Driver's license, head protection devices and severity of motorcyclists' injuries in traffic accidents / Habilitação, uso de capacete e gravidade dos acidentes de trânsito envolvendo motociclistas / Permiso, uso del casco y gravedad de los accidentes de tránsito con los motociclistas

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe traffic accidents involving motorcyclists and analyze the association between possession of a motorcycle driver's license and use of helmets according to the severity of injuries. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted among all patients hospitalized in the traumatology and orthopedics sector of a public reference hospital in northeastern Brazil. Results: 170 patients were surveyed, the majority were male (95.9%). Their ages ranged from 18 to 67 years. Most were black or brown (52.3%), had completed elementary school (58.9%) and had monthly income smaller than two minimum wages (56.5%). An association was found between being licensed to drive a motorcycle and wearing a helmet. Among those who suffered moderate injuries, this association was OR=5.66(1.85-17.23) and among those who suffered severe injuries it was OR=13.57(2.82-65.14). Conclusions: people who were licensed to drive motorcycles used a helmet as protective equipment more often and, in accidents, suffered fewer injuries.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever os acidentes de trânsito envolvendo motociclistas e analisar a associação entre ter habilitação para conduzir motocicletas e uso de capacete com a gravidade dos acidentes. Métodos: estudo transversal com todos os pacientes hospitalizados no setor de traumatologia e ortopedia de um hospital público de referência no Nordeste do Brasil. Resultados: foram pesquisados 170 pacientes, a maioria do sexo masculino (95,9%). A idade variou entre 18 e 67 anos. Os pesquisados eram de cor preta ou parda (52,3%), tinham estudo fundamental (58,9%) e renda mensal menor que dois salários mínimos (56,5%). Foi encontrada uma associação entre ter habilitação e uso de capacete. Entre os que sofreram acidentes de gravidade moderada, essa associação foi OR=5,66(1,85-17,23) e entre os que sofreram acidentes de gravidade severa foi OR=13,57(2,82-65,14). Conclusões: pessoas com licença para conduzir motocicletas que usam capacetes como equipamento de proteção, em caso de acidentes, sofrem lesões menos graves.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir los accidentes de tránsito con los motociclistas y evaluar la asociación entre el permiso para conducir motocicletas y el uso del casco con la gravedad de los accidentes. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado a los pacientes hospitalizados en el sector de Traumatología y Ortopedia de un hospital público de referencia de la región Nordeste de Brasil. Resultados: participaron 170 pacientes; la mayoría de ellos del sexo masculino (95,9%), de edad entre 18 y 67 años. Los encuestados eran negros o pardos (52,3%), tenían estudios primarios (58,9%), ingresos mensuales inferiores a dos salarios mínimos (56,5%). Se encontró una asociación entre tener el permiso de conducir y llevar casco. Entre los que sufrieron accidentes moderados, esta asociación fue OR=5,66(1,85-17,23), y entre los que sufrieron accidentes graves fue OR=13,57(2,82-65,14). Conclusiones: las personas con permiso para conducir motocicletas que utilizaron casco como equipo de protección sufrieron lesiones menos graves en los accidentes.

Effects of motorcycle exhaust on oxidative stress levels in cells of human respiratory tract / 中国职业医学

{L-End}Objective To investigate the effect of motorcycle exhaust (ME) on the level of oxidative stress in different parts of respiratory tract epithelial cells. {L-End}Methods BEAS-2B and A549 cells in logarithmic growth phase were randomly divided into control group, low- and high-dose groups. The two kinds of cells growing on the membrane of Transwell inserts were treated with air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure technique for 60 minutes. The cells in the low- and high- dose groups were treated with diluted gas with the volume ratio of ME to clean air of 1∶20 and 1∶10, respectively, while the cells in the control group were treated with clean air. Cells were collected to detect their relative survival rate using CCK-8 method after exposure. And the levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the cells were detected using colorimetry. {L-End}Results The ME exposure dose affected the relative survival rate of cells (P<0.01), which showed a downward trend with the increasing ME exposure doses (all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the main effect of cell types and the interaction effect of ME exposure dose and cell type (all P>0.05). There was a significant interaction between ME exposure dose and cell type in the level of glutathione and the activity of SOD (all P<0.01), and the level of malondialdehyde was a significant main effect of cell type (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the glutathione level and SOD activity between the low-dose group and the control group (all P>0.05), while the glutathione level and SOD activity in high-dose group were higher than those in the control group and low-dose group in BEAS-2B cells (all P<0.05). The glutathione level decreased with increasing ME exposure dose in A549 cells (all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the low-dose group had a significantly higher activity of SOD (P<0.05) in A549 cells. The SOD activity of A549 cells in high-dose group was lower than those in control group and low-dose group (all P<0.05). The level of malondialdehyde in A549 cells was higher than those in BEAS-2B cells(P<0.05). {L-End}Conclusion ME exposure can lead to changes in the production of oxidative stress biomarkers in respiratory tract epithelial cells. The oxidative stress response induced by ME exposure varies among respiratory tract epithelial cells from different regions.

Noise Exposure Among Motorcycle Riders: A Scoping Review

@#This scoping review aimed to determine the dosage of noise exposure among motorcycle riders and the sources contributing to a rider’s noise exposure. A systematic search of several scientific databases was conducted from 1981 until 2021. Eligible articles were included into the defined criteria. The dosage of noise exposure, sources, and standardization method were extracted. A total of 37 studies were included. There was scarce publication regarding the exact level of noise exposure experienced by the riders. There was, however, abundant evidence on indirect sources of noise exposure for riders, which requires further critical analysis. The dosage of noise exposure among riders was significantly higher than the recommended level. Seven sources were determined to generate noise which could potentially affect the riders, presented in this paper along with their respective evidence.

Correr atrás do vento: o trabalho dos mototaxistas de Sobral, Ceará / Chasing the wind: the work of motorcycle taxi drivers from Sobral, Ceará / Perseguir el viento: el trabajo de los mototaxis de Sobral, Ceará

A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a atividade e o ofício dos mototaxistas de Sobral, Ceará. O objetivo específico foi compreender: a) a atividade exercida e o conceito de real da atividade; b) as prescrições; c) as regras informais; e d) as relações profissionais. A investigação adotou o referencial teórico da Clínica da Atividade, e participaram oito mototaxistas. Inspiradas no método da Instrução ao Sósia, foram realizadas e gravadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Seu áudio foi transcrito e o conteúdo passou por análise construtivo-interpretativa. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade era regulamentada pela prefeitura e dependia da manutenção dos instrumentos utilizados. O expediente era organizado por uma regra do coletivo de trabalho relacionada ao horário de funcionamento de escolas e universidades. A busca por passageiros variava, sendo possível ficar em pontos fixos ou circular pela cidade. As condições ambientais demandavam cuidados como o uso de protetor solar e hidratação. A autonomia da profissão permitia organizar o próprio expediente e o ganho mensal. Entretanto, houve queixas relativas à falta de direitos previdenciários e ao fato de que a flexibilidade geraria uma sobrecarga de trabalho que poderia trazer prejuízos à saúde. Riscos foram identificados em acidentes de trânsito e violência urbana. Os relatos acerca das relações com os colegas mostraram um ambiente amistoso, e as relações com os passageiros eram definidas por cada situação, abrangendo desde interações objetivas até conversas pessoais.(AU)

The research had as general objective to analyze the activity and the work of motorcycle taxi drivers in Sobral, Ceará. Specific objectives were to understand: (a) the activity performed and the real of activity; (b) the prescriptions; (c) informal rules and (d) professional relationships. The investigation adopted the theoretical framework of the Clinic of Activity. Eight motorcycle taxi drivers participated in the investigation. Inspired by the instruction to the double method, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The audio of the interviews was transcribed and underwent constructive-interpretive analysis. The results showed that the activity was regulated by the city and depended on the maintenance of the instruments used. The working hours were organized by a collective labor rule related to the opening hours of schools and universities. The looking-for for passengers also varied: it was possible to stay at fixed points or move around the city. Environmental conditions required care such as the use of sunscreen and hydration. The profession's autonomy made it possible to organize its own hours and monthly earnings. However, there were complaints regarding the lack of social security rights and that flexibility would create an overload of work that could harm health. Risks have been identified in traffic accidents and urban violence. Reports about relationships with colleagues showed a friendly atmosphere. Relations with passengers were defined by each situation, ranging from objective interactions to personal conversations.(AU)

La investigación tuvo como objetivo general analizar la actividad y el trabajo de los mototaxis en Sobral, Ceará. Los objetivos específicos eran comprender: (a) la actividad realizada y la real de la actividad; (b) las prescripciones; (c) reglas informales y (d) relaciones profesionales. La investigación adoptó el marco teórico de la Clínica de Actividad. En la investigación participaron ocho mototaxis. Inspirándose en el método de instrucción al doble, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. El audio de las entrevistas fue transcrito y sometido a un análisis constructivo-interpretativo. Los resultados mostraron que la actividad estaba regulada por la prefectura municipal y dependía del mantenimiento de los instrumentos utilizados. Los horarios de trabajo fueron organizados por una norma laboral colectiva relacionada con los horarios de apertura de escuelas y universidades. La búsqueda de pasajeros también variaba: era posible permanecer en puntos fijos o moverse por la ciudad. Las condiciones ambientales requerían cuidados como el uso de protector solar e hidratación. La autonomía de la profesión permitió organizar sus propias horas y ganancias mensuales. Sin embargo, hubo quejas sobre la falta de derechos de seguridad social y que la flexibilidad crearía una sobrecarga de trabajo que podría dañar la salud. Se han identificado riesgos en accidentes de tráfico y violencia urbana. Los informes sobre las relaciones con los colegas mostraron un ambiente agradable. Las relaciones con los pasajeros se definieron por cada situación, desde interacciones objetivas hasta conversaciones personales.(AU)

Prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction among long-distance commercial vehicle drivers and commercial motorcycle riders in Ibadan Nigeria: a comparative cross-sectional study

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a global public health problem that affects the quality of life, interpersonal, occupational, and social functioning of sufferers. Despite being high-risk groups, there is a paucity of data on erectile dysfunction among commercial vehicle drivers and motorcycle riders. Objectives: We aimed to determine and compare the prevalence and factors associated with ED among long-distance commercial vehicle drivers (CVDs) and commercial motorcycle riders (CMRs) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: We used a comparative cross-sectional study design to enroll eligible male respondents in selected motor/motorcycle parks within Ibadan metropolis. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to elicit sociodemographic/health-related characteristics, and ED status among participants. Data was analyzed using STATA version 12. Chi-square and Binary logistic regression were conducted to explore the association between ED and other covariates. Analyses were performed at 5% significance level. Results: The prevalence of ED was significantly higher among motorcycle riders than vehicle drivers (71.4% vs 47.4%, p = 0.001). Predictors of ED among CMRs were monogamous marriage type and history of perineal injury; while among CVRs were aged above 40-years, history of perineal injury, and current use of alcohol. Conclusion: There is a need for public education and awareness programmes on ED to reduce the burden and improve well-being in these populations

Injury patterns in elderly cyclists and motorcyclists presenting to a tertiary trauma centre in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#With Singapore's ageing population, there are increasing numbers of elderly cyclists and motorcyclists. Compared to younger riders, this cohort sustains more injuries and has poorer outcomes. This study aimed to describe and compare patient demographics, injury patterns and outcomes among elderly cyclists and motorcyclists at a Level 1 trauma centre.@*METHODS@#Data of all cyclists, motorcyclists and pillion riders aged 65 years and above who presented to the emergency department after accidents from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 was extracted from the hospital's trauma registry and reviewed.@*RESULTS@#Cyclists and motorcyclists formed 42.0% and 58.0%, respectively, of 157 recruited patients. At the time of the accident, 40.8% of the patients were employed. The mean age of the patients was 71.6 ± 5.8 years. Extremities and pelvic girdle injuries (61.1%) were the most frequent, followed by chest injuries (48.4%), and head and neck injuries (40.1%). Among severe injuries (defined as Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥ 3), chest injuries (39.5%) were the most common, followed by head and neck injuries (36.3%). The overall mortality rate was 9.6%, with cyclists at nearly three times the risk compared to motorcyclists. More cyclists than motorcyclists (18.2% vs. 11.0%) required intensive care. There were no significant differences in the length of hospital stay between cyclists and motorcyclists.@*CONCLUSION@#Elderly riders have unique injury patterns and consume significant healthcare resources. Trauma systems need to acknowledge this changing injury epidemiology and equip trauma centres with the necessary resources targeted at elderly patients. Future work should focus on strategies to minimise extremity and chest injuries.

Assessment of Benchmark Dose in BEAS-2B Cells by Evaluating the Cell Relative Viability with Particulates in Motorcycle Exhaust / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#This study aimed to use an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system to simulate the inhalation exposure of motorcycle exhaust particulates (MEPs) and then investigate the benchmark dose (BMD) of MEPs by evaluating cell relative viability (CRV) in lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells.@*Methods@#The MEPs dose was characterized by measuring the number concentration (NC), surface area concentration (SAC), and mass concentration (MC). BEAS-2B cells were exposed to MEPs at different concentrations @*Results@#Our results reveal that BMD of NC and SAC were estimated by the best-fitting Hill model, while MC was estimated by Polynomial model. The BMDL for CRV following ALI exposure to MEPs were as follows: 364.2#/cm @*Conclusion@#These results indicate that MEPs exposure

Patrón de fracturas óseas en accidentes de motocicleta en Hospital de Alta Especialidad / Pattern of bone fractures in motorcycle accidents in a High Specialty Hospital

Resumen: Introducción: Los accidentes en motocicleta son una de las causas principales de muerte e incapacidad en la población joven de México. No hay estudios locales que describan el patrón de lesiones con base en la clasificación AO. Objetivo: Definir el patrón y tipo de fracturas óseas más frecuentes atendidas en un Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad, de Enero a Agosto de 2017. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, observacional, cuantitativo de 98 pacientes que sufrieron accidente en motocicleta y que ameritaron tratamiento ortopédico quirúrgico (94% hombres, 6% mujeres, media de edad 29.7 años). Resultados: Los accidentes más frecuentes incluyeron las siguientes características: conductores hombres, motocicleta < 150 cm3, área rural, sin uso de casco (75.5%) y colisión contra un objeto en movimiento. Las fracturas más frecuentes correspondieron a: tibia y peroné (28.9%), fracturas expuestas (52.3%), de fémur (25%) y antebrazo (10.5%). Considerando la clasificación AO las fracturas más frecuentes fueron AO 42 B 3.3, AO 32A3.2 y AO 23B1.2. Conclusión: Los motociclistas utilizan escasas medidas de protección. El patrón de lesiones evidenció diferencias con lo reportado a nivel nacional. De acuerdo con la clasificación AO, buena parte de los casos corresponden a los de peor pronóstico.

Abstract: Introduction: Motorcycle accidents are one of the leading causes of death and disability in Mexico's young population. There are no local studies describing the pattern of AO-based injuries. Objective: Define the pattern and type of most common bone fractures in a Regional Hospital of High Specialty, from January to August 2017. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, quantitative study of 98 patients who suffered motorcycle accidents and who merited surgical orthopedic treatment (94% men, 6% women, average age 29.7 years). Results: The most frequent accidents included the following features: male drivers, motorcycle < 150 cm3, rural area, without helmet use (75.5%) collision against a moving object. The most common fractures corresponded to: tibia and fibula (28.9%), open fractures (52.3%), femur (25%) forearm (10.5%). Considering the AO classification the most common fractures were AO 42 B 3.3, AO 32A3.2 and AO 23B1.2. Conclusion: Motorcyclists use few protective measures. The injury pattern showed differences with what was reported nationally. According to the AO rating, much of the cases correspond to those of worst prognosis.

Preliminary Study On The Ergonomic Design Of Motorcycle Seat For Comfort Usage

@#Motorcycle seats undeniably provides good comfort to motorcyclists but there are some that offers less affirmation on ushering comfort, whilst some even results in harm to users, resulting in back pains, neck, shoulders, and other parts of the body over prolonged riding periods. This research aims to investigate the discomforts faced by motorcyclist and the best seat concept based on an ergonomic design, fit for the masses through a subjective evaluation. A study that includes a survey was conducted to study the subjective assessment against the motorcycle seat comfort. The study is divided into two parts, where in part 1, the anthropometric data were collected from a total of 100 respondents, representing 88 males and 12 females. Mean from the anthropometric data was used for two new seat redesigns, designated Seat A and Seat B. For part 2, sets of questionnaire were distributed to 130 respondents to measure their perception of seat design A and design B. Based on the results produced, 86.2% respondents suffered discomforts while riding a motorcycle. Most suffered discomforts at particular body areas: lower back, buttock and shoulder, while no discomfort reported around leg, feet and thigh. Results also proved that current seat designs needed an improvement with a majority of respondents opting an added backrest and to increase surface around buttock area. Based on the evaluation of designs, Seat B was selected as a better option as compared to seat A in terms of comfort usage.

Prevalence and factors associated with effective helmet use among motorcyclists in Mysuru City of Southern India

BACKGROUND@#Helmet use reduces the risk and severity of head injury and death due to road traffic crash among motorcyclists. The protective efficacy of different types of helmets varies. Wearing firmly fastened full-face helmet termed as effective helmet use provides greatest protection. This study estimates the prevalence and factors associated with effective helmet use among motorcyclists in Mysuru, a tier II city in Southern India.@*METHODS@#Cross-sectional road side observational study of 3499 motorcyclists (2134 motorcycle riders and 1365 pillion riders) at four traffic intersections was done followed by interview of random sample of 129 of the above riders. Effective helmet use proportion and effective helmet use per 100 person-minute of observation was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with effective helmet use.@*RESULTS@#Prevalence of effective helmet use was 28 per 100 riders and 19.5 per 100 person-minute of observation in traffic intersections. Prevalence rates of effective helmet use was higher among riders (34.5% vs pillion riders 18.1%), female riders (51.3% vs male riders 26.8%), and male pillion riders (30.5% vs female pillion riders 13.7%). Riders commuting for work and school and those ever stopped by the police in the past 3 months had significantly higher odds of effective helmet use.@*CONCLUSION@#Despite helmet use being compulsory by law for motorcyclists, the effective helmet use was low in Mysore. Strict enforcement and frequent checks by the police are necessary to increase the effective helmet use.

Epidemiologic study of traffic crash mortality among motorcycle users in Iran (2011-2017) / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Motorcycle accident is a major cause of road traffic injuries and the motorcyclists are considered as vulnerable road users. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics of fatal motorcycle crashes in Iran.@*METHODS@#In this cross-sectional study, a total of 28,356 motorcycle traffic fatalities registered in the Legal Medicine Organization of Iran were analyzed during the period between March 2011 and March 2017. The examined variables included demographic characteristics, helmet use, crash mechanisms, crash location, position state, type of counterpart vehicle, cause of death and place of death. In the study, road traffic mortalities involving drivers and/or passenger of motorcycles were included. Cases or events registered without these conditions were excluded from the study. To analyse the data, SPSS statistics 25 and GraphPad Prism 8 softwares were used.@*RESULTS@#Of the 122,682 fatal traffic injury cases, 28,356 (23.1%) were motorcycle users, of whom 95.3% were male and 4.7% were female. Most of the motorcycle fatalities belonged to the age group of 18-24 years (29.1%). Head trauma was the major cause of death (59.0%). Also, the overall proportion of safety helmet use among motorcycle crash victims was estimated at 37.4%. Most of the road traffic crash cases (46.8%) happened out of city and half of people (49.9%) died in hospital. About 77.4% of the victims were motorcycle riders and 21.1% were pillion passengers. The highest rate of mortality belonged to the self-employed (38.4%) and then workers (21.8%) and students (10.2%). In addition, most fatalities occurred in people with low education (77.5%) and the least occurred in university graduates (5.5%). Among 31 provinces of Iran, Fars had the highest (9.3%) occurrence rate and Kohgiluyeh and Buyer-Ahmad had the lowest (0.5%). Most of the crash mechanisms were due to motorcycle-vehicle crashes (80.2%), followed by rollover (9.8%).@*CONCLUSION@#Comprehensive public education and special rules are needed to reduce the rate of deaths in motorcycle crashes.

Acidentes com motocicletas: a ótica de enfermeiros do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência / Accidents with motorcycles: a view of nurses of the urgent mobile care services / Accidentes con motocicletas: la vista de los enfermeros del servicio de atención móvil de urgencia

Objetivo: conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre os acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) de Sobral. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa realizado com enfermeiros do SAMU do município de Sobral-Ceará, atualmente composto por oito enfermeiros. Resultados: os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que os enfermeiros do SAMU, tem conhecimento sobre a práxis das intercorrências dos motociclistas. Neste sentido, a associação entre os condutores com a não utilização de capacete e a imprudência no trânsito prevaleceram entre as principais morbidades; e dentre as principais lesões, as abrasões e as fraturas destacam-se como mais comuns. Conclusão: evidenciou-se que a atuação da enfermagem é imprescindível em todo processo de assistência à população-alvo do atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH), desde a prevenção de eventos à orientação e educação em saúde

Objective: to find out nurses' perception of the motorcycle accidents attended by the Sobral Emergency Mobile Service (SAMU). Method: this is a descriptive exploratory study, with a qualitative approach performed with nurses from the SAMU in the city of Sobral-Ceará, currently composed of eight nurses. Results: the results of the research show that the nurses of the SAMU, have knowledge about the praxis of the intercurrences of the motorcyclists. In this sense, the links between the drivers without helmet and the imprudence in the traffic prevailed between the main morbidities; and among the main lesions, abrasions and fractures stand out as the most common injuries. Conclusion: it appeared that nursing performance is essential in any assistance process to the target population in prehospital care (APH), from the prevention of events to orientation and health education

Objetivo: conocer la percepción de los enfermeros sobre los accidentes motociclísticos atendidos por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU) de Sobral. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo realizado con enfermeros del SAMU del municipio de Sobral-Ceará, actualmente compuesto por ocho enfermeros. Resultados: los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que los enfermeros del SAMU, tienen conocimiento sobre la praxis de las intercurrencias de los motociclistas. En este sentido, la asociación entre los conductores con la no utilización de casco y la imprudencia en el tránsito prevalecieron entre las principales morbilidades; y entre las principales lesiones, las abrasiones y las fracturas se destacan como más comunes. Conclusión: se evidenció que la actuación de la enfermería es imprescindible en todo proceso de asistencia a la población objetivo de la atención prehospitalaria (APH), desde la prevención de eventos a la orientación y educación en salud

Análisis de la frecuencia de pacientes politraumatizados en accidentes en motocicleta en la población pediátrica atendida en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017 / Analysis of the frequency of polytraumatized patients in motorcycle accidents in the pediatric publication attended in the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between the years 2015 and 2017

Resumen: Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de los pacientes pediátricos politraumatizados involucrados en accidentes por motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa entre los años 2015 y 2017, así como determinar la frecuencia de traumatismos craneoencefálicos, lesiones torácicas, abdominales, en extremidades, días de estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Material y métodos: La población seleccionada fueron pacientes menores de 18 años de edad que se encontraron involucrados en accidentes de motocicleta atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa en un período comprendido entre el 1o de Enero de 2015 al 31 de Diciembre de 2017. Resultados: El género más afectado fue el masculino, con edad más frecuente de 14 años, los accidentes ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia los Viernes y Sábados en horario nocturno. Julio fue el mes con mayor índice de accidentes. La cantidad de accidentes se incrementó cada año. La mayoría de los lesionados fueron pasajeros, 98.4% no utilizó equipo de seguridad, la lesión más común fue el traumatismo craneoencefálico, seguido de lesiones en extremidades inferiores, superiores, traumatismo torácico y la menos común, el traumatismo abdominal. Discusión: Hay un incremento progresivo en los accidentes en motocicleta donde se involucra la población pediátrica, el uso de casco es casi nulo, la mayoría de los pacientes presentó traumatismo craneoencefálico, este estudio sirve para analizar el panorama actual, así como ser la base de estudios posteriores y realizar más campañas para la prevención de accidentes en motocicleta y fomentar el uso de casco en pacientes pediátricos.

Abstract: Objectives: Determine the frequency of polytraumatized pediatric patients involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa between 2015 and 2017, as well as to determine the frequency of traumatic brain injuries, thoracic, abdominal, limb injuries, days of hospital stay and mortality. Material and methods: The selected population were patients under 18 years of age who were involved in motorcycle accidents treated at the Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa in a period between January 1st, 2015 and December 31, 2017. Results: The most affected gender was the male with the most frequent age of 14 years, accidents occurred more frequently on Fridays and Saturdays at night. July was the month with the highest frequency of accidents. The number of accidents increased every year. Most of the injured were passengers, 98.4% did not use safety equipment, the most frequent injury was head injury, followed by injuries in lower extremities, upper chest trauma and less frequent abdominal traumatism. Discussion: There is a progressive increase in motorcycle accidents where the pediatric population is involved, the use of helmet is almost zero, most of the patients presented with head trauma, this study serves to see the current situation, as well as being the basis for Subsequent studies and conduct more campaigns for the prevention of motorcycle accidents and encourage the use of helmet in pediatric patients.

Perfil dos acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência nos anos de 2014 e 2015 em município baiano / Profile of motorcycle accidents assisted by the Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU) over 2014 and 2015 in a city from the Bahia state / Perfil de los accidentes motociclistas atendidos por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU) en los años 2014 y 2015 en el municipio de Bahía

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo SAMU nos anos de 2014 e 2015 em município baiano, quanto às características da vítima, do atendimento, do evento e das lesões sofridas. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e transversal, com coleta de dados secundários das fichas atendimentos e livros de registros acerca dos acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo SAMU de Guanambi/BA, nos anos de 2014 e 2015. Resultados: No período ocorreram, 1.319 acidentes motociclísticos, com homens (71,7%), na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (36,1%). foi observado o sub-registro quanto ao uso do capacete e relação com o trabalho. as lesões mais frequentes foram as escoriações em múltiplos locais (61,6%) e ferimento cortocontuso nos membros inferiores (40,8%). Conclusão: Nota-se a necessidade da implementação de medidas educativas, de fiscalização e aprimoramento das políticas de saúde do trânsito vigentes, tendo em vista a redução e prevenção de acidentes

Objective: To describe the profile of the motorcycle accidents attended by samu in the years of 2014 and 2015 in the city of bahia, as well as the characteristics of the victim, the attendance, the event and the injuries suffered. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out, with the collection of secondary data from the records and records of motorcycle accidents attended by samu of guanambi- ba, in the years 2014 and 2015. Results: 1,319 motorcycle accidents, with men (71.7%), in the age group of 20 to 29 years (36.1%). underreporting was observed regarding the use of the helmet and relation with the work. the most frequent lesions were multi-site bruising (61.6%) and short-limb injury in the lower limbs (40.8%). Conclusion: The need to implement educational measures, control and improvement of current traffic health policies, with a view to the reduction and prevention of accidents, is noted

Objetivo: Describir el perfil de los accidentes motociclistas atendidos por el samu en los años de 2014 y 2015 en el municipio de bahía, en cuanto a las características de la víctima, de la atención, del evento y de las lesiones sufridas. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo y transversal, con recolección de datos secundarios de las fichas atendimientos y libros de registros acerca de los accidentes motociclísticos atendidos por el samu de guanambi, en los años 2014 y 2015. Resultados: En el período ocurrieron, 1.319 accidentes motociclísticos, con hombres (71,7%), en el grupo de edad de 20 a 29 años (36,1%). se observó el subregistro en cuanto al uso del casco y relación con el trabajo. las lesiones más frecuentes fueron las excoriaciones en múltiples lugares (61,6%) y lesión cortocontuso en los miembros inferiores (40,8%). Conclusión: Se nota la necesidad de la implementación de medidas educativas, de fiscalización y perfeccionamiento de las políticas de salud del tránsito vigentes, con miras a la reducción y prevención de acidentes

Likert Scale vs. Visual Analogue Scale on Vehicle Seat Discomfort Questionnaire: A Review

Abstract@#Discomfort measurement has usually been attempted by asking the participants to rate the scale of their discomfort which commonly termed as a subjective scale. Various studies had conducted the discomfort level on vehicle seat by using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Likert scale. VAS is a tool that use to measure a discomfort or characteristics in range across a continuum of values. Meanwhile, Likert-scale is a tool consist of items that require respondents to rate their degrees of comfort or discomfort with various declarative statements. Thus, the purpose of this study is to review, discuss and compare between the VAS and Likert scale used on the development and assessment of sitting discomfort survey in seat vehicles. The literature on various topics related to questionnaire development on discomfort in seat vehicle were collected from electronic databases. Four high-quality studies were eligible and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, there is no evidence and conclusion that neither visual analogue scale nor Likert scale are better to one another. Therefore, it can be concluded that either of this scale still applicable for the ergonomic research application as both of this scale have their own pros and cons.

Severity and injury characteristics among matched hospitalized motorcycle drivers and their passengers / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#After car accident, motorcycle accident ranks as the second leading cause of traffic fatality in Iran. This study aimed to compare the severity and clinical presentations between drivers and passengers under the same injury circumstance.@*METHODS@#This study was conducted in the trauma center of Shiraz, Iran in 2017. Data on demographics, triage level, blood pressure, respiratory rate, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), injured body region, injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score (RTS), and result of accident were compared between pairs of drivers and passengers. The agreement of any type of injury between drivers and passengers evaluated by Kappa test.@*RESULTS@#This study included 143 matched pairs of drivers and passengers. Most of the pairs (84.5%) did not use helmet and 77.2% of the riders do not have driving license. ISS was significantly higher in drivers than passengers. In the unmatched pairs, drivers and passengers showed no difference in sustaining injuries in the face, head & neck, chest and soft tissue, but drivers were found more likely to suffer from injuries in the abdomen, extremities, pelvis and spine than passengers. Once one part of the matched pair suffered injury in the head & neck, face, chest, abdomen, extremities and soft tissue & skin injury, the probability that the other part had an injury in the same region was 50%, 9%, 13%, 7%, 22% and 34% respectively. Kappa value for these body regions was 0.006, 0.009, -0.006, 0.068, 0.063 and 0.001, respectively, which was significant in abdomen and extremities.@*CONCLUSION@#Although drivers had higher level of injury severity and some different injury distributions, we recommend equal treatment to drivers and passengers. We also recommend related authorities to develop policies on helmet use, driving license and third-party insurance.

Crashes and Traffic Signal Violations Caused by Commercial Motorcycle Couriers

BACKGROUND: Motorcycles are one of the important members of commercial transportation because of the convenient use during congested traffic conditions and the ease of parking in narrow streets. This study investigates the characteristics of crashes and traffic signal violations caused by motorcycle couriers. METHODS: From the national compensation data, this study analyzed the traffic crashes caused by 671 motorcycle couriers. RESULTS: Among 671 injured couriers, 50.6% were aged less than 40 years, 49.2% run in a small business of < 5 employees, and 47.2% had work experience of < 6 months. Motorcycle crashes occurred mainly due to “rider overturned alone” (67.5%), in the daytime (73.5%), or on cloudy or clear days (77.2%). However, the violation rate caused by motorcycle couriers was high in couriers in a small business of < 5 employees (13.9%), with work experience of < 6 months (13.9%), on cloudy or clear days (12.4%), on an intersection (29.8%), in the type of “crash with a vehicle” (31.2%), or in a death accident (35.7%). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study can be used as a baseline in devising policies for preventing crashes of motorcycle couriers.

Costo de los accidentes de moto en menores de 19 años atendidos en un hospital de referencia

Introducción: Los accidentes de tránsito constituyen un grave problema de salud pública, sin embargo, su impacto socioeconómico no se conoce en el Paraguay. Objetivos: determinar el impacto socioeconómico de los accidentes de moto en <19 años en el año 2016. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes ≤19 años que acudieron al Hospital de Trauma (HT) con antecedente de accidente de moto en el año 2016. Los datos y los costos fueron obtenidos de la base de datos del Dpto. de Estadísticas y del Dpto. de Ingresos del HT, respectivamente. Resultados: se incluyeron 700 pacientes que acudieron al HT por accidente de moto. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 15,6 ± 4.33 años. El 78% (546/700) era de sexo masculino. De los accidentados 450 (64,2%) era conductor y 250 (35,7%) acompañante. La media de edad de los conductores fue de 17 ± 4,3 años (rango 11 - 19 años) y de los acompañantes 12,3 ± 4,4 (rango <1 - 19 años). Entre los conductores solo el 50.4% (227/450) tenía la edad reglamentaria para obtener licencia de conducir. Solo el 7,7% (54/695) de los accidentados usaba casco al momento del accidente. Requirió hospitalización por 2 o más días el 89,2% (625/700) de los pacientes, de los cuales el 7.6% requirió ser hospitalizado en UCIP. La media de días de hospitalización en sala y UCIP fue de 11.04 días (DS 14,85 días) y 16.57 (DS 23 días). El 25,1% (176/700) tuvo algún grado de discapacidad o secuela y el 5,4% (38/700) falleció. Los costos directos por hospitalización por día en sala y en UCIP fueron de 275,4 y 737,2 $, respectivamente. Los costos directos por accidentes de moto en el año 2016 fue de 2.587.179,2$. Los años de vida potencialmente perdidos (AVPP) en el año 2016, fueron de 2159 años. Conclusiones: El impacto socioeconómico de los accidentes de motos, representa un costo social extremo derivado de una causa de muerte que podría prevenirse.

Introduction: Traffic accidents are a serious public health problem, however, their socio-economic impact has not been described in Paraguay. Objectives: to determine the socioeconomic impact of motorcycle accidents in victims <19 years of age in 2016. Materials and Methods: this was a descriptive, observational, retrospective study. All patients aged ≤19 years who were admitted to the Trauma Hospital (TH) with a history of a motorcycle accident in 2016 were included. The data and costs were obtained from the Statistics Department and the Admissions Department of the TH. Results: 700 patients were included, all of whom were admitted to the TH due to a motorcycle accident. The average age of the patients was 15.6 ± 4.33 years. 78% (546/700) were male. Of those injured, 450 (64.2%) were drivers and 250 (35.7%) were passengers. The average age of the drivers was 17 ± 4.3 years (range 11-19 years) and that of the passengers was 12.3 ± 4.4 years (range <1-19 years). Among the drivers, only 50.4% (227/450) were of the legal age to obtain a driver's license. Only 7.7% (54/695) of the victims wore a helmet at the time of the accident. 89.2% (625/700) of patients required hospitalization stays of 2 or more days of length, of which 7.6% required PICU admission. The mean number of regular ward hospitalization days and PICU days were 11.04 days (SD 14.85 days) and 16.57 days (SD 23 days), respectively. 25.1% (176/700) had some degree of disability or long-term effects and 5.4% (38/700) died. The direct costs per hospitalization per day in the ward and in the PICU were US$ 275.4 and 737.2, respectively. The direct costs for motorcycle accidents in 2016 was US$ 2,587,179.2. The years of potential life lost (YPLL) in 2016 were 2159 years. Conclusions: The socioeconomic impact of motorcycle accidents represents an extremely high social cost, stemming from a preventable cause of death.

Accidentes de moto: costo médico/económico en un hospital municipal de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Motorcycles accidents: medical and economic cost at a public hospital in Buenos Aires City

A nivel mundial, los accidentes de tránsito aportan aproximadamente 1.25 millones de muertes anuales; es una de las principales causas de muerte en personas jóvenes y la primera entre los 15 y 29 años de edad. La tasa de accidentes aumentó en la última década, posiblemente debido al incremento del parque automotor y del uso de motocicletas. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo sobre los casos atendidos en el Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina, desde enero de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2015, con el objetivo de representar el costo médico que estos generan en nuestro Hospital. De un total de 4368 pacientes atendidos en guardia, a causa de accidentes de tránsito, el 67% (2926 pacientes) fue provocado por motocicletas, de estos, el 18% requirió internación. Hubo predominio de varones y de lesiones en miembros inferiores. Las internaciones variaron entre 5 y 150 días, con 2.1 cirugías promedio por paciente. El gasto total del tratamiento fue de 16 767 037$, lo que en 2014 representaban unos 17 936 US$ por paciente. Estos resultados reflejan parcialmente el costo de dichos accidentes, ya que no se tiene en cuenta otros parámetros como la caída de días laborales; es por esto que se debe generar conciencia y crear políticas de prevención y educación vial más rigurosas, necesarias para poder evitar los accidentes que incrementan el gasto en afecciones evitables.

Traffic accidents cause 1.25 million deaths per year worldwide, being one of the leading causes of death in young people, and the first cause between the ages of 15 - 29. There has been an increase in accidents in the last 10 years, one of the reasons for this is the increase in the sales of motorcycles and its use. We present a retrospective study about the patients who received attention at Carlos G. Durand Hospital, (CABA, Buenos Aires , Argentina) from January 2013 to December of 2015, with the intention of showing the medical and economic impact this accidents cause. Of a total of 4368 incoming patients assisted, due to traffic accidents, 67% (2926) were the result of motorcycle crashes; 18% of them required hospitalization. Males, and lower limbs lesions were predominant. Hospitalizations varied between 5 and 150 days, with 2.1 average surgeries per patient. The total cost was 16 767 037$, and in 2014 it represented 17 936 US$ per patient. These results show only partially the impact these accidents produce, because there are factors (like missing working days) that were unaccounted for. This is why it is necessary to generate awareness and develop more rigorous road safety and prevention policies, necessary to avoid accidents that increase spending on preventable conditions.

Método de dos fases para el problema de ruteo de mensajeros en motocicleta con ventanas de tiempo / Two-phase method for motorcycle messenger routing problem with time windows / Método de duas fases para o problema de roteiro de mensageiros de motocicleta com janelas de tempo

RESUMEN Se presenta un método para la solución del problema de ruteo de mensajeros en motocicleta con ventanas de tiempo. En este se identifican dos fases: en la primera, se conforman grupos de clientes, cada grupo es asignado a una ruta y cada ruta es atendida por un vehículo; en la segunda, por medio de un modelo de programación lineal entera mixta, se hace un ruteo para cada una de las agrupaciones respetando las ventanas de tiempo estrictas de algunos clientes. Para validar el método, se utilizó como caso de estudio el área de mensajería de un centro de servicios compartidos de Cali, Colombia. Los resultados muestran que, al probar diferentes métodos de agrupación (fase 1), no se influye de forma significativa en el tiempo total de permanencia del vehículo en la ruta; en cambio, una reagrupación de los clientes después del ruteo (fase 2), mejora considerablemente la duración total de la ruta, aunque en algunos casos, aumenta la distancia recorrida por el vehículo.

ABSTRACT In this work, a method to solve a motorcycle messenger routing problem with time windows is presented. This has two phases: in the first one, clusters of clients are formed, each group is assigned to a route and each route is served by a vehicle; in the second phase, through a mixed integer linear programming model the routing for each cluster is made while respecting hard time windows of some clients. To validate the method, the mail delivery section of a shared service center in Cali - Colombia is used as case study The results show that, when testing different clustering methods (phase l) these do not significantly influence the vehicle's duration on the road; On the other hand, regrouping the clients after routing (phase 2) can considerably improve the total duration of the route, although in some cases, increasing the distance traveled by the vehicle.

RESUMO Neste trabalho se apresenta um método para a solução do problema de roteiro de mensageiros de motocicleta com janelas de tempo. Nele identificam-se duas fases: na primeira, conformam-se grupos de clientes, cada grupo é atribuído a uma rota e cada uma delas é servida por um veículo; na segunda, por meio de um modelo de programação linear todo misto, faz-se um roteiro para cada uma das agrupações respeitando as janelas de tempo estritas de alguns clientes. Para validar o método, usou-se como caso de estudo a área de mensageria de um centro de serviços compartilhados na cidade de Cali, na Colômbia. Os resultados mostram que ao testar diferentes métodos de agrupamento (fase l), não influem de maneira significativa no tempo total de permanência do veículo na rota; por outro lado, um reagrupamento dos clientes após do roteiro (fase 2), melhora consideravelmente a duração total do percurso, porém em alguns casos, aumenta a distância percorrida pelo veículo.