CBs, RRBs and Cooperative banks in providing financial services to the poor and marginalized sections for the promotion and strengthening of self-help groups in India. Micro-finance is an economic development tool whose objective is to assist the poor to work their way out of poverty. In fact, micro-finance is powerful weapon to remove the poverty in our country. There is a greater involvement of banks in providing the loans to the women members of the Self-Help Groups in the country. The institutional credit agencies have played a crucial role in the development of the poor women members of the SHGs.The Regional Rural Banks have covered more than 45 per cent of the women by way of providing loans and advances whereas the Commercial Banks have given the highest amount of loans to the women members of the SHGs. The Cooperative Banks are in the third position in providing the microcredit to the women members of the SHGs. On the whole, the banking sector has played a dominant role in the provision of the bank loans to the poor women of the SHGs in India.

Growth-of-shgs-and-empowerment-of-women

Micro finance through Self Help Group (SHG) has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty and for rural development. Micro finance and SHGs are effective in reducing poverty, empowering women and creating awareness which finally results in sustainable development of the nation. Micro finance define as efforts to improve poor people's access to loans and saving services may be the fastest growing and most widely recognized anti-poverty too. Micro finance includes basic financial services including small loans, savings accounts, funds transfers and insurance. A long side non-financial service such as business training Micro finance assists people living in poverty who wouldn't usually qualify for regular banking services because they have no form of collateral or formal identification. An attempt is made here to examine the impact of the microfinance on the development of the Self-Help Groups in India. The total number of self-help groups which have maintained savings with banks is 100 lakhs during 2018-19 but only 26.98 lakhs i.e 26.95 percent of the SHGs have obtained credit from the financial institutions. Out of 74.62 lakh SHGs, only 11.96 lakhs i.e. 16.03 percent of the SHGs have got micro-credit from the institutional credit agencies during 2010-11. The above analysis indicates that the number of SHGs which got micro credit has increased from 16 percent to 27 percent i.e only 11 percentage points increased in 2018-19 over 2010-11. About 73 percent of the SHGs are out of the purview of the public financial institutions. Majority of the women members of SHGs are away from the institutional credit agencies. These marginalized women have to depend on informal financial services for their credit needs. So that the financial informal sector (mostly moneylenders)has continued to rule in the rural economy. There is a need to break the monopoly of door step availability of credit to these marginalized sections by the informal sources of credit. The credit needs of the women members have enormously increasing for the last two decades. The average loan disbursement per SHG has increased from Rs.1.22 lakhs during 2010-11 to Rs.2.16 lakhs during 2018-19. This is inadequate to meet the credit requirements of the members in the SHGs. Hence it should be made four to five times of the micro credit per SHGs. The bank loans are not regularly paid by the members of the SHGs. Hence, the amount of loan outstanding has continuously increased since 2010-11. It is evident from the fact that the average outstanding bank loans against SHGs shows higher level. The average outstanding per SHG has increased from Rs.65, 224 during 2010-11 to Rs.171543 during 2018-19, shows two and half-fold increase. As a result of it the overall NPA rate in bank loan to SHGs is steadily increasing since 1910-11. However, the overall NPA rate in bank loan to SHG is 5.19 percent as on 31-03-2019 registering a fall of 93 basis points from the previous level of 6.12 percent. The above analysis reveals that the steady declining the rate of NPA is indicating the recovery of loans made of SHGs is improving during the last few years.

Discussion on safety and related pharmacological mechanism of compound anshen essential oil in relieving sleep disorders / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the hypnotic effect and safety of compound anshen essential oil. Methods Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was used to analyze the main active components of compound anshen essential oil. The mouse model of insomnia was established by intraperitoneal injection of para-chloro-phenyl alanine ( PC PA ) , combined with pentobarbital sodium sleep experiment and EEG characteristic monitoring in rats to study the hypnotic effect and mechanism. The safety of compound anshen essential oil was evaluated by acute toxicity test, skin irritation/allergy test and 90-day repeated administration toxicity test. The clinical effect and safety were evaluated by using the sleep monitoring technology for micro-motion sensitive mattress. Results Four components, including Atractylone (34.61%), (+) -Limonene (17.80%) , Linalool (11.63%), and Ocimene (11.67%) , were detected as the main active components of compound anshen essential oil. Compound anshen essential oil in-halation administration for seven days could effectively reduce the autonomic activity of insomnia mice, shorten the sleep latency (P <0.05) , improve the sleep duration, increase of neurotransmitters such as 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) and -γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in brain of mice with insomnia, and the medium dose group had better hypnotic effect. There was no death or adverse reaction in the safety evaluation test. The sleep balance index of 10 subjects with difficulty in falling a-sleep significantly increased (P <0.05), sleep latency was significantly shortened (P <0.05) , total sleep duration and sleep efficiency were improved, and no ad¬verse reactions were found after using the compound anshen essential oil for two days. Conclusions The compound anshen essential oil developed by the research team is safe and effective in relieving sleep disorders, which may be closely related to the co-regulation of the levels of neurotransmitters such as 5-HT and GABA by the four main active components.

Modulative effect of Physalis alkekengi on both gut bacterial and fungal micro-ecosystem / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#Gut microbiome is an intricate micro-ecosystem mediating the human health and drug efficacy. Physalis alkekengi (PAL) is an edible and time-honored traditional Chinese medicine. Several pharmacological effects of PAL have been verified and gut bacteria are implied in its therapeutic actions. However, the detailed modulation of PAL on gut bacterial species and on gut fungi remains largely unknown. We, therefore, designed a preliminary experiment in normal mice to reveal the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and fungi, and explore the interaction between them.@*METHODS@#Herein, the aqueous extract of PAL was orally administrated to normal C57BL/6 mice for four weeks. The full-length 16S rRNA and ITS1/2 gene sequencing were explored to detect the taxa of gut bacteria and gut fungi after PAL treatment, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Oral administration of PAL notably enriched anti-inflammatory bacterial species such as Duncaniella spp. and Kineothrix alysoides, whereas decreased pro-inflammatory species such as Mucispirillum schaedleri. Simultaneously, PAL increased the abundance of gut fungi Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp., and decreased Penicillium janthinellum. Correlation network analysis identified two co-existing microbial groups (groups 1 and 2) that were negatively associated with each other. The group 1 comprised PAL-enriched bacteria and fungi, while group 2 was mainly normal chow-enriched bacteria and fungi. In group 1, Antrodia monomitica, Aspergillus clavatus, Mortierella kuhlmanii and Sarcinomyces sp. MA 4787 were positively correlated with Bifidobacterium globosum, Romboutsia ilealis and so on. In group 2, Chaetomium subspirilliferum, Septoria orchidearum and Cephaliophora tropica were positively related to Lactobacillus spp.@*CONCLUSION@#Altogether, this preliminary study first demonstrated the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and gut fungi, which may shed light on the elucidation of PAL's pharmacological mechanism.

Three-dimensional finite element study of mandibular first molar distalization with clear aligner / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to construct the finite element model of the mandibular first molar with the invisible appliance and explore the dentition movement characteristics of the mandibular first molar when using micro-implant anchorage and different initial positions of the first molar.@*METHODS@#Models of the mandible, tooth, periodontal membrane, and invisible appliance were constructed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data. The two groups were divided into the non-anchorage group and the micro-implant group (between the roots of the first molar and the second molar) based on whether the elastic traction of the micro-implant was assisted or not. The two groups were divided into the following conditions based on the starting position of the first molar: Working condition 1: the distance between the first molar and the second premolar was 0 mm; working condition 2: the distance between the first molar and the second premolar was 1 mm; working condition 3: the distance between the first molar and the second premolar was 2 mm; working condition 4: the distance between the first molar and the second premolar was 3 mm. The data characte-ristics of total displacement and displacement in each direction of dentition were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#In the non-ancho-rage group, all the other teeth showed reverse movement except for the first molar which was moved distally. Meanwhile, in the micro-implant group, except for a small amount of mesial movement of the second molar in wor-king condition 1, the whole dentition in other working conditions presented distal movement and anterior teeth showed lingual movement, among which the distal displacement of the first molar in working condition 4 was the largest. With the change of the initial position of the first molar to the distal, the movement of the first molar to the distal, the premolar to the mesial, and the anterior to the lip increased, while the movement of the second molar to the mesial decreased.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The micro-implant can effectively protect the anterior anchorage, increase the expression rate of molar distancing, and avoid the round-trip movement of the second molar. The initial position of the first molar movement is related to the amount of distancing and the remaining tooth movement.

Impact of lncRNA FGD5-AS1 on the malignant biological behavior of bladder cancer cells by regulating miR-129-5p/CDK6 axis / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the impact of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) FGD5-AS1 on the malignant biolo-goical behavior of bladder cancer (BC) cells by regulating micro RNA (miR)-129-5p/cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) axis. 【Methods】 Human BC cell line T24 was cultured from tumor tissue and paracancerous tissue of 105 patients with confirmed BC. The expressions of FGD5-AS1, miR-129-5p and CDK6 mRNA in tissue samples and T24 cells were detected with RT-qPCR. T24 cells were randomly divided into control group, si-NC group, si-FGD5-AS1 group, si-FGD5-AS1+inhibitor NC group and si-FGD5-AS1+miR-129-5p inhibitor group. The cell viability, migration, invasion andapoptosis were detected with CCK-8, Wound healing test, Transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase3 and CDK6 were detected with Western blot. The relationship between FGD5-AS1 and miR-129-5p, between miR-129-5p and CDK6 were verified with double luciferase reporter gene experiment. 【Results】 FGD5-AS1 and CDK6 mRNA were highly expressed in BC tissue, while miR-129-5p was lowly expressed (P<0.05). After FGD5-AS1 silencing, the expression of FGD5-AS1,A450 value, cell scratch healing rate, cell invasion number, and expressions of Bcl-2 and CDK6 were significantly lower, while the apoptosis rate and expressions of miR-129-5p, Bax and Caspase3 were significantly higher (P<0.05). Inhibition of miR-129-5p expression reversed the effects of FGD5-AS1 silencing on various indexes of BC cells (P<0.05). FGD5-AS1 negatively regulated the expression of miR-129-5p, and miR-129-5p negatively regulated the expression of CDK6. 【Conclusion】 Silencing FGD5-AS1 may inhibit the expression of CDK6 protein by up-regulating miR-129-5p, thus inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of BC cells and promoting cell apoptosis.

Relationship between serum reproductive hormones and sperm parameters and surgical outcomes in Micro-TESE / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the relationship between serum reproductive hormones and sperm parameters and outcomes of micro-testicular sperm extraction (Micro-TESE). 【Methods】 Clinical data of 1 091 patients treated in our hospital during Jan. and Dec.2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the sperm concentration,the patients were divided into non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) group (group A,n=418),normal sperm concentration group (group B,n=615),mild to moderate oligospermia group (group C,n=18),severe oligospermia group (group D,n=18),and obstructive azoospermia group (group E,n=22). In group A,244 cases treated with Micro-TESE were grouped into the sperm-acquired group (Micro-TESE positive group,n=82) and non-sperm-acquired group (Micro-TESE negative group,n=162),and according to the pathological types of testicular tissue,the patients were divided into normal testicular tissue with hypospermatogenesis group (HYPO group,n=129),maturation arrest group (MA group,n=10),and support-only cell syndrome group (SCO group,n=122). Differences in semen parameters and reproductive hormone levels were compared,and relationship between reproductive hormones and sperm parameters and Micro-TESE outcomes was determined with Pearson correlation analysis. 【Results】 In the sperm concentration subgroup,the testicular volume of group A was lower than that of group B and group E (P<0.05); the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in group A were the highest (P<0.05),but the level of testosterone (T) was the lowest (P<0.05); the levels of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and serum inhibin B (INHB) in group A were lower than those in group B and group E (P<0.05),the normal sperm morphology rate in group B was higher than that in group A and group E (P<0.05); the percentage of forward moving sperm in group B was the highest (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that sperm concentration,normal sperm morphology rate,and percentage of forward moving sperm were negatively correlated with age,FSH,LH (P<0.05),and positively correlated with testicular volume,T,AMH,and INHB (P<0.05). NOA patients were grouped according to testicular histology and pathology. The INHB in the SCO group was the smallest of the three groups (P<0.05); the FSH and LH levels in the SCO group were higher than those in the MA group (P<0.05),while the 17β-estradiol (E2) levels in the HYPO group were higher than those in the SCO group (P<0.05). NOA patients were grouped according to the results of Micro-TESE surgical treatment. There was a statistically significant difference in AMH and INHB levels between the Micro-TESE positive and negative groups (P<0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis of factors affecting the Micro-TESE outcomes of NOA patients showed AMH was negatively correlated with the Micro-TESE outcome (OR=0.904,95%CI:0.91-1.08,P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Age,FSH,LH,AMH,and INHB are correlated with sperm concentration,normal sperm morphology rate,and percentage of forward moving sperm. The INHB level was the lowest in the SCO group. The results of Micro-TESE in patients with NOA can be predicted by serum AMH level.

Comparison of methods for detection of antibody level in serum immunized with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To compare three methods for detection of antibody level in serum immunized with SARS-CoV-2mRNA vaccine. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),pseudo virus-based neutralization assay(PBNA)and micro-cytopathic effect neutralization test(MCPENT)were used to detect the antibody levels of a total of 120 serum samples(40 before immunization and 80 after immunization)before and after 2 doses of mRNA vaccine immunization,and the consistency and correlation of the three methods were analyzed. Results The consistency rates of the three methods detecting 120 serum samples were all over 90%,the Kappa coefficients were all more than 0. 7,and each P was less than0. 01. The correlation coefficient(r)between the antibody potency results of positive serum samples detected by the three methods was 0. 825～0. 902,and each P was less than 0. 01. Conclusion The three methods have good consistency and correlation in detecting antibody level of serum immunized with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine.

Effect of traditional occupational health training on occupational health literacy of employees in micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises / 中国职业医学

Objective To explore the effects and influencing factors of traditional occupational health training on occupational health literacy (OHL) of employees in micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises. Methods A total of 540 employees from 154 micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, who participated (347 employees) and not-participated (193 employees) in traditional occupational health training, and 171 community residents/students (not-participated in occupational health training) were selected as the research subjects using the convenient sampling method. The OHL level was investigated using Occupational Health Literacy Questionnaire of National Key Populations. Results The overall OHL level of employees was 43.3% (234/540). Among them, the overall OHL level of untrained and trained employees was 38.9% and 45.8%, respectively, and the overall OHL level of community residents/students was 43.3%. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher the educational level, the higher the OHL level (all P<0.01). The OHL level of untrained and trained employees was higher than that of untrained community residents/students (all P<0.05). The interaction of education level and training status had no statistical difference on the OHL level of the research subjects (P>0.05). The results of factorial design analysis of variance showed that the overall OHL score rate of untrained employees and trained employees was higher than that of untrained community residents/students (all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in overall OHL score rate between untrained and trained employees (P>0.05). Conclusion The role of traditional occupational health training in improving the OHL level of employees in micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises needs to be improved. The responsibility of enterprise occupational health training should be implemented, and multiple measures should be taken to enrich the ways and approaches of occupational health education for enterprise employees, to effectively improve the OHL of workers.