A benzenesulfonic acid-modified organic polymer monolithic column with reversed-phase/hydrophilic bifunctional selectivity for capillary electrochromatography / 药物分析学报

Here,a styrene-based polymer monolithic column poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)with reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography(RPLC/HILIC)bifunctional separation mode was success-fully prepared for capillary electrochromatography by the in situ polymerization of sodium p-styrene sulfonate(VBS)with cross-linkers 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate(AHM)and 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine(TAT).The preparation conditions of the monolith were optimized.The morphology and formation of the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolith were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The separation perfor-mances of the monolith were evaluated systematically.It should be noted that the incorporation of VBS functional monomer can provide π-π interactions,hydrophilic interactions,and ion-exchange in-teractions.Hence,the prepared poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolith can achieve efficient separation of thiourea compounds,benzene series,phenol compounds,aniline compounds and sulfonamides in RPLC or HILIC separation mode.The largest theoretical plate number for N,N'-dimethylthiourea reached 1.7×105 plates/m.In addition,the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolithic column showed excellent reproducibility and stability.This novel monolithic column has great application value and potential in capillary electrochromatography(CEC).

Advances in methodologies for preparation and analysis of new biochromatic stationary phase / 药学实践杂志

Biochromatography is a new chromatographic technology with great development potential. It has been widely used in drug screening and biomolecular interaction analysis. The core of this technology is the chromatographic stationary phase of biomolecules. Nowadays, it mainly develops cell membrane chromatography, artificial biomimetic membrane chromatography and the various immobilization strategies to directly immobilizes proteins on the stationary phase carrier. This paper reviews the research progress of new biochromatographic stationary phase and the application of biochromatographic analysis based on new stationary phase. And, the applications of biochromatographic stationary phase and micro biochromatographic analysis system based on monolithic column are prospected.

Fabrication of edge-curled petals-like covalent organic frameworks and their properties for extracting indole alkaloids from complex biological samples / 药物分析学报

In this study,a functionalized covalent-organic framework(COF)was first synthesized using porphyrin as the fabrication unit and showed an edge-curled,petal-like and well-ordered structure.The synthesized COF was then introduced to prepare porous organic polymer monolithic materials(POPMs).Two com-posite POPM/COF monolithic materials with rod shapes,referred to as sorbent A and sorbent B,were prepared in stainless steel tubes using different monomers.Sorbents A and B exhibited relatively uniform porous structures and enhanced specific surface areas of 153.14 m2/g and 80.01 m2/g,respectively.The prepared composite monoliths were used as in-tube solid-phase extraction(SPE)sorbents combined with HPLC for the on-line extraction and quantitative analytical systems.Indole alkaloids(from Catharanthus roseus G.Don and Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Miq.Ex Havil.)contained in mouse plasma were extracted and quantitatively analyzed using the online system.The two composite multifunctional monoliths showed excellent clean-up ability for complex biological matrices,as well as superior selec-tivity for target indole alkaloids.Method validation showed that the RSD values of the repeatability(n=6)were≤3.46％,and the accuracy expressed by the spiked recoveries was in the ranges of 99.38％-100.91％and 96.39％-103.50％for vinca alkaloids and Uncaria alkaloids,respectively.Furthermore,sorbents A and B exhibited strong reusability,with RSD values≤5.32％,which were based on the peak area of the corresponding alkaloids with more than 100 injections.These results indicate that the composite POPM/COF rod-shaped monoliths are promising media as SPE sorbents for extracting trace compounds in complex biological samples.

Determination of bisphosphonates anti-resorptive properties based on three forms of ceramic materials:Sorption and release process evaluation / 药物分析学报

There is a strong need to search for more effective compounds with bone anti-resorptive properties,which will cause fewer complications than commonly used bisphosphonates.To achieve this goal,it is necessary to search for new techniques to characterize the interactions between bone and drug.By studying their interaction with hydroxyapatite (HA),this study used three forms of ceramic materials,two of which are bone-stimulating materials,to assess the suitability of new active substances with anti-resorptive properties.In this study,three methods based on HA in loose form,polycaprolactone/HA (a polymer-ceramic materials containing HA),and polymer-ceramic monolithic in-needle extraction(MINE) device (a polymer inert skeleton),respectively,were used.The affinity of risedronate (a standard compound) and sixteen aminomethylenebisphosphonates (new compounds with potential anti-resorptive properties) to HA was defined according to the above-mentioned methods.Ten monolithic materials based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethylene dimethacrylate are prepared and studied,of which one was selected for more-detailed further research.Simulated body fluids containing bisphosphonates were passed through the MINE device.In this way,sorption-desorption of bisphosphonates was evaluated using this MINE device.The paper presents the advantages and disad-vantages of each technique and its suitability for assessing new active substances.All three methods allow for the selection of several compounds with potentially higher anti-resorptive properties than risedronate,in hope that it reflects their higher bone affinity and release ability.

Evaluation of fracture resistance of zirconia monolithic restorations: an in vitro study / Avaliação da resistência à fratura de restaurações monolíticas de zircônia: um estudo in vitro

Objective: was to evaluate fracture resistance of zirconia monolithic restorations after aging procedures. Material and methods: Monolithic translucent zirconia 3-unit FPDs were fabricated using Cerec inLab CAD/CAM system on 2 stainless steel dies with a uniform 120 degrees circumferential deep chamfer finish line of 1 mm width. FPDs were divided into 2 groups, first group (Group A) was subjected to aging procedures in an autoclave at hydrothermal conditions 134 oC /2 bars for 5 hours. Second group (Group B) was not subjected to any aging procedures (control group). All specimens of each group were loaded compressively in a universal testing machine at cross head speed 0.5 mm/min until fracture occurred. The percentage of monoclinic (m) phase was detected by XRD device. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the fractured surfaces for Aged TZI (Group A) and Non-aged TZI (Group B). Student's t-test was used to compare between fracture resistances of both groups. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The fracture resistance mean (SD) values of non-aged TZI (Group B) was 2406.9 ± 306.8 N which showed statistically significantly higher than that of aged group (Group A) which was 1964.5 ± 234.5 N. The percentage of monoclinic (m) phase detected by XRD device software in non-aged TZI (Group B) was nearly 0 weight % and in aged TZI (Group A) was about 42 weight %. Conclusions:Accelerated artificial aging decreases the fracture resistance of monolithic TZI FPDs. (AU)

Objetivo: Foi avaliar a resistencia à fratura de restaurações de zircônia monolítica após procedimentos de envelhecimento.Material e Métodos: 3 unidades de FPDs de zircônia monolítica translucida foram fabricadas utilizando o sistema Cerec inLab CAD/CAM com 2 matrizes de aço inoxidável com uma linha de acabamento de chanfro profundo circunferencial de 120 graus de largura de 1 mm. As FPDs foram divididos em dois grupos, primeiro grupo (Grupo A) foi submetido a procedimentos de envelhecimento em autoclave em condições hidrotérmicas de 134 °C /2 bars por 5 horas. O segundo grupo (Grupo B) não foi submetido a nenhum processo de envelhecimento (grupo controle). Todos os espécimes de cada grupo foram carregados compressivamente em uma maquina de teste universal na velocidade de 0.5 mm/min até a fratura ocorrer. A porcentagem da fase monoclínica (m) foi detectada pelo dispositivo XRD. O microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) foi utilizado para examinar as superfícies fraturadas para TZI envelhecido (Grupo A) e TZI não envelhecido (Grupo B). O teste t de estudantes foi usado para comparar as resistências à fraturas de ambos os grupos. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em P ≤ 0.05. Resultados: Os valores médios de resistência à fratura (SD) do TZI não envelhecido (Grupo B) foi 2406.9±306.8 N, o qual se mostrou estatisticamente significativamente maior do que o grupo envelhecido (Grupo A), que foi 1964.5±234.5 N. A porcentagem da fase monoclínica (m) detectada pelo software do dispositivo XRD em TZI não envelhecido (Grupo B) foi próximo de 0% em peso e em TZI envelhecido (Grupo A) foi cerca de 42% em peso. Conclusão: O envelhecimento artificial acelerado diminui a resistência à fratura de FPDs TZI monolítico (AU)

Complicações precoces em próteses parciais fixas implantossuportadas de zircônia monolítica e bicamada: estudo prospectivo, randomizado, de boca dividida / Early complications in fixed partial prosthesis implants supported with monolithic and bilayer zirconia: a prospective, randomized, split-mouth study

As coroas de cerâmica pura estão ganhando força na odontologia uma vez que as exigências estéticas e mecânicas são cada vez mais evidentes, uma vez que as próteses metal free do tipo bicamada, não raramente, apresentam lascamento da cerâmica de cobertura como a principal falha a longo prazo, então iniciou-se o uso de próteses monolíticas. Paralelamente é crescente a busca e o uso de implantes osseointegráveis para suportar as reabilitações parciais, sendo a primeira opção para as reabilitações orais de áreas edêntulas. Logo, o objetivo deste estudo clínico prospectivo, randomizado de boca dividida é avaliar o desempenho clínico e a previsibilidade, caracterizando o número e o tipo de complicações e falhas precoces como desgaste do antagonista, perda óssea, inflamação gengival e falhas mecânicas que possam ocorrer em PPFs de três elementos implantossuportadas com retenção mista em região posterior de mandíbula em zircônia monolítica e infraestrutura de zircônia com cerâmica de cobertura, além de avaliar a percepção estética e satisfação do paciente com cada uma delas. Os pacientes selecionados (N=2) passarão por procedimentos cirúrgicos para instalação de dois implantes na região posterior de mandíbula, sendo dois de cada lado. Após três a quatro meses os cicatrizadores serão instalados e a moldagem será realizada para confecção das próteses seguindo a aleatorização do lado da mandíbula. Serão avaliados desgaste das próteses e dos antagonistas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura; perda óssea periimplantar utilizando radiografias periapicais em três períodos, imediatamente após a instalação das próteses, uma semana após e três meses depois, percepção estética e alteração de cor utilizando o método de escala visual analógica pelo paciente. As hipóteses deste estudo são resistência à fratura e lascamento será semelhante nos grupos avaliados, todos os grupos serão esticamente aceitáveis, o desgaste do antagonista e das próteses será semelhante entre os grupos e a manutenção periodontal e nível de perda óssea será semelhante para os grupos(AU)

The pure ceramic crowns have been gaining strength in dentistry since the aesthetic and mechanical requirements are increasingly evident. Since free metal dentures of the bilayer type, not infrequently, show sputtering of the ceramic cover as the main long-term failure, the use of monolithic prostheses was started. At the same time, the search for and use of osseointegratable implants to support partial rehabilitation is increasing, being the first option for oral rehabilitation of edentulous areas. Therefore, the purpose of this prospective, randomized, split-mouth clinical study is to assess clinical performance and predictability, characterizing the number and type of early complications and failures such as antagonist wear, bone loss, gingival inflammation, and mechanical failures that may occur in PPFs of three implant - supported elements with mixed retention in posterior region of mandible in monolithic zirconia, zirconia infrastructure with covering ceramics and metaloceramics, besides evaluating aesthetic perception and patient satisfaction with each one. Patients selected (n = 8) will undergo surgical procedures to install two implants in the posterior mandible, two on each side. After three to four months the healing will be installed and the molding will be performed to make the prosthesis following the randomization of both the patients and the side of the jaw. Wear of prostheses and antagonists will be assessed by scanning electron microscopy and profilometry; bone loss peri-implant using periapical radiographs in seven periods, immediately after the implant installation, 7 days after surgery, before the installation of the healers, at the installation of the prosthesis, 21 days after, six and twelve months later, aesthetic perception and color change using the method of visual analog scale by the patient and an intraoral spectophotometer. The hypotheses of this study are resistance to fracture and chipping will be similar in the evaluated groups, all groups will be ethically acceptable, the wear of the antagonist and the prostheses will be similar between groups and the periodontal maintenance and level of bone loss will be similar for the groups(AU)

Determination of L-norvaline and L-tryptophan in dietary supplements by nano-LC using an O-2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethylcarbamoyl-10,11-dihydroquinidine-silica hybrid monolithic column / 药物分析学报

An analytical methodology based on an O-[2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethylcarbamoyl]-10,11-dihydroquinidine (MQD)-silica hybrid monolithic column was developed for the enantioseparation of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivatized amino acids by nano-liquid chromatography. The mo-bile phase was optimized including the apparent pH, content of ACN, and concentration of the buffer to obtain a satisfactory enantioresolution performance. 27 FMOC derivatized amino acids including 19 protein and 8 non-protein amino acids were tested, and 19 out of them were enantiomerically discriminated obtaining baseline separation for 11 of them. Analytical characteristics of the method were evaluated for norvaline and tryptophan in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) showing good performance to be applied to the enantiomeric determination of these amino acids in dietary supplements. LOD and LOQ values were 9.3 and 31μM for norvaline en-antiomers and 7.5 and 25μM for tryptophan enantiomers, respectively. The contents of D-norvaline and D-tryptophan were below their respective LODs in all the analyzed samples. Quantitation of L-tryptophan and L-norvaline showed good agreement with the labeled contents except for one sample which did not show presence of L-norvaline, contrary to the label indication.

Clinical Evaluation of Wear Behavior of Human Enamel and Chipping of Veneered Zirconia against Monolithic Zirconia (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial) / Avaliação clínica do comportamento de desgaste do esmalte humano e lascamento da zircônia estratificada contra a zircônia monolítica (ensaio clínico controlado randomizado)

Objective: To evaluate the wear behavior of human enamel and chipping of veneered and monolithic zirconia for posterior full coverage restorations. Material and methods: Thirty-four zirconia full coverage restorations (seventeen in each group) were fabricated. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of zirconia used; group 1 (comparator group) veneered zirconia crowns and group 2 (intervention group) monolithic zirconia single crowns. All crowns were lab fabricated and polished. For opposing teeth wear measurements 3D non-contact profilometer was used where epoxy resin replicas were constructed for opposing arch immediately after crowns cementation, three, six and twelve months. Restoration chipping was measured using modified United States Public Health Services (USPHS) criteria. Results: All restorations were reported as alpha with no chipping. There was no statistically significant difference between (Group 1) and (Group 2) for wear test. Conclusion: Both monolithic and veneered restorations revealed satisfactory mechanical properties with no chipping after one year of clinical use. Wear of opposing enamel was clinically acceptable for both materials. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento ao desgaste do esmalte humano e lascamento de zircônia estratificada e monolítica para coroas totais posteriores. Material e métodos: Trinta e quatro coroas totais de zircônia (dezessete em cada grupo) foram fabricadas. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tipo de zircônia utilizada; grupo 1 (grupo controle) coroas de zircônia estratificada e grupo 2 (grupo de intervenção) coroas de zircônia monolítica. Todas as coroas foram fabricadas e polidas em laboratório. Para medidas de desgaste de dentes opostos, foi utilizado um perfilômetro 3D sem contato, onde réplicas de resina epóxi foram construídas para o arco oposto imediatamente após a cimentação das coroas, três, seis e doze meses após. O lascamento da restauração foi medido usando critérios modificados dos Serviços de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos (USPHS). Resultados: Todas as restaurações foram relatadas como alfa sem lascamento. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre (Grupo 1) e (Grupo 2) para o teste de desgaste. Conclusão: Ambas as coroas monolíticas e estratificadas revelaram propriedades mecânicas satisfatórias sem lascamento após um ano de uso clínico. O desgaste do esmalte oposto foi clinicamente aceitável para ambos os materiais. (AU)

Effect of decontamination methods on shear bond strength of resin cement to translucent monolithic zirconia / Efeito de métodos de descontaminação na resistência ao cisalhamento entre cimento resinoso e zircônia monolítica translúcida

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of decontamination methods on shear bond strength of resin cement to translucent monolithic zirconia. Material and Methods: Eighty 4-mol yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal specimens were fabricated. All specimens were subjected to saliva contamination and divided into four groups (n = 20) according to the decontamination methods: 70% isopropanol (AL); zirclean (ZC); 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL); and no cleaning (NC). All specimens were bonded by using self-adhesive resin cement. Half of the specimens in each group (n = 10) were subjected to aging. All specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test in a universal testing machine. Failure modes were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data obtained were statistically analyzed by using one-way ANOVA followed by the HSD Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results: ANOVA test revealed a significant difference among the different decontamination methods (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found among NaOCL, ZC, and AL groups as revealed by the HSD Tukey test (p > 0.05). The effect of aging was significantly different in all groups (p < 0.05); whereas, no significant difference was found in group ZC (p > 0.05). The (SEM) analysis showed mixed failures in all groups, except in group NC where only adhesive failure was observed. Conclusion: Saliva contamination during clinical evaluation significantly decreases the shear bond strength between self-adhesive resin cement and translucent monolithic zirconia. The cleaning methods have an impact on improving the bond strength between resin cement and translucent monolithic zirconia (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos métodos de descontaminação na resistência ao cisalhamento entre cimento resinoso e zircônia monolítica translúcida. Material e métodos: Foram fabricados oitenta espécimes policristalinos de zircônia tetragonal estabilizada com ítria a 4 mol. Todas as amostras foram submetidas à contaminação salivar e divididas em quatro grupos (n = 20) de acordo com os métodos de descontaminação: isopropanol a 70% (AL); zircleano (ZC); Hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% (NaOCL); e sem limpeza (NC). Todas as amostras foram cimentadas utilizando um cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Metade das amostras de cada grupo(n = 10) foram submetidas ao envelhecimento. Todas as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de resistência ao cisalhamento em uma máquina de teste universal. Os módulos de falha foram avaliados usando um microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando ANOVA de uma via, seguida pelo teste de HSD Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: O teste ANOVA revelou diferença significativa entre os diferentes métodos de descontaminação (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos NaOCl, ZC e AL, conforme revelado pelo teste HSD Tukey (p> 0,05). O efeito do envelhecimento foi significativamente diferente em todos os grupos (p < 0,05); enquanto nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada no grupo ZC (p > 0,05). A análise (SEM) mostrou falhas mistas em todos os grupos, exceto no grupo NC, onde apenas foi observada falha adesiva. Conclusão: A contaminação por saliva durante a avaliação clínica diminui significativamente a resistência ao cisalhamento entre o cimento resinoso autoadesivo e a zircônia monolítica translúcida. Os métodos de limpeza têm um impacto na melhoria da resistência da união entre o cimento resinoso e a zircônia monolítica translúcida. (AU)

Load to failure of three different monolithic zirconia inlay- retained fixed dental prosthesis designs with three surface treatments / Carga até falha de três diferentes desenhos de inlays de zircônia monolítica com três tratamentos de superfície

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of different preparation designs and different surface treatments on the fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia inlay-retained fixed dental prosthesis [IRFDP]. Material and methods: Forty-five translucent zirconia IRFDPs were divided into three groups according to preparation designs (n = 15); group I: proximal box, group II: inlay-box and group III: butterfly wing (modified inlay). Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the surface treatments utilized (n = 5); sandblasting, tribochemical silica coating (Cojet system) and erbium, chromium: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser irradiation. All zirconia IRFDPs were cemented to their respective resin models using selfadhesive resin cement. All cemented IRFDPs were subjected to fracture resistance test using universal testing machine. The initial fracture site was determined by using a stereomicroscope (x6.7magnification). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of different designs, different surface treatments and their interaction on the mean fracture resistance. Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used when ANOVA is significant (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Butterfly wings design showed the highest fracture resistance values followed by inlay and box designs respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Sandblasting and Cojet showed significantly the highest mean fracture resistance values than Laser with no significance difference between them. Conclusion: The butterfly wing design increased the fracture resistance of the zirconia IRFDPs. Sandblasting and tribochemical silica coating of zirconia surfaces had a greater effect than Er, Cr: YSGG laser to gain higher fracture resistance of zirconia IRRDPs (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes modelos de preparações e diferentes tratamentos de superfície na resistência à fratura de inlays de zircônia monolítica. Material e métodos: Quarenta e cinco inlays translúcidos de zircônia foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com os desenhos de preparação (n = 15); grupo I: caixa proximal, grupo II: inlay convencional e grupo III: asa de borboleta (inlay modificado). Cada grupo foi subdividido em três subgrupos de acordo com os tratamentos de superfície utilizados (n = 5); jateamento de areia, revestimento triboquímico de sílica (sistema Cojet) e érbio, cromo: ítrio, escândio, gálio, granada (Er, Cr: YSGG) irradiação a laser. Todos os inlays de zircônia foram cimentados em seus respectivos modelos de resina usando cimento de resina auto-adesivo. Todos os inlays cimentados foram submetidos a teste de resistência à fratura usando máquina de teste universal. O local inicial da fratura foi determinado usando um estereomicroscópio (ampliação de 6,7x). A análise de variância (ANOVA) de dois fatores foi usada para avaliar o efeito de diferentes desenhos, diferentes tratamentos de superfície e sua interação na resistência média à fratura. O teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foi usado quando a ANOVA foi significativa (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: O design das asas de borboleta apresentou os maiores valores de resistência à fratura, seguidos pelos designs de inlay convencional e caixa, respectivamente (P ≤ 0,05). O jateamento de areia e o Cojet apresentaram significativamente os maiores valores médios de resistência à fratura do que o Laser, sem diferença de significânc=ia entre eles. Conclusão: O design da asa de borboleta aumentou a resistência à fratura dos inlays de zircônia. O revestimento por jato de areia e triboquímica de sílica das superfícies de zircônia teve um efeito maior que o laser Er, Cr: YSGG para obter maior resistência à fratura dos inlays de zircônia. (AU)

Wear behavior of monolithic zirconia against natural teeth in comparison to two glass ceramics with two surface finishing protocols: an in-vitro study / Comportamento do desgaste da zircônia monolítica frente a dentes naturais em comparação com duas cerâmicas de vidro com diferentes protocolos de acabamento superficial: um estudo in vitro

Objective: To evaluate and compare the wear behavior of three different ceramic systems; monolithic zirconia, lithium di-silicate and nano-fluorapatite glass ceramic with two finishing procedures polishing and glazing, and their effect on the wear of natural tooth antagonists. Material and Methods: Forty two ceramic disc specimens (10mm x3mm) and forty two natural tooth antagonists were used. Samples were divided according to ceramic materials into 3 groups (n = 14). Group I: nano-fluorapatite glass ceramic (FLU) (IPS e.max Ceram), Group II: lithium disilicate (LD) (IPS e.max CAD) and group III: monolithic zirconia (ZIR) (ZirkoZahn Prettau). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (n = 7), according to the surface finish: Polishing (P) and glazing (G). Specimens were subjected to a custom designed two-body wear simulator. Quantitative wear assessment was carried out using weight loss measurements. Scanning electron microscope was used for characterization of wear patterns. Kruscal Wallis and Dunn's tests were used to compare between weight loss of the three ceramic materials. Whitney U test was used to compare the weight loss between the two surface finish protocols. Wilcoxon Signed rank test was used to compare the weight loss between ceramic specimens and antagonist teeth (p ≤ 0.05). Paired t-test was used to compare weight loss before and after wear test. Results: After wear, LD and FLU had the highest weight loss values compared to ZIR (p < 0.05). For teeth, there was no significant difference between the weight loss values with the three materials (p > 0.05). P and G specimens showed no significant difference in weight loss values. SEM images of the wear patterns verified the previous analysis. Conclusion: ZIR is more wear resistant than LD and FLU. However, the surface treatment had no impact on the wear behavior. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o comportamento ao desgaste de três diferentes sistemas cerâmicos; zircônia monolítica, di-silicato de lítio e vitrocerâmica de nano-fluorapatita com dois procedimentos de polimento e glaze, e seu efeito no desgaste de dentes naturais antagonistas. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizadas quarenta e duas amostras de discos cerâmicos (10 mm x 3 mm) e quarenta e dois dentes naturais como antagonistas. As amostras foram divididas de acordo com o material cerâmico em 3 grupos (n = 14). Grupo I: vitrocerâmica nano-fluorapatita (FLU) (IPS e.max Ceram), Grupo II: dissilicato de lítio (LD) (IPS e.max CAD) e grupo III: zircônia monolítica (ZIR) (ZirkoZahn Prettau). Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos (n = 7), de acordo com o acabamento da superfície: Polimento (P) e Glaze (G). As amostras foram submetidas a um simulador de desgaste de dois corpos projetado. A avaliação quantitativa do desgaste foi realizada usando medidas de perda de massa. Microscópio eletrônico de varredura foi utilizado para caracterização de padrões de desgaste. Os testes de Kruscal Wallis e Dunn foram usados para comparar a perda de massa dos três materiais cerâmicos. O teste U de Whitney foi utilizado para comparar a perda de massa entre os dois protocolos de acabamento superficial. O teste de Wilcoxon Signed Rank foi utilizado para comparar a perda de massa entre amostras de cerâmica e os dentes antagonistas (p ≤ 0,05). O teste t pareado foi utilizado para comparar a perda de massa antes e depois do teste de desgaste. Resultados: Após o desgaste, LD e FLU apresentaram os maiores valores de perda de massa em comparação ao ZIR (p < 0,05). Para os dentes, não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de perda de massa com os três materiais (p > 0,05). As amostras de P e G não mostraram diferença significativa nos valores de perda de massa. Imagens SEM dos padrões de desgaste confirmaram a análise anterior. Conclusão: O ZIR é mais resistente ao desgaste do que LD e FLU. No entanto, o tratamento de superfície não teve impacto no comportamento do desgaste. (AU)

Effect of Finish Line Design and Cement Space Thickness on the Marginal Accuracy of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns / Efeito do desenho da linha de término e da espessura do espaço de cimento na precisão marginal de coroas monolíticas de zircônia

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of finish line design and cement space thickness on the marginal accuracy of monolithic zirconia crowns. Materials and methods: Thirty crowns were fabricated from translucent zirconia (inCoris TZI) using Cerec in-Lab system and divided into three main groups (10 each) according to the finish line type of the die (knife-edge, chamfer, and shoulder). Every group was divided into two subgroups (5 each) according to cement space thickness (20 and50µm). Optical impressions were taken for the dies using the Cerec scanner and cement space was set twice for every finish line design; 20 and 50 µm. The completed crowns were cemented to the dies and the marginal gap was evaluated. The collected data was statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test and the significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Regarding the marginal gap; there was no statistically significant difference between different finish line designs or between different cement space thicknesses. Conclusion: Neither finish line design nor cement space thickness has an effect on the marginal gap of inCoris TZI crowns. (AU)

Declaração do problema: A necessidade de um método minimamente invasivo de preparação de coroa única é inevitável, principalmente com dentes enfraquecidos e com alta probabilidade de irritação pulpar. Portanto, é necessária uma restauração durável e adaptada, com preparação menos invasiva da linha de término. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do design da linha de término e da espessura do espaço de cimento na precisão marginal das coroas monolíticas de zircônia. Material e Métodos: Trinta coroas foram fabricadas a partir de zircônia translúcida (inCoris TZI) usando o sistema Cerec em laboratório, e divididas em três grupos principais (n = 10), de acordo com o tipo de linha de término da matriz (lâmina, chanfro e ombro). Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos (5 cada), de acordo com a espessura do espaço do cimento (20 e 50 µm). Impressões ópticas foram obtidas para as matrizes usando o scanner Cerec e o espaço de cimento foi definido duas vezes para cada projeto de linha de chegada: 20 e 50 µm. As coroas confeccionadas foram cimentadas nos moldes e a diferença marginal foi avaliada. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis e o nível de significância foi estabelecido em P ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Em relação ao gap marginal não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre diferentes projetos de linha de acabamento ou entre diferentes espessuras de espaço de cimento. Conclusão: nem o design da linha de término, nem a espessura do espaço de cimento afetam a folga marginal das coroas inCoris TZI. (AU)

Restorative possibilities using zirconia ceramics for single crowns

Abstract Two clinical cases are presented to explore technical differences and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using veneered or monolithic zirconia to manufacture posterior single crowns. The first case describes the clinical steps in manufacturing a monolithic crown on a mandibular left second premolar using high translucency zirconia. It shows the use of a conservative tooth preparation based on the superior mechanical properties that this material presents as well as the final optical characteristics achieved by shading and staining. In the second case, a conventional bilayer restorative treatment was made using zirconia framework followed by veneering with feldspar ceramic on a mandibular left first molar. Recent literature indicates that each of these restorative alternatives presents specific advantages and disadvantages. Factors such as mechanical performance, fracture, esthetic characteristics, clinical success, complication rates, adhesion and antagonist wear performance are discussed comparing the two restorative assemblies. The data highlight that monolithic crowns prevent a major problem reported on bilayer restorations: the chipping of veneering ceramic. Monolithic crowns also allow minimally invasive tooth preparations, thus increasing tooth remnant preservation. However, data that support esthetic performance similarity between monolithic and bilayer assemblies are lacking, thus the predictability of use is restricted for the posterior region, as cases demanding high esthetic appeal continue to fundamentally use bilayer restorations. Failures were not found, and patient satisfaction was reported in both techniques after the 12-month follow up.

Resumo Dois casos clínicos são apresentados para explorar as diferenças técnicas e discutir as vantagens e desvantagens de se utilizar zircônia com cerâmica estratificada ou monolítica para confeccionar coroas unitárias. O primeiro caso descreve os passos clínicos na confecção de uma coroa monolítica no segundo pré-molar esquerdo utilizando uma zircônia altamente translúcida. Neste caso é apresentado a confecção de um preparo conservador devido as propriedades mecânicas deste material bem como suas características ópticas encontradas com a pigmentação e maquiagem. No segundo caso, um tratamento restaurador convencional de estratificação foi realizado utilizando uma infraestrutura de zircônia seguido pelo recobrimento com cerâmica feldspática em um primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. A literatura recente indica que cada uma dessas alternativas restauradoras apresenta vantagens e desvantagens específicas. Fatores como desempenho mecânico, fratura, características estéticas, sucesso clínico, taxas de complicações, adesão e desgaste do antagonista são discutidos comparando as duas possibilidades restauradoras. Os achados da literatura destacam que coroas monolíticas impedem um grande problema relatado em restaurações estratificadas: o lascamento da cerâmica de recobrimento. Coroas monolíticas também permitem preparos dentários minimamente invasivos, aumentando assim a preservação do remanescente dentário. No entanto, dados suportando um desempenho estético similar entre coroas monolíticas e estratificadas são inexistentes, assim a previsibilidade de uso é restrita para a região posterior, pois casos exigindo alta demanda estética restaurações estratificadas continuam ser principalmente utilizadas. Falhas não foram encontradas e a satisfação do paciente foi relatada em ambas as técnicas após o acompanhamento de 12 meses.

Two-body wear behavior of human enamel versus monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate, ceramometal and composite resin

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the surface roughness (SR), weight and height of monolithic zirconia (MZ), ceramometal (CM), lithium disilicate glass ceramic (LD), composite resin (CR), and their antagonistic human teeth enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 32 disc shaped specimens for the four test materials (n=8) and 32 premolars were prepared and randomly divided. SR, weight and height of the materials and the antagonist enamel were recorded before and after subjecting the specimens to 240,000 wear-cycles (49 N/0.8 Hz/5℃/50℃). SR, height, weight, and digital microscopic qualitative evaluation were measured. RESULTS: CM (0.23 + 0.08 µm) and LD (0.68 + 0.16 µm) exhibited the least and highest mean difference in the SR, respectively. ANOVA revealed significance (P=.001) between the materials for the SR. Paired T-Test showed significance (P < .05) for the pre- and post-SR for all the materials. For the antagonistic enamel, no significance (P=.987) was found between the groups. However, the pre- and post-SR values of all the enamel groups were significant (P < .05). Wear cycles had significant effect on enamel weight loss against all the materials (P < .05). CR and MZ showed the lowest and highest height loss of 0.14 mm and 0.46 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: MZ and CM are more resistant to SR against the enamel than LD and CR. Enamel worn against test materials showed similar SR. Significant variations in SR values for the tested materials (MZ, LD, CM, and CR) against the enamel were found. Wear simulation significantly affected the enamel weight loss against all the materials, and enamel antagonist against MZ and CM showed more height loss.

Effect of additional firing process after sintering of monolithic zirconia crown on marginal and internal fitness / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate an effect of additional firing process after sintering of monolithic zirconia crown on marginal and internal fit through three-dimensional analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated using titanium abutment model. Monolithic zirconia crowns were designed, milled, and sintered as a control group, and additional firing with coloring was performed as a test group. Three dimensional analysis were performed by using triple-scan protocol, and cross-section analysis on mesio-distal and disto-lingual section was evaluated to measure marginal and internal fitness. Then, three-dimensional surface difference on between two groups was evaluated (α=.05). RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference between the control group (32.0 ± 24.3 µm) and the test group (17.0 ± 10.8 µm) in the mesial axial wall (P < .02) and the control group (60.2 ± 24.3 µm) and the test group (71.8 ± 21.5 µm) in the distal axial wall (P < .01). There was no statistically significant difference at the remaining point. CONCLUSION: There was no statistical significance on the deviation of inner surface of crown according to firing number, and the results of both group were considered clinically acceptable.

Full-mouth rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed dental prostheses for the edentulous maxilla and partially edentulous mandible: A case report / 대한치과보철학회지

A conventional approach for the treatment of long-span edentulous areas is the use of removable dentures. However, placing implants in these areas results in superior functional outcomes by increasing the stability, support, and resistance of the prostheses and improving the masticatory efficiency. Treatment modalities utilizing implants can be further classified into either removable or fixed-type prostheses. Several factors such as the amount of alveolar bone resorption, inter-arch relationship, patient preferences, and socioeconomic status should be considered when determining the appropriate treatment approach. Monolithic zirconia has been considered a suitable material for implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis, because of the drastic improvement in its mechanical properties. It exhibits fewer incidences of fracture and chipping of the prostheses, and has greater bulk of material than metal-ceramic crowns and zirconia-veneered ceramics. Moreover, highly translucent monolithic zirconia is also available in the market, and its application is gradually increasing for anterior tooth rehabilitation. The present report describes a patient who underwent full-mouth rehabilitation with fixed dental prostheses (eight upper and three lower implant placements). All teeth, except bilateral mandibular canines and left mandibular first and second premolars, were extracted after the diagnosis of generalized chronic moderate-to-advanced periodontitis of the remaining teeth. The patient reported satisfactory esthetic and functional outcomes during the one-year follow-up visit.

Influence of heating rate on the flexural strength of monolithic zirconia

PURPOSE: Fabrication of zirconia restorations with ideal mechanical properties in a short period is a great challenge for clinicians. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of heating rate on the mechanical and microstructural properties of monolithic zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty monolithic zirconia specimens were prepared from presintered monolithic zirconia blanks. All specimens were then assigned to 4 groups according to heating rate as Control, Group 15℃, Group 20℃, and Group 40℃. All groups were sintered according to heating rates with the sintering temperature of 1500℃, a holding time of 90 minutes and natural cooling. The phase composition was examined by XRD analysis, three-point bending test was conducted to examine the flexural strength, and Weibull analysis was conducted to determine weibull modulus and characteristic strength. Average grain sizes were determined by SEM analysis. One-way ANOVA test was performed at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Only tetragonal phase characteristic peaks were determined on the surface of analyzed specimens. Differences among the average grain sizes of the groups were not statistically significant. The results of the three-point bending test revealed no significant differences among the flexural strength of the groups (P>.05). Weibull modulus of groups was ranging from 3.50 to 4.74. The highest and the lowest characteristic strength values were obtained in Group 20℃ and Control Group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Heating rate has no significant effect on the flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. Monolithic zirconia restorations can be produced in shorter sintering periods without affecting the flexural strength by modifying the heating rate.

Influence of preparation design on fracture resistance of different monolithic zirconia crowns: A comparative study

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance and modes of fracture of monolithic zirconia crowns with two preparation designs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty human maxillary first premolar teeth were extracted for orthodontic purposes and divided into two main groups (n=20): Group A: monolithic traditional zirconia; Group B: monolithic translucent zirconia. The groups were further subdivided into two subgroups (n=10): (A1, B1) shoulder margin design; (A2, B2) feather-edge margin design. Teeth were prepared with either a 1 mm shoulder margin design or a feather-edge margin design. The prepared teeth were scanned using a digital intraoral scanner. The crowns were cemented using self-adhesive resin cement. All cemented teeth were stored in water for 7 days and thermocycling was done before testing. All samples were subjected to compressive axial loading until fracture. The fractographic analysis was done to assess the modes of fracture of the tested samples.RESULTS: The highest mean values of fracture resistance were recorded in kilo-newton and were in the order of subgroup A1 (2.903); subgroup A2 (2.3); subgroup B1 (1.854) and subgroup B2 (1.523). One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference among the 4 subgroups. Concerning modes of fracture, the majority of samples in subgroups A1 and B1 were fracture of restoration and/or tooth, while in subgroups A2 and B2, the majority of samples fractured through the central fossa.CONCLUSION: Even though all the tested crowns fractured at a higher level than the maximum occlusal forces, the shoulder margin design was better than the feather-edge margin design and the monolithic traditional zirconia was better than the monolithic translucent zirconia in terms of fracture strength.

Advances in capillary electro-chromatography / 药物分析学报

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a micro-scale separation technique which is a hybrid between capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC). CEC can be performed in packed, monolithic and open-tubular columns. In recent three years (from 2016 to 2018), enormous attention for CEC has been the development of novel stationary phases. This review mainly covers the development of novel stationary phases for open-tubular and monolithic columns. In particular, some biomaterials attracted increasing interest. There are no significant breakthroughs in technology and principles in CEC. The typical CEC applications, especially chiral separations are described.

Influence of different formulation variables on the performance of transdermal drug delivery system containing tizanidine hydrochloride: in vitro and ex vivo evaluations

The present study was aimed at preparation of transdermal patches of tizanidine HCl, evaluation of the effect of polymers on in vitro release pattern of the drug, and the effect of permeation enhancers on the penetration of the drug through the rabbit skin. Various proportions of hydrophilic (HPMC) and hydrophobic (Eudragit L-100) polymers were used with PEG 400 as film-forming agent, and Span 20 or DMSO as permeation enhancer. The formulations were assessed for physicochemical characteristics and in vitro drug release studies using USP paddle over disc method in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 32.0±1°C. On the basis of in vitro studies and physicochemical evaluations, S03-A and S04-A were selected at Eudragit : HPMC ratios of 8 : 2 and 7 : 3, respectively, for further ex vivo analysis. The effects of different concentrations of Span 20 and DMSO were evaluated on excised rabbit skin using Franz diffusion cell. Cumulative drug permeation, flux, permeability coefficient, target flux, and enhancement ratio were calculated and compared with the control formulations. Kinetic models and Tukey's multiple comparison test were applied to evaluate the drug release patterns. Formulation SB03-PE containing Eudragit L-100:HPMC (7:3) with Span 20 (15% w/w) produced the highest enhancement in drug permeation, and followed zero order kinetic model with super case-II drug release mechanism.