RESUMEN
Background: The rise in disease incidence, increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to currently used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals, and financial considerations in developing countries necessitates alternate preventive and treatment strategies for oral diseases. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of triple and quadruple combinations of Acacia nilotica (AN), Murraya koenigii (Linn.) (MKL) Sprengel, Eucalyptus (Euca), and Psidium guajava (PS) on primary plaque colonizers. Materials and Methods: The phytochemicals in four plants were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The dried extracts were diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare stock solutions (100 mg/ml) of each plant. The triple and quadruple combinations were prepared after mixing equal quantities of stock solutions from each plant extracts. The antimicrobial efficacy testing was done on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius using agar well diffusion method. Chlorhexidine of 0.2% composition and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The mean diameter of inhibition zone between different categories was compared using one‑way analysis of variance. Results: The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS produced the highest mean diameter of inhibition zone (23.5 ± 2.17 mm) against S. mutans. The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca produced the maximum antimicrobial efficacy against S. sanguis (19.83 ± 1.33). Conclusion: All the triple and quadruple combinations of the plant extracts offered antimicrobial benefits either superior or comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius.
RESUMEN
Background: The present study was carried out to evaluate the analgesic activity of aqueous extract leaves of Murraya koenigii linn in Albino rats using tail fl ick method, Eddy’s hot plate methods and anti-infl ammatory activity in Carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. Methods: The analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate induced hyperalgesia and tail fl ick method, which served as thermal induced pain, where the animal were placed on the hot plate and the reaction time to (lick the paw/ jump out) from the hot plate was observed, 0, 30, 60, 90 mins. Murraya 300 mg, 600 mg/kg/body weight (BW) and ibuprofen (5 mg/kg BW) was administered per oral. The anti-infl ammatory activity was measured by Carrageenan induced paw edema volumes at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hrs using mercury plethysmometer, which served as chemical induced pain models. Results: The mean reaction time in Murraya at a dose of 600 mg/kg at 0 min 5.45±0.72, at 30 mins 6.52±1.03, at 60 mins 7.6±0.81, at 90 mins 8.8±0.63 respectively. The mean reaction time increased signifi cantly with Murraya at dose of 600 mg/kg when compared with control. In the ibuprofen group, the mean reaction time at 0 hr was 0.28±0.04, at 1 hr 0.34±0.05, at 2 hrs 0.46±0.03, at 3 hrs 0.61±0.05, at 4 hrs 0.76±0.05. The mean reaction time Murraya in group 600 mg/kg at 0 hr 0.27±0.04, at 1 hrs 0.39±0.03, at 2 hrs 0.48±0.06, at 3 hrs 0.68±0.05, at 6 hrs 0.80±0.03, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that the aqueous extract of Murraya (leaf) extract revealed signifi cant analgesic and anti-infl ammatory in thermal and chemical induced pain models.