Role of beneficial microbes with nitrogen and phosphorous levels on canola productivity / Papel de microbes benéficos em associação com níveis de nitrogênio e fosforos na produtividade de canola

A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-1) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 increased pods plant-1, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-1, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-1 phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 and 130 kg ha-1, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

Uma pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o impacto de vários níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo, juntamente com micróbios benéficos, para aumentar a produtividade da canola. A pesquisa foi realizada no inverno de 2016-17 no Agronomy Research Farm, Universidade de Agricultura do Peshawar. O experimento foi conduzido por planejamento fatorial aleatorizado em blocos. O estudo focou-se em três fatores, incluindo o teor de nitrogênio, N, (60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-1), o teor de fósforo, P, (70, 100 e 130 kg ha-1) e a presença de micróbios benéficos (com BM e sem BM). Para fins de comparação, um tratamento controle sem N, P e BM também foi incluído no estudo. A aplicação de micróbios benéficos aumentou significativamente as vagens das plantas e de sementes, a duração do enchimento das sementes, o peso de 1000 sementes, o rendimento biológico e o rendimento de sementes em comparação com os resultados do controle. O nitrogênio aplicado na taxa de 180 kg ha-1 aumentou as vagens por planta, vagem, duração do enchimento, peso da semente, rendimento biológico e rendimento de sementes. Vagens máximas por planta, vagem, enchimento precoce de sementes, peso maior de semente, rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita foram observados em parcelas tratadas com 130 kg.ha-1 de fósforo. Em comparação aos blocos cultivados de controle, os blocos cultivados tratados combinados têm mais vagens por planta e sementes por vagem, maior duração do enchimento das sementes, maior número de sementes mais pesadas e maior rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita. Conclui-se que a aplicação de micróbios benéficos junto com N e P nas doses de 180 kg ha-1 e 130 kg ha-1, respectivamente, aumentou a produtividade e atributos de produtividade para a canola.

Role of beneficial microbes with nitrogen and phosphorous levels on canola productivity / Papel de microbes benéficos em associação com níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo na produtividade de canola

A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-¹), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-¹) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-¹ increased pods plant-¹, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-¹, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-¹ phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-¹, seeds pod-¹, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-¹ and 130 kg ha-¹, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

Uma pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o impacto de vários níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo, juntamente com micróbios benéficos, para aumentar a produtividade da canola. A pesquisa foi realizada no inverno de 2016-17 no Agronomy Research Farm, Universidade de Agricultura do Peshawar. O experimento foi conduzido por planejamento fatorial aleatorizado em blocos. O estudo focou-se em três fatores, incluindo o teor de nitrogênio, N, (60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-¹), o teor de fósforo, P, (70, 100 e 130 kg ha-¹) e a presença de micróbios benéficos (com BM e sem BM). Para fins de comparação, um tratamento controle sem N, P e BM também foi incluído no estudo. A aplicação de micróbios benéficos aumentou significativamente as vagens das plantas e de sementes, a duração do enchimento das sementes, o peso de 1000 sementes, o rendimento biológico e o rendimento de sementes em comparação com os resultados do controle. O nitrogênio aplicado na taxa de 180 kg ha-¹ aumentou as vagens por planta, vagem, duração do enchimento, peso da semente, rendimento biológico e rendimento de sementes. Vagens máximas por planta, vagem, enchimento precoce de sementes, peso maior de semente, rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita foram observados em parcelas tratadas com 130 kg.ha-¹ de fósforo. Em comparação aos blocos cultivados de controle, os blocos cultivados tratados combinados têm mais vagens por planta e sementes por vagem, maior duração do enchimento das sementes, maior número de sementes mais pesadas e maior rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita. Conclui-se que a aplicação de micróbios benéficos junto com N e P nas doses de 180 kg ha-¹ e 130 kg ha-¹, respectivamente, aumentou a produtividade e atributos de produtividade para a canola.

Role of beneficial microbes with nitrogen and phosphorous levels on canola productivity

Abstract A research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various nitrogen and phosphorus levels along with beneficial microbes to enhance canola productivity. The research was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar in winter 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block factorial design. The study was comprised of three factors including nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), phosphorous (70, 100 and 130 kg ha-1) and beneficial microbes (with and without BM). A control treatment with no N, P and BM was also kept for comparison. Application of beneficial microbes significantly increased pods plant, seed pod, seed filling duration, 1000 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control plots. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 increased pods plant-1, seed pod, seed filling duration, seed weight, biological yield and seed yield. Maximum pods plant-1, seed pod, early seed filling, heavier seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index were observed in plots treated with 130 kg.ha-1 phosphorous. As comparison, the combine treated plots have more pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed filling duration, heaviest seeds, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index as compared to control plots. It is concluded that application of beneficial microbes with N and P at the rate of 180 kg ha-1 and 130 kg ha-1, respectively, increased yield and its attributes for canola.

Resumo Uma pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o impacto de vários níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo, juntamente com micróbios benéficos, para aumentar a produtividade da canola. A pesquisa foi realizada no inverno de 2016-17 no Agronomy Research Farm, Universidade de Agricultura do Peshawar. O experimento foi conduzido por planejamento fatorial aleatorizado em blocos. O estudo focou-se em três fatores, incluindo o teor de nitrogênio, N, (60, 120 e 180 kg.ha-1), o teor de fósforo, P, (70, 100 e 130 kg ha-1) e a presença de micróbios benéficos (com BM e sem BM). Para fins de comparação, um tratamento controle sem N, P e BM também foi incluído no estudo. A aplicação de micróbios benéficos aumentou significativamente as vagens das plantas e de sementes, a duração do enchimento das sementes, o peso de 1000 sementes, o rendimento biológico e o rendimento de sementes em comparação com os resultados do controle. O nitrogênio aplicado na taxa de 180 kg ha-1 aumentou as vagens por planta, vagem, duração do enchimento, peso da semente, rendimento biológico e rendimento de sementes. Vagens máximas por planta, vagem, enchimento precoce de sementes, peso maior de semente, rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita foram observados em parcelas tratadas com 130 kg.ha-1 de fósforo. Em comparação aos blocos cultivados de controle, os blocos cultivados tratados combinados têm mais vagens por planta e sementes por vagem, maior duração do enchimento das sementes, maior número de sementes mais pesadas e maior rendimento biológico, rendimento de sementes e índice de colheita. Conclui-se que a aplicação de micróbios benéficos junto com N e P nas doses de 180 kg ha-1 e 130 kg ha-1, respectivamente, aumentou a produtividade e atributos de produtividade para a canola.

Infecciones en Pie Diabético. Serie de Casos / Diabetic Foot Infections. Case Series

Introducción El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínicas, gérmenes aislados en muestras tomadas en quirófano, tipo de procedimientos quirúrgicos y desenlaces en el tratamiento realizado a pacientes con pie diabético atendidos en nuestra institución. Materiales y Metodos Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo observacional tipo serie de casos, describiendo resultados obtenidos de los cultivos tomados en cirugía, características clínicas según la clasificación de Wagner, número y tipo de procedimientos entre Enero de 2012 y Diciembre de 2016 por complicaciones derivadas de pie diabético. Resultados Se obtuvieron 58 pacientes, con edad media de 65 años, 69% eran varones. El estadio clínico en la evaluación prequirúrgica fue de 39.7% Wagner III, 37.9% IV; en la evaluación intraquirúrgica fue 32.8% III, 50% IV. Los gérmenes aislados, en 1er lugar 15.5% Escherichia Coli, de estas 11.9% era BLEE positiva y 3.6% multisensible; otro 15.5% Pseudomona Aeruginosa, variantes multirresistentes 10.7% productoras de carbapenemasas 1.2%, y resistentes a meropenem 1.2% y multisensibles 2.4%. 77.5% de los pacientes requirió cambio de antibiótico. Un tercio de los pacientes requirieron amputaciones mayores de los cuales 46.6% presentaban infecciones por gérmenes de multirresistentes. Discusión Encontramos que los gérmenes predominantes son bacilos gram negativos en su mayoría multirresistente. Sugerimos la toma de muestras de manera intraquirúrgica previo al inicio de antibioticoterapia. Dado la flora bacteriana aislada en esta serie, al iniciar antibioticoterapia empírica se sugiere el uso de carbapenémicos.

Background The main purpose of the study is to describe the clinical characteristics, micro-organisms isolated in specimens taken in the operating room, types of surgical procedures, and outcomes in treatments performed on patients with diabetic foot. Methods A case series study is presented, describing results obtained from cultures taken in surgery, clinical characteristics according to Wagner's classification, and number and type of procedures performed between January 2012 and December 2016 due to complications derived from diabetic foot.. Results The study included 58 patients, with a mean age of 65 years, and 69% were men. The clinical stage in the pre-surgical evaluation was 39.7% and 37.9% Wagner III and IV, respectively, and during the operation it was 32.8% III, 50% IV. The isolated micro-organisms were 15.5% Escherichia Coli, of these 11.9% were ESBL positive and 3.6% multisensitive. Another 15.5% were Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, multiresistant variants 10.7%, producing carbapenemases 1.2%, resistant to meropenem 1.2%, and multiple sensitivity 2.4%. The large majority (77.5%) of the patients required a change of antibiotic. One third of the patients required major amputations, of which 46.6% had infections caused by multidrug-resistant germs. Discussion The predominant micro-organisms found were multi-resistant gram negative bacilli. It is suggested taking specimens intraoperative prior to the start of antibiotic therapy. Given the bacterial flora isolated in this series, when starting empirical antibiotic therapy, the use of carbapenems is suggested.

A study of bacteriological profile and outcome of babies born to mother with Premature rupture of membrane and its correlation with blood and gastric culture

Background: PROM, a condition that occurs when fetal membranes are ruptured at least one hour before onset of labor. While PROM is observed in 10% of all pregnancies, 60-80% of PROM is observed in term and 20-40% in pregnancies less than 37th gestational week. PROM is the most significant reason for preterm labor. The three causes of neonatal death associated with PROM are prematurity, sepsis and pulmonary hypoplasia. Infants born with sepsis have a mortality rate four times higher than those without sepsis. Objective of the study was correlation of blood and gastric culture positive sepsis in PROM newborns. It helps to find out the incidence of PROM in our locality.Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 90 neonates born to healthy mothers with history of PROM more than 18 hours duration, admitted in SNCU/ward at a tertiary care hospital for six months duration from 1st January 2017 to 30 June 2017. Clinical profile of these Newborn with history of PROM was noted such as birth weight, gender, gestation, duration of membrane rupture, history of maternal fever. For all newborns with PROM, sepsis screen had been sent. The neonatal outcome was also recorded, and the data was collected and analyzed by using frequency and percentages.Results: Gram negative bacilli were the commonest cause of neonatal sepsis and male neonates were more prone to infection. PROM and low birth weight especially, ELBW and VLBW are the common high-risk factors for early onset sepsis. Most common organisms isolated in blood and gastric culture were Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus respectively.Conclusions: PROM is a high-risk obstetric condition. Active management is needed to enable delivery within 24 hours of PROM as it offers better neonatal outcome. Morbidity and mortality increase as the duration of PROM increases. This can be reduced by early diagnosis, specific treatment and strict infection control practices in neonatal units.

A Comparative Study on Causative Micro-Organisms for Post-Operative Wound Infection between First and Subsequent Cases in Routine Surgical Procedure

Introduction: Infection is the invasion of the body by thepathogenic micro-organisms with consequent local andsystemic effect. For this, a sufficient number of pathogens mustenter the tissues, overcome the patients' resistance andmultiply. The commonest organisms are staphylococcusaureus and gram-negative intestinal bacilli. Streptococcuspyogenes are not infrequent.Objective: The main purpose of this research is to make acomparative study on causative micro-organisms for postoperative wound infection between first and subsequent casesin routine surgical procedure.Method: Incidence of wound infection between first andsubsequent cases in routine surgical procedure was thesubject matter of this study. In this study 228 cases have beenstudied. Of these cases, 76 were the 1st case, 76 were 2ndcase, and 76 were the 3rd case in 76 routine operation days.The study duration was from September 2015 to August 2016.Result: After numerous information and examinationinvestigation; this study revealed that maximum woundinfection was due to Escherichia Coli.Conclusion: The study concludes that Escherichia coli werethe commonest organism isolated from infected wounds whichis the inhabitant of gastrointestinal and biliary tracts.

Effect of duration of pre-operative admission on surgical site infection in major abdominal surgeries: an observational study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) are second most common cause of mortality in surgical patient, situation has been further complicated by emergence of drug resistant strains. The importance of preventing surgical site infections is well recognized since they lead to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, need for readmission, high end antibiotic treatment and re-surgery. The study was done to see if   incidence of SSI is decreased with decreased pre-operative admission time. Others factors associated with SSI were analysed including the microbiological spectrum.Methods: The study was an analytical, observational, case control study. Sixty (60) cases each of gynaecology and obstetrical post-operative patients who developed SSI within 30 days were taken as cases and who did not develop SSI were taken as controls and preoperative admission time was analysed in both cases and controls to observe if risk of surgical site infections decreases due to decreased exposure to nosocomial pathogens when the pre-operative admission time was less than 48 hours.Results: Author found that there was statistically significant difference in the time between surgery and admission in the gynaecological surgeries with p value 0.023, as compared to the obstetrics surgeries where there was no statistically significant difference. Common organism isolated was E. coli sensitive to gentamicin.Conclusions: From this study, it seems to be a good policy to evaluate the patient on OPD basis and admit them about 24 to 48 hours prior to the surgery rather them keeping them admitted for prolonged duration in wards for diagnostic evaluation. This prevents nosocomial contamination in the patient’s skin flora thereby preventing SSI. This practice not only conserves the hospital resources but also makes the patient turn over faster. Further this might in the long run reduce the antibiotic resistant hospital flora.

In vitro assessment of the probiotic potential of lactobacilli isolated from Minas artisanal cheese produced in the Araxá region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil / Avaliação in vitro do potencial probiótico de lactobacilos isolados de queijo minas artesanal produzido na região de Araxá, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Minas artisanal cheese is made from endogenous starter cultures, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Some LAB may possess probiotic potential. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro probiotic properties of lactobacilli isolated from Minas artisanal cheeses produced in Minas Gerais. Ten samples of lactobacilli, formerly isolated from those cheeses, were submitted to the following assays: antimicrobial susceptibility, tolerance to artificial gastric juice and biliary salts, production of hydrogen peroxide and antagonism against pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms. Only L. plantarum (C0) was sensitive to all tested antimicrobials, while the other LAB samples were resistant to at least one drug. Six samples were tolerant to artificial gastric juice, and L. brevis (A6) even grew in that medium. Three samples were tolerant to biliary salts. Only L. brevis (E35) produced hydrogen peroxide. Difference (P< 0.05) was observed among the means of inhibition haloes of lactobacilli against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 and Lactobacillus plantarum C24 in spot-on-the-lawn assay. All samples of lactobacilli inhibited Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 in co-culture antagonism test (P< 0.0001). Most lactobacilli samples showed in vitro probiotic potential. From the tested samples, L. brevis (A6) presented the best results considering all in vitro probiotic tests.(AU)

O queijo minas artesanal é produzido por culturas starters endógenas, incluindo bactérias ácido-láticas (BAL). Algumas BAL podem possuir potencial probiótico. Com isso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades probióticas in vitro de lactobacilos isolados de queijo minas artesanal produzido no estado de Minas Gerais. Dez amostras de lactobacilos, previamente isoladas desses queijos, foram submetidas aos seguintes testes: susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, tolerância ao suco gástrico artificial e aos sais biliares, produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e antagonismo contra micro-organismos patogênicos e não patogênicos. Apenas L. plantarum (C0) foi sensível a todos os antimicrobianos testados, enquanto as outras amostras de BAL foram resistentes a, pelo menos, uma droga testada. Seis amostras foram tolerantes ao suco gástrico artificial, e L. brevis (A6) apresentou crescimento nesse meio. Três amostras foram tolerantes aos sais biliares. Apenas L. brevis (E35) produziu peróxido de hidrogênio. Diferença (P<0,05) foi observada entre as médias dos halos de inibição de lactobacilos contra Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 e Lactobacillus plantarum C24 no teste do spot-on-the-lawn. Todas as amostras de lactobacilos inibiram Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 no teste de antagonismo em cocultura (P<0,0001). A maioria das amostras de lactobacilos apresentou potencial probiótico in vitro. Com base nas amostras testadas, L. brevis (A6) apresentou os melhores resultados, considerando-se todos os testes probióticos in vitro.(AU)

Knowledge And Awareness Of Probiotics Among The Dental Students In Thodupuzha-A Questionnaire Study

INTRODUCTION : Probiotics can be defined as living microbes,or as food ingredients containing living microbes, that beneficially influence the health of the host.the use of probiotic is said to be an imperative aspect in dentistry in prevention and treatment of caries,periodontal disease etc. AIM : This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of probiotics among dental students. METHODS : A total of 60 students from third year,final year and interns were surveyed regarding the knowledge of probiotics.A well structured and administered questionnaire including 12 questions was used to elicit the responses.the study was conducted during 2018–19 .Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. RESULT : In this research majority of participants are third years.Study reveals 66% of participants are aware of the term probiotics and 75% of them agree probiotics are safe. CONCLUSION : It was reported that 83% of students were aware about the role of probiotics in improving the health, and majority of them willing to have it if it is recommended by professionals.

Knowledge And Awareness Of Probiotics Among The Dental Students In Thodupuzha-A Questionnaire Study

INTRODUCTION : Probiotics can be defined as living microbes,or as food ingredients containing living microbes, that beneficially influence the health of the host.the use of probiotic is said to be an imperative aspect in dentistry in prevention and treatment of caries,periodontal disease etc. AIM : This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of probiotics among dental students. METHODS : A total of 60 students from third year,final year and interns were surveyed regarding the knowledge of probiotics.A well structured and administered questionnaire including 12 questions was used to elicit the responses.the study was conducted during 2018-19 .Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. RESULT : In this research majority of participants are third years.Study reveals 66% of participants are aware of the term probiotics and 75% of them agree probiotics are safe. CONCLUSION : It was reported that 83% of students were aware about the role of probiotics in improving the health, and majority of them willing to have it if it is recommended by professionals.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijos minas artesanais provenientes da Serra da Canastra durante e após o período de maturação / Microbiological evaluation of artisanal minas cheeses from Serra da Canastra during and after the ripening period

O queijo minas artesanal da Canastra é produzido na região da Serra da Canastra por pequenos produtores, sendo que alguns são cadastrados no Programa Queijo Minas Artesanal (PQMA) do Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária (IMA). Por ser fabricado com leite cru, é importante que os patógenos que podem ser veiculados sejam controlados durante e após o período mínimo de maturação do queijo de 22 dias. Este trabalho avaliou as características microbiológicas de queijos obtidos de 78 produtores rurais da região da Canastra após a maturação e de três produtores rurais durante maturação. As contagens de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foram realizadas em placas Petrifilm® (3M). A detecção de Salmonella spp. foi realizada utilizando o método ISO 6579: 2002 e por PCR convencional e Listeria monocytogenes foi investigada de acordo com o método ISO 11290-1:1996/(A) 1: 2004 e PCR convencional. A contagem de Enterobacteriaceae foi determinada pelo método APHA 9.62: 2015. As mensurações de pH foram realizadas de acordo com o método IAL 017/IV em pHmetro digital BEL engineering e aferidas diretamente com pHmetro Hanna Instruments e a atividade de água (aw) em analisador Aqua Lab. No estudo realizado ao longo da maturação, as análises indicaram que as amostras, todas provenientes de produtores cadastrados no PQMA, atingiram os limites estabelecidos pela legislação antes dos 22 dias de maturação. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) no pH das amostras ao longo da maturação, embora este parâmetro não tenha correlação com as contagens analisadas. Já no estudo pós maturação, os resultados mostraram que 54% das amostras dos produtores cadastradas e 65% das amostras dos produtores não cadastradas no PQMA não atenderam a pelo menos um parâmetro microbiológico exigido pela legislação. As contagens obtidas para Enterobacteriaceae variaram de <1 a 6,6 log UFC/g, para coliformes totais de <1 a 6,4 log UFC/g, E. coli de <1 a 5,8 log UFC/g e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de <1 a 7,6 log UFC/g. Em nenhuma amostra foi encontrada Salmonella spp e L. monocytogenes foi detectada e confirmada por PCR em uma amostra analisada. Os valores obtidos de pH e aw estratificados em grupos que atendem e não atendem a legislação não mostraram diferença significativa, sugerindo que esses parâmetros não são bons indicadores de qualidade microbiológica do produto. O elevado número de não-conformidades indica que são necessários esforços para melhoria das condições higiênico-sanitárias refletidas por meio dos indicadores microbiológicos. O registro no PQMA mostrou-se efetivo durante o estudo da maturação, mas não teve o mesmo resultado no estudo mais abrangente realizado pós maturação. São necessários mais esforços dos produtores (cadastrados e não cadastrados) bem como dos órgãos reguladores para melhoria dos indicadores microbiológicos

Canastra artisanal minas cheese is produced in the Serra da Canastra region by small farmers who may or may not be registered in the Artisanal Minas Cheese Program (PQMA) of the Agricultural Institute of Minas Gerais (IMA). Since this cheese is made from raw milk, it is important that the pathogens that may be carried in this product are controlled during the 22 days of ripening. This work evaluated the microbiological characteristics of cheese samples from 78 rural properties in the Canastra region after the ripening period and during ripening in three rural properties. Total coliform counts, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus coagulase positive were performed on Petrifilm® plates (3M). The detection of Salmonella spp. was performed using the ISO 6579: 2002 method and conventional PCR and Listeria monocytogenes was investigated according to ISO 11290-1: 1996/(A) 1: 2004 and conventional PCR. The Enterobacteriaceae count was determined by the APHA method 9.62: 2015. The pH analyzes were performed according to the IAL 017/IV method on a BEL engineering digital pHmeter and measuring directly with Hanna Instruments pHmeter and the water activity (aw) in Aqua Lab analyzer. In the study carried out during ripening, the analyzes indicated that the samples, all from properties registered in the PQMA, reached the limits established by the legislation before the 22 days of ripening. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the pH of the samples during ripening, even though this parameter did no correlate with the microbiological counts. In the post-ripening study, the results showed that 54% of samples from PQMA registered properties and 65% of samples from non-registered properties did not comply with at least one microbiological parameter required by the legislation. Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged from <1 to 6.6 log CFU/g, for total coliforms from <1 to 6.4 log CFU/g, E. coli from <1 to 5.8 log CFU/g and Staphylococcus coagulase positive from <1 to 7.6 log CFU/g. Salmonella spp was not detected and L. monocytogenes was detected and confirmed by conventional methodology and by PCR in one analyzed sample. The pH and aw values stratified in groups that complied and did not comply with the legislation showed no significant difference, suggesting that these parameters are not good indicators of microbiological safety of the product. The high number of nonconformities indicates that efforts are needed to improve the hygiene and sanitary conditions reflected through the microbiological indicators. The PQMA registration was effective during the ripening study but did not have the same result in the larger post-ripening study. More efforts are needed from producers (registered and non-registered) as well as regulators to improve microbiological indicators of this cheese

Coliformes totais e termotolerantes em bifes de carne bovina tratados com ácido lático e lactato de sódio / Total and thermotolerant coliforms of beef steaks treated with sodium lactate and lactic acid

A carne bovina é um alimento susceptível à deterioração microbiana e, por essa razão, o emprego de métodos de conservação pode ajudar na sua preservação. Uma forma de se avaliar a qualidade de carnes é através da análise de coliformes. Sendo assim, com o presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de ácido lático e lactato de sódio no número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em bifes de carne bovina. Para tanto, a partir de peças de carne embaladas a vácuo e com selo de inspeção federal, foram produzidos bifes de coxão mole submetidos à aplicação de tratamentos com ácido lático e seu sal sódico de forma isolada e combinada. Foram aplicados cinco tratamentos, sendo o primeiro o controle (ausência de imersão), o segundo a imersão em água destilada estéril, o terceiro e quarto corresponderam respectivamente à lavagem em solução de ácido lático e lactato de sódio de forma isolada e no quinto tratamento, os bifes foram tratados com esses aditivos de forma combinada. Os bifes foram submetidos à contagem de coliformes totais no tempo zero e a cada 72 horas durante nove dias. As análises foram realizadas com três repetições por tratamento. O tratamento combinado com os aditivos foi eficiente em inibir crescimento de coliformes totais e termotolerantes durante a estocagem em condições de refrigeração.

Beef is a food susceptible to microbial spoilage and, therefore, the use of conservation methods can help in its preservation. One way of assessing meat quality are coliforms analysis. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of lactic acid and sodium lactate in the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms in beef steaks. Therefore, from pieces of meat vacuum packed and federal inspection stamp were produced steaks topside submitted to the application of treatments with lactic acid and its sodium salt isolated and combined. Five treatments were applied, the first control, the second immersion in sterile distilled water, the third and fourth correspond respectively to washing in lactic acid solution and sodium lactate alone and the fifth treatment, the steaks were treated with these additives in combination. The steaks were subjected to total coliform count at time zero and every 72 hours for nine days. Analyses were performed with three replicates per treatment. The combined treatment with the additives was effective at inhibiting growth of total coliforms and during storage under refrigerated conditions.

Atividade antibacteriana de diferentes especiarias / Antibacterial activity of different spices

Micro-organismos patogênicos são responsáveis por inúmeras doenças veiculadas por alimentos, causando constante preocupação à indústria alimentícia e consumidores. Além disso, há também a preocupação com os possíveis efeitos adversos causados pelos aditivos químicos usados na conservação dos alimentos. Outro problema relacionado aos micro-organismos patogênicos é sua resistência adquirida frente aos antibióticos comuns. A procura por antimicrobianos naturais, presentes em extratos vegetais, tende a ser uma alternativa bastante interessante para todas estas questões. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de especiarias, de forma individual e combinada, sobre algumas bactérias. Foram utilizados extratos aquosos de cinco diferentes especiarias, empregados em disco de papel filtro de 6 mm de diâmetro próprios para antibiograma, colocado em placas de Petri com meios de cultura apropriados, semeados previamente com os seguintes micro-organismos: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Samonella Enteritidis e Staphylococcus aureus, posteriormente incubadas à 35ºC/ 24 ­ 48 horas. Através dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o extrato aquoso de sálvia apresentou atividade antimicrobiana significativa sobre S. Typhimurium (halo de 12 mm), o extrato combinado de sálvia e alho apresentou resultado significativo sobre B. cereus e S. aureus (halos de 10mm), este ainda foi inibido significativamente pelos extratos combinados de sálvia e urucum, sálvia e louro, sálvia e gengibre (halos de 10mm).

Pathogenic micro-organisms are responsible for numerous diseases transmitted by foods, causing constant concern to the provision industry and consumers. Besides, there is also the concern with the possible adverse effects caused by the chemical addictive used in the conservation of foods. Another problem related to the pathogenic micro-organisms is about their resistance acquired to the common antibiotics. The search for natural antimicrobials, presents in vegetable extracts, tends to be a quite interesting alternative for all these subjects. In that way, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of spices, in an individual and combined way, on some bacteria. Were used aqueous extracts of five different spices, inserted in paper filter disks of 6 mm diameter own for antibiogram, placed in Petri dishes with appropriate culture means, previously seeded with the following personal micro-organisms: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Samonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus, subsequently incubated at 35º C/ 24-48 hours. Through the results obtained, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of sage presented significant antimicrobial activity on S. Typhimurium (inhibition zone 12 mm), the combined extract of sage and garlic presented significant result on B. cereus and S. aureus (inhibition zones 10 mm), this still was inhibited significantly by combined extracts of sage and urucum, sage and blond, sage and ginger (inhibition zones 10 mm).

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection among Diabetic Patients in North India.

Background: Urinary tract infections are defined as the spectrum of disease caused by invasion of microorganisms of the genitourinary tract. Symptomatic UTI may be present as a severe illness including higher frequency of bacteraemia and bilateral renal involvement with pyleonephritis or unusual clinical presentations of emphysematous cystitis. Methods: In sterile container clean voided midstream urine were collected and cultured on CLED agar, incubated at 370C overnight for visible growth. Results: Out of 100 diabetic patients 40 were males and 60 were females. Among them, 38 patients found to be suffering from UTI, in which 14 (36.84%) and female were 24 (63.16%). Escherichia coli 22 (57.90%) was most prevalent causing UTI, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 8 (21.05%), Klebsiella species 6 (15.79%), Pseudomonas species 1(2.63%) and Enterococcus species 1 (2.63%). Conclusion: High sugar level is the main cause of prevalence of urinary tract infection among the diabetic patients, so we need to control the sugar level in diabetic patients to reduce the prevalence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients. Proper antibiotic policy in tertiary care hospitals to provide effective treatment as well as prevent the misuse of Antibiotics. However further studies with large sample size is highly recommended to further support the findings from this study.

O pombo (Columba livia) como agente carreador de Salmonella spp. e as implicações em saúde pública / The pigeon (Columba livia) as a carrier agent of Salmonella spp. and public health implications

Os pombos domésticos e silvestres estão distribuídos por todo o mundo e carreiam micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem e a outros animais, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela disseminação de Salmonella spp. Este patógeno gera grande preocupação para a economia mundial, uma vez que cria transtornos para a indústria avícola quando ocorre contaminação dos plantéis e ônus para a saúde pública devido a surtos de infecção alimentar causados por esta bactéria. Dessa forma, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento acerca da participação do pombo doméstico na possível disseminação de Salmonella spp.(AU)

Domestic and wild pigeons are distributed throughout the world and carrie micro-organisms that are pathogenic to humans and other animals. They can be one of the animals in charge of the dissemination of Salmonella spp., pathogen of great concern for the world economy as it creates inconvenience to the poultry industry when there is contamination of herds and impacts on public health due to outbreaks of foodborne infection caused by this bacterium. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a survey about the participation of the domestic pigeon in the possible dissemination of Salmonella spp.(AU)

Infection Control in Dental Clinic and Laboratory

The dental professional is associated with significant amount of risk for exposure to various microorganisms. Many infectious diseases that can transmitted in a dental environment. Infection control is considered to be the best way to prevent exposure to such infections and being transferred from person to person. Presently the transmission of these diseases is increasing in a rapid rate. Hence, the universal infection control policy considers ‘Every patientto beinfectious’. The use of effective infection control procedures and universal precautions will prevent cross contamination not only to the persons who are working in clinics but also to the persons who are working in dental laboratories. This article reviews about the various methods and protocols to protect dentists and technicians from potential infections, as well as protecting patient from cross contamination.

Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157, Salmonella spp. e microrganismos indicadores em carcaças bovinas para exportação / Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157, Salmonella spp., micro-organism indicators in export cattle carcasses

Foram colhidas amostras de 100 carcaças em um frigorífico exportador, localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo, amostradas ao longo de um ano, por meio do método de esponjas, aplicado na região do peito do animal. As amostras foram colhidas em três pontos, denominados A, B e C, sendo cada carcaça amostrada nos três pontos, localizados nas etapas: pós-sangria (A); pós-esfola (B) e pós-lavagem (C). Foram realizadas pesquisas de Listeria sp., E. coli O157, Salmonella spp. e microrganismos indicadores (Petrifilms® AC, EC e EB). Não foram isolados Listeria ou E. coli O157 em nenhuma das 300 amostras. Salmonella spp. foi isolada em nove, sendo oito no ponto A e uma no ponto B. Para mesófilos, as contagens variaram de 0 a 6,8 log UFC/cm², para coliformes totais, de 0 a 4,57 log UFC/cm², e para E. coli, de 0 a 4,38 log UFC/cm². Diante dos resultados obtidos e em comparação com a literatura, conclui-se que o estabelecimento estudado apresenta qualidade, tanto sanitária (devido às baixas prevalências dos patógenos) quanto higiênica (devido à acentuada diminuição da carga microbiana de indicadores ao longo da linha).

Samples were collected from 100 carcasses in a slaughterhouse exporter, located within the State of São Paulo, sampled over a year through the sponge method, applied to the chest of the animal. Samples were taken at three points, denominated A, B and C, each carcass sampled at three points located in the following steps: after bleeding (A) after skinning (B) and after washing (C). Research was conducted for Listeria sp., E. coli O157, Salmonella spp. and Micro-organism (Petrifilms ® AC, EC and EB). Listeria or E. coli O157 were not isolated in any of the 300 samples. Salmonella spp. was isolated in nine, eight at point A and one at point B. For Mesophiles, scores ranged from 0 to 6.8 log UFC/cm²; for Total coliforms, 0 to 4.57 log UFC/cm² and E. coli from 0 to 4.38 log UFC/cm². With the results obtained and compared with the literature, it is concluded that the establishment in this study has both sanitary quality (due to the low prevalence of pathogens) and hygienic quality (due to the sharp decrease in the microbial load of indicators along the line.

Métodos alternativos para contagem de micro-organismos em carcaças suínas / Alternative methods for the enumeration of microorganisms in swine carcasses

Micro-organismos estão presentes em toda a cadeia de processamento da carne, desde a matéria-prima até o produto final e compete aos programas de qualidade industrial verificar se existe contaminação na matéria-prima e nos produtos finais para, dessa forma, garantir um produto seguro ao consumidor. Para tanto, faz-se necessário utilizar metodologias alternativas à convencional na rotina diagnóstica dos laboratórios para obtenção de resultados confiáveis e em menor tempo possível. Com objetivo de verificar e comparar a correlação e o tempo de processamento, da metodologia convencional com as metodologias alternativas do sistema PetrifilmTM (3M) e sistema TEMPO® (bioMeriéux), foi realizada contagem de micro-organismos mesófilos, de enterobactérias e de Escherichia coli. As amostras foram coletadas da superfície de carcaças suínas em um abatedouro com Inspeção Federal no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. A contagem de micro-organismos mesófilos, de enterobactérias e Escherichia coli foi feita por meio de ensaios realizados com os métodos alternativos TEMPO®, Petrifilm™ e o método convencional de contagem de micro-organismos em placas. Após análise estatística, o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) demonstrou fortes correlações, acima de 0.70 entre as metodologias utilizadas para a contagem de enterobactérias e micro-organismos mesófilos, porém demonstrou moderada correlação, entre 0.30 a 0.70, para o diagnóstico de Escherichia coli. O uso dos métodos alternativos testados em substituição à metodologia convencional pode ser utilizado para diagnóstico de Escherichia coli, enterobactérias e micro-organismos mesófilos, por haver concordância entre os resultados encontrados, acrescido da rapidez dessas metodologias com benefício direto para a indústria de carne suína.

Micro-organisms are present throughout the meat processing chain, from raw materials until finished product. Industrial quality programs check for contamination in raw materials and final products to ensure the safety of consumer products; for this reason, the use of alternative methods instead of the conventional methods used in routine diagnostic laboratories is necessary to obtain reliable results in the shortest time possible. Samples of pig carcasses were collected in a slaughterhouse with Federal Inspection in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Mesophilic micro-organisms, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli were evaluated and tests performed by alternative methods, TEMPO®, Petrifilm™, and the conventional method of counting micro-organisms in Petri dishes. After statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) showed a strong correlation up to 0.70 between the methodologies used for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic micro-organisms, show a moderate correlation between 0.30 to 0.70, for the diagnosis of Escherichia coli. The use of alternative methods to replace the conventional method can be recommended for diagnosis of Escherichiacoli, Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic micro-organisms, because there was consistency between the results and the speed was increased by the alternative methodologies benefiting the pork industry.

Carbohydrate Vaccines- A burgeoning field of Glycomics.

Glycomics is the study that deals with the structures and functions of carbohydrates. The discovery Of novel and increasing number of numerous biological roles of carbohydrates , glycomics has explored the field of carbohydrate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines in which the cell surface carbohydrate from a microorganism is covalently attached to a carrier protein are proving to be highly effective in generating protective immune responses to prevent a wide range of diseases. The carbohydrate based agents – glycoproteins and polysaccharides can be difficult to isolate from natural sources and the natural isolates can have heterogeneity and contamination. So, the alternative would be to identify antigenic carbohydrates and then synthesize them in the laboratory. Novel chemical and enzymatic oligosaccharide techniques are making it possible to envision a new generation of carbohydrate based vaccines. Carbohydrate vaccines have leading roles in cancer, haemophilus influenza B, malaria, candidiasis, AIDS etc. The present article focuses on the potential of carbohydrate vaccines, thus paving the way for development in the field of glycomics.

Bacteriology of infected deciduous root canal :a review.

The vast majority of diseases of the dental pulp & the periradicular tissues are associated with micro-organisms. A thorough understanding of these organisms & their relationship to clinical symptoms is necessary to formulate a sound approach to deciduous root canal therapy. This review article intends to highlight the microflora of infected deciduous root canal.